• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.579-591
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• 2022

Functional data is collected in various fields. It is often necessary to test whether there are differences among groups of functional data. In this case, it is not appropriate to explain using the point-wise ANOVA method, and we should present not the point-wise result but the integrated result. Various studies on functional data analysis of variance have been proposed, and recently implemented those methods in the package fdANOVA of R. In this paper, I first explain ANOVA and multivariate ANOVA, then I will introduce various methods of analysis of variance for univariate and multivariate functional data recently proposed. I also describe how to use the R package fdANOVA. This package is used to test equality of weekly temperatures in Seoul and Busan through univariate functional data ANOVA, and to test equality of multivariate functional data corresponding to handwritten images using multivariate function data ANOVA.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.949-956
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• 2020

Objective: This study was conducted to confirm the effects of new inoculants producing-antifungal or esterase substances on rye silage and its rumen fermentation indices by comparing wild with mutated types. Methods: Rye harvested at dough stage was ensiled into 3 L mini bucket silo (1 kg) for 90 d in triplicate following: distilled water at 20 μL/g (CON); Lactobacillus brevis 100D8 (AT) and its inactivation of antifungal genes (AT-m) at 1.2×10⁵ cfu/g, respectively; and Leuconostoc holzapfelii 5H4 (FD) and its inactivation of esterase genes (FD-est) at 1.0×10⁵ cfu/g, respectively. After silo opened, silage was sub-sampled for the analysis of ensiling quality and its rumen fermentation indices. Results: Among the wild type inoculants (CON vs AT vs FD), FD inoculant had higher (p<0.05) in vitro digestibilities of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber, the total degradable fraction, and total volatile fatty acid in rumen, while AT inoculant had higher (p<0.05) lactate, acetate, and lactic acid bacteria in silage. Silage pH and the potentially degradable fraction in rumen increased (p<0.05) by inactivation of antifungal activity (AT vs AT-m), but lactate, acetate, and lactic acid bacteria of silage decreased (p<0.05). In silage, acetate increased (p<0.05) by inactivation of esterase activity (FD vs FD-est) with decreases (p<0.05) of pH, ammonia-N, lactate, and yeast. Moreover, inactivation of esterase activity clearly decreased (p<0.05) in vitro digestibilities of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber, the total degradable fraction, and total volatile fatty acid in the rumen. Conclusion: This study concluded that FD inoculant confirmed esterase activity on rye silage harvested at dough stage, while AT inoculant could not be confirmed with antifungal activity due to the absence of mold in all silages.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.66-73
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• 2016

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of psychosocial factors related to functional dyspepsia(FD) and their effects on quality of life(QOL) in firefighters. Methods : This study examined data collected from 1,217 firefighters. We measured psychological symptoms by Patient Health Questionnaire-9(PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder questionnaire(GAD-7), Korean Occupational Stress Scale(KOSS), Ways of Coping checklist(WCCL), Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale(RSES) and World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale abbreviated version(WHOQOL-BREF). Chi-square test, independent t-test, Pearson's correlation test, logistic regression analysis, and hierarchical regression analysis were used as statistical analysis methods. Results : For the group with FD, the male participants showed significantly higher frequency(p=0.006) compared to the female participants. The group with FD had higher scores for depressive symptoms(p<.001), anxiety (p<.001), and occupational stress(p<.001), and did lower scores for self-esteem(p=.008), quality of life(p<.001) than those without FD. The FD risk was higher in the following KOSS subcategories: job demand(OR 1.94, 95% CI : 1.29-2.93), lack of reward(OR 2.47, 95% CI : 1.61-3.81), and occupational climate(OR 1.51, 95% CI : 1.01-2.24). In the hierarchical regression analysis, QOL was best predicted by depressive symptoms, self-esteem, and occupational stress. Three predictive variables above accounts for 42.0% variance explained of total variance. Conclusions : The psychosocial factors showed significant effects on FD, and predictive variables for QOL were identified based on regression analysis. The results suggest that the psychiatric approach should be accompanied with medical approach in future FD assessment.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.7 no.4 s.26
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• pp.91-102
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• 2005

This study dealt with correlation analysis of binder stiffness with deformation strength and dynamic creep property of asphalt mixtures for evaluation of applicability of deformation strength $(S_D)$. Two aggregates, with maximum size of 13mm and eight binders were used to produce 16 different mixtures. The stiffness of binder $(G^*/sin\delta)$ was measured using DSR at $64^{\circ}C$. Final deformation(FD) and dynamic stability(DS) were measured by dynamic creep (DC) test, and SD was measured by Kim test for each mixture. Results of correlation analysis between $G^*/sin\delta$, and $S_D$, m and DS showed that correlation with binder stiffness and deformation strength was the highest $(R^2>0.88)$. There was good correlation between DS, FD with $S_D$. The results indicated that rut-resistance property of mixture is better reflected in $S_D$ test than FD or DS of dynamic creep test. Therefore, it is concluded that $S_D$ can be possibly used for evaluation of rut resistance of asphalt concretes with a good reliability if the procedure is standardized.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.132-137
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• 2008

A failure analysis of ammonia converter which suffered hydrogen attack in two years since its initial operating time was presented. It is constructed from 2.25 Cr.1 Mo steel. Analysis showed that the failure on closing seam weld joint was due to local improper post weld heat treatment (PWHT). Improper PWHT can introduce high residual stresses in thick-walled pressure vessel. High residual stress level in weld joint is very prone to hydrogen attack for any components which are operating in hydrogen gas environment. The repair procedures based on the principle to decrease the residual stress then proposed. The repair was controlled very carefully by applying several nondestructive tests in the each stage of repair. To assure the successful of the proposed repair, after one year since repair time, high temperature ultrasonic and TOFD methods were applied on-stream to this equipment in order to evaluate its post repair condition. The two methods showed good results on the repaired area.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.187-194
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• 2005

An analysis of the 1/f or flicker noise in FD n-channel Double Gate SOI MOSFET is proposed. In this paper, the variation of power spectral density (PSD) of the equivalent noise voltage and noise current with respect to frequency, channel length and gate-to-source voltage at various temperatures and exponent $C(i.e\;1/f^c$ is reported. The temperature is varied 125 K from to room temperature. The variation of PSD with respect to channel length down to $0.1{\mu}m$ technology is considered. It is analyzed that l/f noise in FD n-channel Double Gate SOI MOSFET is due to both carrierdensity fluctuations and mobility-fluctuations. But controversy still exits to its origin.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.533-544
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• 1991

In this paper, the performance of bridges used to interconnect LAN to FD야 backbone networks as well as the performance of MAC protocols for FD야 backbone networks were thoroughly analyzed, The exhaustive service discipline and three ource models were applied to analyze the mean waiting time of the system. the performance is evaluated in terms of the service rate of bridge, total load of backbone. medium length of back bone, value of T and station latency. The result of analysis show that in general , processing delay of the system is mainly determined by bridge delays. But when processing time of bridge mereases, processing delays of the system are primarily determined by MAC protocols. Therefore, speed-up of processing time of bridge is necessary to efficiently use the high speed backbone networks.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.4 no.1 s.13
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• pp.81-89
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• 2003

This research suggests the FD-AHP decision making model for Construction Projects which is composed of two main method to prevent a ranking invert situation ; First, to make the consensus of the experts consistent, we utilize Fuzzy-Delphi method to adjust the fuzzy rating of every expert to achive the consensus condition with the fuzzy linguistic presentation. Second, to handle vague linguistic presentation caused by expert's experiences and subjective judgement, we propose Fuzzy-AHP which is able to enhance precision of construction projects decision mating situation. Moreover, with the correlation analysis, we show that the validity of the FD-AHP model under a decision making task specially on where highly demanded expert's experiences and intuition.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.7-13
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• 2015

In this study, we developed a gear-type vane damper which replaces the link type through a proper gear design by means of a finite element analysis. We analyzed the fluid flow according to the amount of angular displacement. torque and backlash problems were addressed in conjunction with the pinion as a structural improvement of the forced draft fan (FD FAN). Through an environmental test. Also, results nearly identical to those in the test could be drawn when using a numerical method. Finally, we compared the gear driving result with simulation results. objective of the present study is to identify a nonlinear flow rate control method for a gear-type vane damper and to propose a damper shape which offers linear flow rate control. This study is related to the development of a gear-type vane damper of the change-link type in a forced draft fan.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.41 no.11
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• pp.1374-1379
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• 2016

In almost all schemes of cooperative cognitive radio networks (CCRN), the users transmit and receive signals in half-duplex mode. In this paper, a design of CCRN adopting the full-duplex (FD) technique is addressed. In order to enable FD communication among users in the CCRN, simultaneous transmitting and receiving antennas are employed for the secondary users. Preliminary results from analysis and numerical evaluation indicate that the proposed FD multiple-input-multiple-output CCRN framework can provide a performance gain over the conventional CCRN frameworks.