• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.231-235
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate the trabecular pattern on panoramic radiographs to predict age-related osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods: Thirty-one postmenopausal osteoporotic women and 25 postmenopausal healthy women between the ages of 50 and 88 were enrolled in this study. The bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar vertebrae and femur were calculated using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and panoramic radiographs were obtained. Fractal dimension (FD) was measured using the box counting method from 560 regions of interest ($51{\times}51$ pixels) in 6 sites on the panoramic radiographs. The relationships between age and BMD and between FD and BMD were assessed, and the intraobserver agreement was determined. Results: There was a significant difference in the FD values between the osteoporotic and normal groups (p<0.05). There was a significant difference in the FD values at three sites in the jaws (p<0.05). Age was significantly correlated with the BMD measurements, with an odds ratio of 1.25. However, the FD values were not significantly correlated with the BMD measurements, with an odds ratio of 0.000. The intraobserver agreement showed relatively higher correlation coefficients at the upper premolar, lower premolar, and lower anterior regions than the other sites. Conclusion: Age was an important risk factor for predicting the presence of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. The lower premolar region was the most appropriate site for evaluating the FD value on panoramic radiographs. However, further investigation might be needed to predict osteoporosis using an FD value on panoramic radiographs.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.61-68
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• 1996

In Fibrous dysplasia(FD) of the jaws, the majority of cases can await the cessation of growth before surgical intervention, and it seems prudent to delay surgery whenever possible until growth has ceased. In craniofacial FD, however, the dangers of dystopia, dystopia and loss of vision may require early surgery to prevent or control cranio-orbital complications. Delaying surgery in those circumstances may be significantly detrimental to such patients. Conservative surgical management of FD is widely practised and we advocate an extension to this conservative treatment by combining surgical recontouring with appropriate osteotomies if indicated, to achieve an optimal esthetic and functional results in craniofacial FD. One case will be presented to illustrate the feasiblility of such combined treatment, to report the uneventful healing of osteotomies in the FD of the jaws, and to demonstrate the use of titanium miniplate fixation in dysplastic bone. The other case had expansile disease of the left facial and fronto-temporal bones and osteolytic change left mandible. This patient complained of severe spontaneous bleeding of left mandibular premolar area and it was suspected as central hemangioma of the left mandible and craniofacial FD. Angiogram disclosed generalized dilation of the external carotid artery and its branches, especially terminal branches of the left facial and inferior alveolar arteries. But no specific abnormalities, such as A-V shunt, venous lake, or early venous drainage, was seen. So it was diagnosed craniofacial FD with hypercellularity and generalized bony recontouring was performed via coronal and transoral approaches.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.53-60
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• 2022

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the fractal dimension (FD) measured at 2 bone sites (second cervical vertebra and mandible) on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). The research question was whether FD could serve as an accessory tool to refer postmenopausal women for densitometric analysis. Therefore, the reliability and accuracy of FD were evaluated. Materials and Methods: In total, 103 postmenopausal women were evaluated, of whom 52 had normal bone mineral density and 51 had osteoporosis, according to dual X-ray absorptiometry of the lumbar spine and hip. On the CBCT scans, 2 regions of interest were selected for FD analysis: 1 at the second cervical vertebra and 1 located at the mandible. The correlations between both measurements, intra- and inter-observer agreement, and the accuracy of the measurements were calculated. A P value less than 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance for all tests. Results: The mean FD values were significantly lower at the mandibular region of interest in osteoporotic patients than in individuals with normal bone mineral density. The areas under the curve were 0.644 (P=0.008) and 0.531 (P=0.720) for the mandibular and vertebral sites, respectively. Conclusion: FD at the vertebral site could not be used as an adjuvant tool to refer women for osteoporosis investigation. Although FD differed between women with normal BMD and osteoporosis at the mandibular site, it demonstrated low accuracy and reliability.

• Korean Medical Education Review
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.17-34
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• 2023

This study aimed to investigate the current status of faculty development (FD) programs operated by medical colleges and institutions in Korea, and to suggest future-oriented directions for FD. A survey was conducted targeting medical colleges and medical education institutions that operate FD programs. We investigated the reasons for selecting topics, program themes, program operation methods, longitudinal program status, program improvement and quality control methods, the evaluation of the program effects, the outcomes and problems of the programs, and opinions on the latest trends. Twenty-nine out of 40 medical colleges and three out of six institutions responded. Topics were selected based on an analysis of medical education trends and the educational environment in both groups. The most common program themes were assessments in medical colleges, and teaching/learning and curriculum themes in institutions. FD was perceived to induce professors' and administrators' interest in medical education and improve the quality of medical education. The most common program method was workshops. Three medical colleges and one institution had longitudinal programs. Participant surveys constituted the most common method of evaluating programs' effects. Difficulties in publicizing programs and inducing voluntary participation were the most common problems in both groups. New attempts for FD were perceived as the role of external institutions. Based on the results, it is necessary to develop a framework and quality improvement indications for FD programs in the future, and FD programs are expected to be developed through new initiatives, such as longitudinal programs and those focusing on the community of practice.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 2022

Objectives: We compared changes in fractal dimension (FD) and grayscale value (GSV) of peri-implant alveolar bone on digital panoramic radiography (DPR) and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) immediately after implant surgery and 12 months postoperative. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, 16 patients who received posterior mandibular area dental implants with CBCT scans taken about 2 weeks after implantation and one year after implantation were analyzed. A region of interest was selected for each patient. FDs and GSVs were evaluated immediately after implant surgery and at 12-month follow-up to examine the functional loading of the implants. Results: There were no significant differences between DPR and CBCT measurements of FD values (P>0.05). No significant differences were observed between FD values and GSVs calculated after implant surgery and at the 12-month follow-up (P>0.05). GSVs were not correlated with FD values (P>0.05). Conclusion: The DPR and reconstructed panoramic CBCT images exhibit similar image quality for the assessment of FD. There were no changes in FD values or GSVs of the peri-implant trabecular bone structure at the 12-month postoperative evaluation of the functional loading of the implant in comparison to values immediately after implantation. GSVs representing bone mass do not align with FD values that predict bone microstructural parameters. Therefore, GSVs and FDs should be considered different parameters for assessing bone quality.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.375-380
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• 2011

This study was performed to investigate cholesterol improvement effects of adding fermented defatted soybean grit (FD) and FD added to 5 or 10% Corchorus olitorius (FDC). Cholesterol adsorption in the FD and FDC group was more than 70%. Apolipoprotein AI and CIII improved in HepG2 cells, and a greater improvement effect was shown in FDC than that in FD. We also investigated the effect of FDC on body lipid metabolism and a high-fat diet for 4 weeks. Rats were divided into control (Con), high-fat (HF), HF treated with 20% FD (HF-FD), and HF treated with 20% FDC (HF-FDC) groups. Plasma total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations, hepatic total cholesterol, and triglyceride contents were significantly lower in the HF-FDC group than those in the HF group. Additionally, fecal total cholesterol and triglyceride contents increased in rats treated with FDC. Hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase activities were significantly lower in the HF-FDC group than those in the HF group.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.41 no.10
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• pp.1-7
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• 2004

In order to enhance the electron mobility in SOI n-MOSFET, we fabricated fully depletion(FD) n-MOSFET on the strained Si/relaxed SiGa/SiO$_2$/Si structure(strained Si/SGOI) formed by inserting SiGe layer between a buried oxide(BOX) layer and a top silicon layer. The summated thickness of the strained Si and relaxed SiGe was fixed by 12.8 nm and then the dependency of electron mobility on strained Si thickness was investigated. The electron mobility in the FD n-MOSFET fabricated on the strained Si/SGOI enhanced about 30-80% compared to the FD n-MOSFET fabricated on conventional SOI. However, the electron mobility decreased with the strained Si thickness although the inter-valley phonon scattering was reduced via the enhancement of the Ge mole fraction. This result is attributed to the increment of intra-valley phonon scattering in the n-channel 2-fold valley via the further electron confinement as the strained Si thickness was reduced.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.654-659
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• 2016

This study was designed to compare the quality characteristics of spray-dried (SD) and freeze-dried (FD) Pueraria thunbergiana extracts powder hot water extracts. Quality characteristics of the SD and FD powder including moisture content, color value, water absorption index, water solubility index, dynamic angle and antioxidant activities were evaluated. The moisture content of SD powder (1.50%) was lower than that of FD powder (2.92%). $L^*$ and $b^*$ values of SD powder was lower than of FD powder. The water absorption index was higher in FD powder (1.40) and water solubility index in SD powder (94.10%) was higher than that FD powder (90.69%). Dynamic angle of SD powder ($36.46^{\circ}$) was higher than that of FD powder ($33.30^{\circ}$). The DPPH radical scavenging activities of 5 mg/mL solution of SD powder and FD powder were 85.38 mg/mL, 59.38 mg/mL, respectively. And, the same trend was observed for the ABTS radical scavenging activities of the drying powder as that observed for their DPPH radical scavenging activities. There were relatively higher contents of phenolic compounds in SD powders than in FD powders. In conclusion, spray-dried Pueraria thunbergiana extracts showed the high WSI, polyphenol, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities and low moisture content and dynamic angle than freeze dried powder.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.209-223
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• 2019

This study was conducted to investigate nutrition characteristics of the following major commercially available dried fish (MCDF) in South Korea: plain-dried fish [nogari (PD-N), Alaska pollock (PD-AP), red tongue sole (PD-RTS), and young tidepool gunnel (PD-YTG)], salt-dried fish [(yellow corvina (SD-YC) and red tilefish (SD-RT)], four types of boiled-dried anchovy of different sizes (BD-As), and freeze-dried fish [Pacific saury (FD-PS), Alaska pollock (FD-AP), and Katsuobushi]. The energy content of the MCDF ranged from 103.0 to 420.5 kcal per 100 g. The MCDF in nutritional and functional properties of minerals were SD-RT and Katsuobushi in calcium; none in phosphorus, sodium, or zinc; Katsuobushi in potassium and magnesium; PD-AP, SD-YC, and SD-RT in iron, PD-AP, PD-RTS, SD-YC, and SD-RT in copper; and PD-N, PD-AP, PD-RTS, SD-YC, SD-RT, FD-PS, FD-AP and Katsuobushi in manganese. The total amino acid content of the MCDF ranged from 15.85 to 71.96 g per 100 g; the major amino acids were glutamic acid, aspartic acid, lysine, and leucine. The fatty acid content of the MCDF ranged from 0.81 to 2.93 g per 100 g. The MCFSP expected in nutritional and functional properties of vitamins were PD-N, PD-RTS, FD-PS, FD-AP, and Katsuobushi in riboflavin; PD-N, PD-AP, PD-YTG, BD-As, FD-PS, FD-AP, and Katsuobushi in niacin; PD-N, PD-RTS, SD-YC, and BD-As in vitamin A; and PD-AP, PD-YTG, SD-YC, and FD-AP in vitamin E.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.259-265
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• 2016

Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is an uncommon skeletal disorder in which normal bone is replaced by abnormal fibro-osseous tissue. Mainly, FD is found in children, and by adulthood it usually becomes quiescent. Our case showed FD of more than 14-year duration in the left maxilla. Our evaluation was that growth ceased in adulthood and had achieved the static stage. Because FD cases in elderly patients are rarely reported, we hereby present a monostotic FD case in a 65-year-old female. We presented sequential radiographic images and scintigraphic images of this case, and combined them with a literature review that emphasized the progression of the disease.