• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.107-118
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• 2006

Recently, Korean's 3-D foot data have been extensively collected through 5th national anthropometric survey known as 'Size Korea'. In this study, Korean foot shape was investigated and subsequently classified, based on the existing standard for foot shaping. This study analyzed and categorized Korean foot shapes through the following methods. Although the data used in this study were limited to those of Korean adults, major factors affecting the foot shape were deduced and then categorically grouped by the multivariate statistical analysis. For those whose age ranged from 14 to 70, major factors affecting the foot shape for the male were related to foot breadth, ankle thickness, 1st toe shape, malleolus height, heel to top of the foot length, the ratio between toe-side and heel-side and 5th toe shape. For the female, the ball of foot height was added to the above factors. From the factors extracted, the Korean foot shape was categorized into three groups for the male and four groups for the female. They were the ladder type, the inverted triangle type and the square type. For the female, the triangular type was added to the three types. These findings will serve as useful information for the footwear production industry in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.127-133
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• 2008

Purpose : The purpose of this study was carried out to review the correlation between foot shape(supination foot, pronation foot) and low back pain, hip abduction muscle and ankle lateral sprain. Methods : By using internet, we research the PubMed, Science Direct, KISS, DBpia We selected the article between 1990 and 2007. Key words were supination foot, pronation foot, balance. Results : Normal control balance of human body needs a optimal anatomical alignment and function of musculoskeletal and central nerve system that control continuously to integrate. Especially ankle and foot complex play an important role in postural control because it is located distal part in human body. Supination foot brings to chronic ankle sprain or chronic ankle instability and range of motion limitation due to the weakness of lateral ankle muscle. Pronation foot brings to knee injury because of lower leg internal rotation force. Conclusion : Excessive supination and pronation foot happen to muscle imbalance. Especially weakness of hip abduction or injury of ankle lateral muscle or low back pain are due to abnormal balance and anatomical alignment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.596-608
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• 1996

For design of early childhood children's footwear, this study was to analyze the properties of their foot. This study was performed in 200 male and 200 female early childhood children from 3 and 6 years old lived in susan urban area. There were measured 17 items of the foot and calculated 4 indexs for analysis. The result was as follows; 1 The growth rate differs from the sites of a foot. According to the growth of age, early childhood children's foot are more slender. 2. The average of foot print angle is $15~27^{\circ}$ and it is flat. Among the age groups, the numbers of 4 kinds of foot print angle are different siginificantly. 3. The average of metatarso phalanx angle is $174~178^{\circ}$ that is higher than adults'. 4. There are no significant difference between male children's foot and female childen's one except tarsal circumference and tarsal height. Tarsal part of male children is higher and ticket than female children's. 5. Because some of 3~6 age groups belong to the one foot length group, we should consider the age properties of foot in order to design footwears. When the size of footwear is divided by only foot length, the ranges of another measurements are larger than the range of foot length.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.637-645
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics of men's foot and the foot type by cluster analysis for men's footwear. The sample size for the study was 200 college men between age 19 and 24 in Pusan urban area. There were measured 17 items of the foot for factor analysis and cluster analysis. The result was as follows: 1. The size of If items of men's foot is larger than women's foot. 2. There were 9 items selected by factor analysis. 3. The cluster analysis of the direct measurement: Cluster 1: The items of the direct measurement is all much the same to mean value of this age group. Cluster 2: The foot size is relatively small to other clusters. Cluster 3: The foot size is relatively large to other clusters. 4. The cluster analysis of indirect measurement: Cluster 1: The foot print angle is the most value and Metatarso-Phalanx angle is nomral Cluster 2: The foot print angle is middle and Metatarso-Phalanx angle is normal. Cluster 3: The foot print angle is high and Metatarso-Phalanx angle is the smallest. Cluster 4: The foot print angle is low and Metatarso-Phalanx angle is all the much same to mean value of this age group.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.161-171
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to identify the prevalence, risk factors and clinical meanings of geriatric foot problems and to suggest implications for the future. Methods: One hundred eighty nine elderly aged 60 and over from institution as well as community were investigated for their foot conditions by means of a questionnaire including general characteristics, self care capacity, risk factors, foot problem checklist, X-ray, podoscopy and foot scan. Descriptive statistics and $\chi^2$-test was performed as appropriate utilizing SPSS version 14. Less than .05 of p-value was adopted as statistical significance level. Results: All subjects had at least one kind of foot problem and the most prevalent ones were nail problems, foot deformities in order. Prevalence of foot pain and edema was relatively low. Conclusion: Foot problem in elderly is prevalent and geriatric foot is expected to emerge as one of the most important problems in the geriatric field. Therefore strategies to deal with geriatric foot should be developed and practiced for better quality of life in later life.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.739-750
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• 2004

Purpose: This study was to evaluate the effects of foot reflexology on blood pressure, serum lipids level and life satisfaction in essential hypertension patients. Method: The research design used was a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. Foot Reflexology was used as the experimental treatment from June 23rd, 2003 until August 31st, 2003. Thirty-four subjects were assigned to an experimental group(18) and control group(16). Foot Reflexology was administered twice a week for 6 weeks and self foot Reflexology was administered twice a week for 4 weeks on the experimental group. Result: There was a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure but no significant decrease indiastolic pressure in the experimental group compared to the control group. The total cholesterol level in the experimental group compared to the control group was not significantly decreased after foot reflexology. However, the triglyceride level in theexperimental group compared to the control group was significantly decreased after foot reflexology. On the other hand, high density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein levels in the experimental group compared to the control group was not significantly decreased after foot reflexology. Life satisfaction in the experimental group compared to the control group was significantly improved after foot reflexology. Conclusion: The results proved that foot reflexology was an effective nursing intervention to decrease systolic pressure, and triglyceride but not for the blood cholesterol and to improve life satisfaction. Therefore, blood cholesterol should be further evaluated in a larger group of subjects and for a longer period. Further research is regarded as necessary to evaluate and to compareeffects of self-foot reflexology and foot reflexology.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.783-792
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• 2005

The purpose of this research is to develop appropriate Insole according to foot characteristics of female adults. This research concentrates on proving the effectiveness of Insole on resolving foot discomforts by analyzing the differences between the fitting and foot pressure before and after wearing Insole. Among 216 female testers of previous research, six testers wear selected and placed into six different groups classified according to foot discomforts and foot characteristics. After wearing Insole, the results indicates that the entire groups represented the improvement of fitting and the mitigation of foot discomfort. The results of foot pressure experiment shows that the maximum pressure of foot spreads out evenly after wearing Insole, which indicates the effectiveness of Insole. This efficacy works particularly well for foot testers of second and sixth group. The results indicate that group 6, which consist of the flat-footed and the old, have more noticeable effects derived from Insole, whereas group 3 and 5 do not, due to its constitution of people with fairly normal feet. Furthermore, it was evident that maximum pressure played a major role in proving the beneficial effects of Insole, one of which is to scatter the maximum pressure of heel away and lessen the foot pressure of plantar.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.122-125
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• 2008

Even though many researchers studied the foot shape and dimension, those applications lacked. The purpose of this study was to develop insole pattern of elderly women according to footprint. Discrepancy in the classification criteria among of foot parameters complicates attempts for elderly women classification of foot sole. To develop a footprint-based classification technique for the classification of foot sole types by allowing simultaneous use of several parameters. Foot sole data from static standing footprints were recorded from 48 elderly women. The factors of footprint shape were determined. Cluster analysis was applied to obtain individual foot sole classifications. The classification model of foot insole is proposed for a classification of footprint in elderly women. An application of ANOVA, Duncan's analysis, frequency analysis, factor analysis, and cluster analysis have been made to footprint data. In order to make clear foot sole characteristics, the factors of footprint shape have been discussed. The results are as follows. The factors of footprint shape have been classified into four types: foot length, sole slope, outside sole slope, and foot width. The types of foot sole shape have been classified into four types: longed, shortened, outside sloped, and toes sloped.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.115-126
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• 2009

Objectives : The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the foot pressure distribution correlates with the lumbo-sacral curvature, and the Oswestry Disability Index in chronic low back pain patients. Methods : We measured the fore foot pressure and the rare foot pressure using the foot analyzer in 28 women subjects with chronic low back pain. The lumbo-sacral curvature and the Oswestry Disability Index(ODI) were also measured. Results : 1. Subjects with higher ODI(%) had significantly lower Fore foot pressure/Rare foot pressure ratio(F/R ratio) (p<0.01). 2. Lumbar lordotic angle and Ferguson angle were inversely related to ODI(%) (p<0.05, p<0.01). 3. Lumbar lordotic angle and Ferguson angle were positively related to F/R ratio (all p<0.05). Conclusions : Using the Foot Analyzer(FA-48S, Tech storm Inc.) we have shown that F/R ratio has significant correlation with the lumbo-sacral curvature and the Oswestry Disability Index. These result suggest that the Foot analyzer may be used in assessing back pain in chronic low back pain patients.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.87-92
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• 2009

Objects：The purpose of this study is to investigate the values of foot pressure of the stance phase during a gait cycle in hemiplegic gait. Method：42 patients who had a stroke and 42 healthy adults were evaluated by the RSscan system to analyze the stance phase of hemiplegic gait. The stance phase was evaluated as plantar foor pressure. Results：1) Foot plantar pressure of toe area, affected side and less affected side showed low distribution of the plantar foot pressure which is lower than plantar foot pressure of normal adults(p<0.05). 2) Foot plantar pressure of metatarsal area, showed significantly differences among hemiplesic patient's affected side and less affected side and distribution of plantar foot pressure of normal adults(p<0.05). 3) Foot plantar pressure of heel area, hemiplesic patients' affected side and less affected side showed lower distribution of the plantar foot pressure than plantar foot pressure of normal adults(p<0.05). Conclusion：The results of this study suggest that not only affected side but also less affected side in hemiplegic patients showed significantly differences in distribution of the plantar foot pressure of normal adults.