• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.237-246
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• 2003

A mountain village is defined as that which is autogenously formed over at least 100 years and supported by agricultural yields and forest products and forest area portion of which is over 70% in Guidelines for the Comprehensive Development Planning of Mountain Village. Recently, concerns about management planning of the Green and Eco-Village causes researches related to the Mountain Village's economics, tourism attractiveness, experience programming and investigation of the ecosystem and environment based on the village area. This kind of eco-village project should be supported by ecological evaluation of its spatial structure. But there is rare research of the village spatial structure studied from the ecological viewpoint originally. The purpose of this study is to interpret the spatial structure of Korean mountain village on the landscape ecological paradigm. The paradigm components are patches, corridors, networks, and matrix which explain the land and spatial structure at landscape scale. For this purpose, we selected two case study areas- Sansu and Ajick villages in Gimje city, Jeonlabukdo. We interpreted and evaluated the spatial structure by three steps: (1) to clarify the existing land mosaic pattern by land use mapping (2) to estimate the pore size as development area in matrix (3) to investigate the funnel effect of patch shape. These landscape ecological steps and frameworks could be applied for the proper methodology as fundamentals of eco-village planning and design.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.414-420
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• 2008

To investigate the actual condition of orchard and pest management of persimmon orchards, a questionnaire was ask to the farmers in major cultivated areas of persimmon and dried persimmon, Sangju, Gyeongbuk in 2007 and 2008. 91.1% of persimmon farmers was over fifties in age and 94.7% of persimmon farmers was cultivated 'Sangjudungshi'. The greatest limiting factor for persimmon production was thought to be disease by the 58.4% of persimmon farmers and the most serious disease was anthracnose by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. 60.2% of them was answered that the most serious insect pest was scale insects. Obtaining of knowledge or information on pest management depended own experience (37.2%) and 48.7% of answered farmers was decision-marking of pesticides depending on agrochemical market. 54% of persimmon farmers was applied pesticides $3{\sim}5$ times per year. Just 17.7% of them recorded the diary of pesticide application. The greatest problem for management of pest in persimmon orchard was lack of knowledge of pest (60.2%) and farmers considered increasing cost for pest management as the greatest problem with 52.2% in proportion. 66.4% of farmers was mixed cultivation with soybean (37.7%) and hot pepper (26.1%) in persimmon orchard. 44.2% among answered farmers mixed cultivation of persimmon with production of dried persimmon and 54.5% of farmers considered lack of labor as the greatest problem in production of dried persimmon.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.82-92
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• 2013

This paper presents a landscape design proposal for the Kyeongsang National University Hospital in Changwon, Kyeongsangnam-do. The site is located at 555 Samjeongja-dong, Seongsan-gu, Changwon, Kyeongsangnam-do, and its area is approximately $79,743.1m^2$. The goal of the design was to create a landscape that helps the patients' recovery and public well-being as well as respects the surrounding environment. In order to achieve this goal, three design subjects were considered: maximizing the healing functions of the landscape, promoting ecologically regenerative landscape, and increasing the aesthetic value of the landscape based on the local context. For the healing aspect, first, therapeutic plants were carefully selected and various healing programs were introduced to the open space area such as the sensory garden, meditative space, the medicinal herb garden, outdoor acupressure treatment facilities, remedial playground etc. In addition, as the importance of patient's privacy is emphasized in research, the space and circulation patterns were divided according to the characteristics of the users. For ecological consideration, the design proposed to preserve and extend the existing ridgeline with pine forest, and recover the natural water system and recycle the water for the landscape management. For the aesthetic experience of the people, in contrast to the surrounding evergreen forest, diverse deciduous and flowering plants were introduced to arouse a sense of the season, and fruit bearing trees for wildlife to create a specific mood of being in nature so that people can listen to the songs of the birds and watch squirrels play etc. In addition, all the spaces and facilities were designed and placed according to universal design principles so that there would be no barrier for the patients to use them. Also, a sustainable management scheme was suggested to maintain the landscape in ecological and economical ways.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.129-136
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• 2012

BACKGROUND: The changes in the climatic conditions have brought potentially significant new challenges, most critical are likely to be its impact on local livelihoods, agriculture, biodiversity and environments. Water induced disasters such as landslides, floods, erratic rain etc., are very common in developing countries which lead to changes in biological, geophysical and socioeconomic elements. The extent of damages caused by natural disasters is more sever in least developing countries. However, disasters affect women and men differently. In most of the cases women have to carry more burden as compared to their male counterpart during the period of disasters. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study examines the impact of disasters on the local livelihood especially agriculture and income generating activities of women in three districts of Nepal. The study uses the primary data collected following an exploratory approach, based on an intensive field study. The general findings of the study revealed that women had to experience hard time as compared to their male counterpart both during and after the disaster happen. Women are responsible for caring their children, collecting firewood, fetching water, collecting grass for livestock and performing household chores. Whereas, men are mainly involved in out-migration and remained out-side home most of the time. After the disaster occurred, most of the women had to struggle to support their lives as well as had to work longer hours than men during reconstruction period. Nepal follows patriarchal system and men can afford more leisure time as compared to women. During the disaster period, some of the households lost their agricultural lands, livestock and other properties. These losses created some additional workload to women respondent, however at the same time; they learn to build confidence, self-respect, self-esteem, and self-dependency.Although Nepal is predominantly agriculture, majority of the farmers are at subsistence level. In addition, men and women have different roles which differ with the variation in agro-production systems. Moreover women are extensively involved in agricultural activities though their importances were not recognized. Denial of land ownership and denial of access to resources as well as migration of male counterparts are some of the major reasons for affecting the agricultural environments for women in Nepal. CONCLUSION: The shelter reconstruction program has definitely brought positive change in women's access to decision making. The gradual increase in number of women respondent in access to decision making in different areas is a positive change and this has also provided them with a unique opportunity to change their gendered status in society.Furthermore, the exodus out-flow of male counterparts accelerated the additional burden and workload on women.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.68-76
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• 2006

A thermal time-based two-step phenological model was used to project flowering dates of Japanese cherry in South Korea from 1941 to 2100. The model consists of two sequential periods: the rest period described by chilling requirement and the forcing period described by heating requirement. Daily maximum and minimum temperature are used to calculate daily chill units until a pre-determined chilling requirement for rest release is met. After the projected rest release date, daily heat units (growing degree days) are accumulated until a pre-determined heating requirement for flowering is achieved. Model calculations using daily temperature data at 18 synoptic stations during 1955-2004 were compared with the observed blooming dates and resulted in 3.9 days mean absolute error, 5.1 days root mean squared error, and a correlation coefficient of 0.86. Considering that the phonology observation has never been fully standardized in Korea, this result seems reasonable. Gridded data sets of daily maximum and minimum temperature with a 270 m grid spacing were prepared for the climatological years 1941-1970 and 1971-2000 from observations at 56 synoptic stations by using a spatial interpolation scheme for correcting urban heat island effect as well as elevation effect. A 25km-resolution temperature data set covering the Korean Peninsula, prepared by the Meteorological Research Institute of Korea Meteorological Administration under the condition of Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change-Special Report on Emission Scenarios A2, was converted to 270 m gridded data for the climatological years 2011-2040, 2041-2070 and 2071-2100. The model was run by the gridded daily maximum and minimum temperature data sets, each representing a climatological normal year for 1941-1970, 1971-2000, 2011-2040, 2041-2070, and 2071-2100. According to the model calculation, the spatially averaged flowering date for the 1971-2000 normal is shorter than that for 1941-1970 by 5.2 days. Compared with the current normal (1971-2000), flowering of Japanese cherry is expected to be earlier by 9, 21, and 29 days in the future normal years 2011-2040, 2041-2070, and 2071-2100, respectively. Southern coastal areas might experience springs with incomplete or even no Japanese cherry flowering caused by insufficient chilling for breaking bud dormancy.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.687-699
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• 2018

Understanding rain infiltration into the ground is an important feature of landslide risk evaluation. In this study, a landslide risk index for the study area is suggested, wherein the result of the landslide risk evaluation, based on the factor of safety (FS), is used. The landslide risk index is a landslide risk prediction index that utilizes the saturated depth ratio of the ground. Based on the landslide risk result for the study area, it was found that the FS was first to decrease. However, it gradually became convergent over the 50-year rainfall intensity study period, a result that is similar to the relationship between the saturated depth ratio and soil thickness. Moreover, saturated depth was also found to be deeper on gentle slopes than steep slopes. As such, the landslide risk index, based on the Inhu-ri study result, is thus suggested. Additionally, the suggested landslide risk index was compared and analyzed against the rainfall intensity of previous landslide experience. Results thus revealed that almost all landslides that occurred were over 0.7, which is the second grade, based on the landslide risk index.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.1-14
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• 2021

This study attempted to examine the loving pigeon culture practiced in traditional gardens and to illuminate the aspect of pigeons as a landscape animal material. In order to understand the culture of enjoying old garden through pigeons, the contents were analyzed for the translated version of the old literatures and paintings. Pigeons have been used as Jeonseo-gu(傳書鳩) and also for medicinal purposes and food. Pigeons have various symbolic meanings such as abundance, hospitality, and longevity. From the Goryeo Dynasty to the early Joseon Dynasty, pigeons were raised in the palace and private garden. In the late Joseon Dynasty, temporary trend of ornamental pigeon culture occurred. Pigeons were synesthesia materials that enriched the forest. Various beautiful pigeons created a variable landscape of the primeval forest as a moving landscape material. The bell sounds that appear differently depending on the pigeon's movement led to a rich auditory experience of the landscape. The pigeon house was an ornamental element that enriched the old garden along with the pigeon. The owners of garden were involved in gardening through the act of buying a pigeon house and placing it in the garden or making a pigeon house themselves. In addition, the writers planted plum trees, peach trees, apricot trees, and hawthorn trees as a symbol of spring and a source of food for pigeons, and expressed them in poems and paintings. This study has a limitation in that the translation of the old text was used as an analysis data. The follow-up studies on specific cases of raising pigeons in the old garden, in modern and contemporary landscape spaces are urged.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.83-94
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• 2022

In order to actively prepare to frost damage that occurs in the process of growing crops, the spatial and temporal distribution of frost occurrence in South Korea was derived using frost observation data from 20 regions over the past 21 years (2000~2020). The main products are the number of frost days, first frost day, and last frost day by region. And the climatic trends of these results were identified by performing the Mann-Kendall trend test and Sen's slope estimator. In South Korea, a lot of frost occurs in the inland area to the west of the Taebaek and Sobaek Mountains. Relatively closer to the coastal area, the number of frost days is small, the first frost day is slow, and the last frost day is early. The east coast region has fewer frost days, the first frost day is later, and the last frost day is earlier than the west coast region. The southern sea, the southeastern sea region, and the island region rarely experience frost. As a result of the annual time series trend analysis, although South Korea is a country where climate warming is progressing, there was no trend in reducing the number of frost days and slowing the first frost day, and it was found that the last frost day is delayed by 0.5 days per year.

• The Journal of Bigdata
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.157-165
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• 2023

Seafood is a major source of protein in many countries and its consumption is increasing. In Korea, consumption of seafood is increasing, but self-sufficiency rate is decreasing, and the importance of safety management is increasing as the amount of imported seafood increases. There are hundreds of species of aquatic products imported into Korea from over 110 countries, and there is a limit to relying only on the experience of inspectors for safety management of imported aquatic products. Based on the data, a model that can predict the customs inspection results of imported aquatic products is developed, and a machine learning classification model that determines the non-conformity of aquatic products when an import declaration is submitted is created. As a result of customs inspection of imported marine products, the nonconformity rate is less than 1%, which is very low imbalanced data. Therefore, a sampling method that can complement these characteristics was comparatively studied, and a preprocessing method that can interpret the classification result was applied. Among various machine learning-based classification models, Random Forest and XGBoost showed good performance. The model that predicts both compliance and non-conformance well as a result of the clearance inspection is the basic random forest model to which ADASYN and one-hot encoding are applied, and has an accuracy of 99.88%, precision of 99.87%, recall of 99.89%, and AUC of 99.88%. XGBoost is the most stable model with all indicators exceeding 90% regardless of oversampling and encoding type.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.799-813
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• 2011

Increasing mountain biking (MTB) in forest recreation areas is changing the behavioral patterns in the areas where hiking has been a dominant activity, and it may cause ecological and social impacts to the areas. This study examined hikers' perceived conflicts by MTB including the relationship between socio-demographic and visiting characteristics and perceived conflict. On-site survey was conducted in Mudeungsan Provincial Park (MPP), Korea, during September, 2010. Out of 388 hikers participated in the survey, 374 responses were used for data analysis. 30.2% of the respondents encountered or saw MTB (avg.: 1.7 times) in MPP. Overall, 77.1% of respondents thought MTB in MPP was a problem. 73.5%~83.2% of respondents perceived conflict by four major MTB behaviors (e.g., too fast running MTB in trails; MTB bikes occupying trails; MTB bikes passing by hikers too closely; MTB bikers doing unpleasant behaviors to hikers). Based on the type of conflict, 48.5~62.4% of respondents fell in the type of "social values conflict (SVC)", 11.1~32.4%, "interpersonal conflict (IC)", and 16.8~26.6%, "no conflict (NC)", respectively. Types of conflicts were related with sociodemographic (e.g., gender, age, education) and visiting characteristics (e.g., number of visits, experience of encountering MTB). Such relationships were nonexistent in most cases when the "experience of encountering MTB" was controlled.