• Toxicological Research
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.183-190
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• 2002

The mechanism by which catechin-mediated cytotoxicity against tumor cells remains to be elusive. To elucidate the mechanical mights of anti-tumor effects, (-)epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG) of catechin was applied to human prostate cancer DU 145 cells. Cell viability was measured by crystal violet staining. Cell lysates were wed to measure the catalytic activity of caspases by using fluorogenic peptide: Ac-DEVD-AMC for caspase-3 protease, Z-IETD-AFC for caspase-8 protease, Ac-LEHD-AFC for caspase-9 protease as substrates. The equal amounts of protein from cell lysate was separated on SDS-PAGE and analyzed by western blotting with anti-Fas antibody, anti-FasL antibody, anti-BCL2 antibody and anti-Bax antibody. (-)EGCG induced the death of DUl45 cells, which was revealed as apoptosis shown by DNA fragmentation. (-)EGCG induced the activation of caspase family cysteine proteases including caspase-3, -8 and -9 proteases in DU145 cells. Also, (-)EGCG increased the expression of Fas and Fas ligand (FasL) protein in DU145 colls. The expression level of BCL2 was decreased in (-)EGCG treated DU145 cells, whereas Bax protein was increased in a time-dependent manner. We suggest that (-)EGCG-induced apoptosis of DU145 cells is mediated by signaling pathway involving caspase family cysteine protease, mitochondrial BCL2-family protein and Fas/FasL.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.1696-1700
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• 2001

An experiment was conducted to examine the effect of different feeding levels of concentrate (85, 100 and 115%) and age (15, 18 and 24 month) on fatty acid synthetase (FAS) activities in the 4 locations of adipose tissues (intermuscular, ITER; intramuscular, ITRA; kidney, KIDN and subcutaneous, SUBC) of 36 Korean native cattle (Hanwoo) steers. Steers of 100% feeding group were fed the amount of concentrate to meet the daily nutrient requirements, and the steers of second and third groups were fed concentrates at the levels of 85% and 115% of that of control group, respectively, up to 18 month of age. Thereafter, the steers were fed ad libitum up to 24 month of age. Feeding level of concentrates tended to affect the FAS activity of various adipose tissues in Hanwoo steers of each age. The FAS activity of ITER adipose tissue had the decreasing trend as the age of steers advanced while those of ITRA and SUBC adipose tissues had the slightly increasing tendency with age. The FAS activity based on the pooled data increased with the feeding level of concentrates (115%) in which the activities from all 4 adipose depots were higher than those with the lowest (85%) feeding level. Similar trend was observed from the pooled data of feeding level of concentrates by age of steers in which the FAS activities for all 3 ages were increased with feeding levels of concentrates. But the response in the FAS activity to the feeding level varied with age.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
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• 2006.06b
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• pp.381-386
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• 2006

Many different types of bleaching chemicals and processes have been globally used for deinked pulp. Besides chlorine-free bleaching chemicals, hydrogen peroxide, and sodium dithionite that could be used without restriction for almost all types of fibers, chlorine-containing chemicals such as chlorine dioxide and sodium hypochlorite have also used throughout the world. Even though hydrogen peroxide is commonly used in newsprint, it could not effectively increase brightness. Experimental evaluation on the possibility of using formamidine sulfinic acid (FAS), a reducing agent, for bleaching a wood-containing deinked pulp has been carried out in this study. The effect of bleaching efficiency for FAS on operational conditions and chemical concentrations compaired to hydrogen peroxide in one and two stages was studied. FAS bleaching showed higher brightness at high temperature and low consistency, and vice versa for peroxide one. Bleaching with sodium silicate and DTPA in FAS and peroxide stage showed better results than cases without them. Sodium silicate and chelant seemed minimize the influence of transition metal ions, including manganese and iron ions, which induce both bleaching agents to decompose. As a result, FAS as a reducing agent seems more effective than hydrogen peroxide for increasing brightness and reducing yellowness. FAS and FAS sequence seemed more efficient than the other two stages of bleaching sequences with regard to the best brightness level obtained. When bleaching was conducted with FAS, COD load was just about one-third compared to peroxide, and brightness stability of the bleached pulp appeared better than peroxide after UV light irradiation.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.29-31
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• 2003

It is well known that different expression of Apo-1/Fas (CD95) plays important roles in various tumors and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) pathogenesis. Apo-1/Fas mediated apoptosis is one of the important pathways of apoptosis and is known to mediate apoptotic cell death by fas ligand (FasL). To examine the possible relationship between Apo-1/Fas gene polymorphism and HCC susceptibility, MvaI restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of Apo-1/Fas gene was examined in 94 Korean HCC patients and 240 control subjects. No statistically significant difference in the genotypic distribution and allelic frequencies was found between the control and the HCC. It is, therefore, concluded that Apo-1/Fas gene polymorphism is not associated with HCC susceptibility. Further studies are needed in order to clarify the relationships between genotypes of Apo-1/Fas gene and HCC pathogenesis.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.210-215
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• 2011

It is already known that high concentration of vitamin C induces apoptosis on tumor cells. However, there is no report regarding the function of vitamin C on the modulation of immune susceptibility of cancer. Therefore, we investigated whether vitamin C can modulate immune susceptibility of tumor cells, especially on the induction of Fas-mediated apoptosis. First, the optimal concentration of vitamin C, which cannot induce damages on tumor cells for 36 hrs. We found that 2 mM of vitamin C did not show harmful effect. In addition, the optimal concentration of agonistic anti-Fas Abs for 18 hrs was examined. As a result, 400 ng/ml of agonistic anti-Fas Abs did not induce apoptosis on tumor cells. Next, we tried to find the effect of 2 mM of vitamin C on the modulation of the susceptibility to agonistic anti-Fas Abs. When tumor cells were cultured with 400 ng/ml of agonistic anti-Fas Abs for 18 hrs, after pre-treatment with 2 mM of vitamin C for 24 hrs, viability of cells was decreased. Interestingly, we found that the expression of Fas (CD95) and MHC class I was increased by the treatment of vitamin C. Taken together, vitamin C increases the susceptibility of tumor cells to anti-Fas Abs and the expression of Fas (CD95) and MHC class I on tumor cells.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.246-252
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• 2002

Purpose : It has been recognized that interaction of the Fas : Fas ligand plays an important role in radiation-induced apoptosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of Fas mutation in radiation-induced apoptosis in vivo. Materials and Method : Mice with mutations in Fas, $MRL/Mpj-Fas^{Ipr}$, and its normal control, MRL/Mpj, were used in this study. Eight-week old male mice were given whole body radiation. After irradiation, the mice were killed and their spleens were collected at different time intervals. Tissue samples were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and the numbers of apoptotic cells were scored. Regulating molecules of apoptosis including p53, Bcl-2, Bax, $Bcl-X_L,\;and\;Bcl-X_S$ were also analyzed by Western blotting. Results : At 25 Gy irradiation, the level of apoptosis reached the peak value at 8 hr after radiation and recovered to the normal value at 24 hr after radiation in MRL/Mpj mice. In contrast, the peak apoptosis level appeared at 4 hr after radiation in $MRL/Mpj-Fas^{Ipr}$. At 8 hr after radiation, the levels of apoptosis in MRL/Mpj mice and $MRL/Mpj-Fas^{Ipr}$ mice were $52.3{\pm}7.8\%\;and\;8.0{\pm}8.6\%$, respectively (p<0.05). The expression of apoptosis regulating molecules, p53, $Bcl-X_L\;and\;Bcl-X_S$, increased in MRL/Mpj mice in response to radiation; p53 with a peak level of 3-fold at 8 h, $Bcl-X_L$ with a peak level of 3.3-fold at 12 h, and $Bcl-X_S$ with a peak level of 3-fold at 12 h after 25 Gy radiation. Bcl-2 and Bax did not show significant change in MRL/Mpj mice. However in $MRL/Mpj-Fas^{Ipr}$ mice, the expression levels of p53, Bcl-2, Bax, $BCl-X_L\;and\;BCl-X_S$ showed no significant change. Conclusion : The level of radiation-induced apoptosis was lower in Fas mutated mice, Ipr, than in control mice. This seemed to be related to the lack of radiation-induced p53 activation in the Ipr mice. This result suggests that Fas plays an important role in radiation-induced apoptosis in vivo.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.11-25
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• 2009

A method of instrumentally estimating the seismic intensity (MMI) based on Fourier Acceleration Spectrum, which is the so-called 'FAS MMI method' of Sokolov and Wald (2002), was considered for its applicability to Korea. In order to implement the FAS MMI method, the empirical models of mean (m) and standard deviation (${\sigma}$) for Korea were derived for MMI ${\leq}$ IV according to individual seismic intensity by using the site-consistent horizontal FAS of 580 records from 65 isoseismal maps prepared based on the reported MMI of Korea Meteorological Administration. The site-consistent FAS at a site were obtained by correcting the observed FAS for the difference of the site amplification function relative to that of the target site of Class D station (Yun and Suh, 2007) which was evaluated to be a representative site for the generic soil profile of Korea. The FAS m model for MMI ${\leq}$ IV follows the overall linear relation in log space according to seismic intensities, featuring the FAS mean model for MMI = IV similar to that of the global model of Sokolov and Wald (2002). The ${\sigma}$-values of the FAS model are found to be greater than those of the global model for MMI ${\geq}$ V, while significantly lower than those of the global model for MMI = IV.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.53-59
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• 2002

Background: Clinical observations and laboratory studies have supported an immune basis for most acquired aplastic anemias, with the majority of patients responding to immunosuppressive therapy. Fas, a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily is a critical downregulator of cellular immune responses. Proinflammatory cytokines like interferon gamma (IFN-${\gamma}$) and TNF-${\alpha}$ can induce Fas expression and render hematopoietic progenitor cells susceptible to Fas-induced growth suppression and apoptosis. Methods: In order to investigate the involvement of apoptosis in the pathogenesis of aplastic anemia (AA), we measured the expression of Fas antigen and caspase-3 on bone marrow (BM) mononuclear cells (MNCs) of AA in the presence or absence of IFN-${\gamma}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, or macrophage inflammatory protein 1-${\alpha}$ (MIP-$1{\alpha}$). Results: We confirmed that AA BM MNCs were more apoptotic and highly expressed Fas antigen than normal donors. Stimulation by IFN-${\gamma}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, or MIP-$1{\alpha}$ increased Fas antigen and caspase-3 expression in AA BM MNCs than BM MNCs of normal donors. Anti-Fas monoclonal antibody enhanced IFN-${\gamma}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, or MIP$1{\alpha}$ mediated caspase-3 expression in BM MNCs of normal donors. Among these three cytokines, IFN-${\gamma}$ enhanced apoptosis most strongly via Fas-caspase-3 pathway. Conclusion: These results suggest that Fas signal pathway may play a role in the pathophysiology of aplastic anemia and negative hematopoietic regulators like IFN-${\gamma}$ can induce apoptosis of bone marrow progenitors in part by Fas induction.

• The Journal of the Korean bone and joint tumor society
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.88-95
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the proapoptotic effects of matrix metal-loproteinase inhibitor (MMPI) and doxorubicin on wild-type p53 osteosarcoma cell line, socalled U2OS cell line. Materials and Methods: U2OS cells were treated with MMP inhibitor III (MMPI III) and doxorubicin, either respectively or simultaneously. In cells treated with doxorubicin, Fas-neutralizing antibody so called ZB4 was additionally treated to examine whether the doxorubicin played a role through the Fas/FasL pathway. Cells were analysed regarding to apoptosis and cell death by flow cytometry. Results: U2OS cells incubated with doxorubicin showed significant amount of cell death in dose-dependent manner. However, those incubated with MMPI III mostly remained viable state. In addition, there is no relationship between two drugs. Cells treated with doxorubicin and ZB4 at the same time did not show down regulation of apoptosis through inhibition of Fas/FasL pathway. Conclusion: It is important to re-examine MMP inhibitor's effect on other osteosarcoma cell line with wild-type p14 as well as wild-type p53 to evaluate its proapoptotic effect.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers Conference
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• 1998.10a
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• pp.34-40
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• 1998

The existing flood runoff models, Complex Hydrograph and HEC-1, have some problems which do not properly represent runoff characteristics on the Korean paddy basin and their basin slopes. In this study, FAS(Flood Analysis System) was developed in order to supplement those problems, which was built calibrating runoff curve number for paddy basin and applying basin slopes to classify 5 levels. And also the FAS can synthesize the flood hydrographs of subbasin and analyze flood routing along a stream. To verify the applicability of the FAS, the computed flood hydrographs were compared with the observed hydrographs from the four watersheds. In the small basin smaller than 10$\textrm{km}^2$, the results of the FAS did not completely agree with the observed ones due to concentration time delay of paddy storage effect while in the medium and large size basin showed good agreements between the observed and computed ones. Therefore, it was concluded that the FAS could be applied for the flood analysis of Korean watershed which was characterized by paddy storage effect.