• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.621-626
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• 2023

In the first half of the third century B.C., Herophilus and Erasistratus performed the first systematic dissection of the human body. For subsequent centuries, these cadaveric dissections were key to the advancement of anatomical knowledge and surgical techniques. To this day, despite various instructional methods, cadaver dissection remained the best way for surgical training. To improve the quality of education and research through cadaveric dissection, our institution has developed a unique method of perforator-preserving cadaver injection, allowing us to achieve high-fidelity perforator visualization for dissection studies, at low cost and high efficacy. Ten full body cadavers were sectioned through the base of neck, bilateral shoulder, and hip joints. The key was to dissect multiple perfusing arteries and draining veins for each section, to increase "capture" of vascular territories. The vessels were carefully flushed, insufflated, and then filled with latex dye. Our injection dye comprised of liquid latex, formalin, and acrylic paint in the ratio of 1:2:1. Different endpoints were used to assess adequacy of injection, such as reconstitution of eyeball volume, skin turgor, visible dye in subcutaneous veins, and seepage of dye through stab incisions in digital pulps. Dissections demonstrated the effectiveness of the dye, outlining even the small osseous perforators of the medial femoral condyle flap and subconjunctival plexuses. Our technique emphasized atraumatic preparation, recreation of luminal space through insufflation, and finally careful injection of latex dye with adequate curing. This has allowed high-fidelity perforator visualization for dissection studies.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.68-77
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• 2024

Background: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is essential for correcting and verifying patient position before radiation therapy. However, it poses additional radiation exposure during CBCT scans. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate radiological safety for the human body through dose assessment for CBCT. Materials and Methods: For CBCT dose assessment, the depth dose was evaluated using a cheese phantom, and the dose in the orbital area was evaluated using a human body phantom self-fabricated with a three-dimensional printer. Results and Discussion: The evaluation of radiation doses revealed maximum doses of 14.14 mGy and minimum doses of 6.12 mGy for pelvic imaging conditions. For chest imaging conditions, the maximum doses were 4.82 mGy, and the minimum doses were 2.35 mGy. Head imaging conditions showed maximum doses of 1.46 mGy and minimum doses of 0.39 mGy. The eyeball doses using a human body phantom model averaged at 2.11 mGy on the left and 2.19 mGy on the right. The depth dose ranged between 0.39 mGy and 14.14 mGy, depending on the change in depth for each imaging mode, and the average dose in the orbit area using a human body phantom was 2.15 mGy. Conclusion: Based on the experimental results, CBCT did not significantly affect the radiation dose. However, it is important to maintain a minimal radiation dose to optimize radiation protection following the as low as reasonable achievable principle.

• The Journal of Churna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.109-117
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• 2024

Objectives This case study purposed to report effect of Complex Korean Medicine Treatment and facial chuna manual therapy for patient with bilateral facial palsy in Miller fisher syndrome. Methods Complex Korean Medicine Treatments were performed on a patient with a Miller fisher syndrome. The patient complained of bilateral facial palsy, diplopia, dizziness, and ophthalmoplegia. To evaluate facial palsy degree, Sunnybrook Facial Grading system, Facial Nerve Grading Scale 2.0, and House Brackmann Grading Score were used. To evaluate other symptoms, distance of eyeball movement, distance of diplopia, and Numeric rating scale were used. Results After 6 weeks treatment, the degree of facial palsy, diplopia, dizziness improved. Conclusions This case study reports Complex Korean Medicine Treatment including facial chuna manual therapy may improve symptoms of Miller fisher syndrome.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.432-445
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• 2024

Purpose: This study investigated the effects of an eye care protocol (ECP) on patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: This study utilized a randomized controlled design. Participants were patients who met the inclusion criteria and were admitted to the ICU (36 in the experimental group and 38 in the control group). The experimental group received an ECP, while the control group received standard eye care, starting the day after admission, for a duration of 10 days. The ECP classifies the degree of eyelid obstruction into three stages based on the degree of exposure to the lower eyelid conjunctiva and cornea. The protocol included cleansing with normal saline gauze, administering eye drops, applying silicone and polyurethane films, and recommending consultation with an ophthalmologist if necessary. The effectiveness of ECP was assessed by analyzing tear volume, hyperemia, chemosis, and eye discharge. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 27.0, employing the Mann-Whitney U-test and generalized estimating equations. Results: On day 5, the experimental group demonstrated a significant increase in tear volume in both eyes compared with the control group. However, no statistically significant differences were observed in the incidence of hyperemia, chemosis, and eye discharge on days 5 and 10 of the intervention. Conclusion: The application of the ECP in this study increased tear volume in ICU patients, thereby reducing discomfort caused by dry eyes. It has the potential to prevent complications such as damage to the surface of the eyeball resulting from decreased tear volume.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.84-98
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• 2024

Objective : The purpose of this study is to report that the effect of Korean medical treatments on Miller-Fisher Syndrome with ophtalmoplegia and facial palsy. Methods : We treated a 69-year-old female diagnosed with Miller-Fisher syndrome with ophthalmoplegia, right facial palsy and other symptoms. She received Korean medical treatments such as herbal medicine(Gamiboik-tang), cupping therapy and acupuncture(including pharmacopuncture). The severity of ophthalmoplegia was evaluated by length of the eyeball movement and Scott and Kraft score. The severity of facial palsy was evaluated by Yanagihara score and the severity of other symptoms such as diplopia, dizziness, gait disturbance and neck&shoulder pain was evaluated by VAS. Results : Each neurological symptoms were improved after Korean medical treatments. In case of ophthalmop legia, Scott and Kraft score increase from -4 to 0. There were no restrictions on eye movements. In case of facial palsy, Yanagihara score increased from 10 to 40. Also, other symptoms such as diplopia, dizziness, gait disturbance and neck&shoulder pain was improved. Conclusions : This case report suggests that Korean medical treatments can be effective for Miller-Fisher Syndrome patient with Ophthalmoplegia and Facial Palsy.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2005

Purpose : To evaluate the degree of the artifact which is caused by the mascara and the eye shadow when acquiring MR images and compare the difference of the image distortion according to the change of various pulse sequence. Material and Method : The popular domestic mascara and eye shadow products were selected from three different companies respectively and divided into two groups mascara (M1, M2, M3 ), eye shadow (E1, E2, E3). Self-designed quadrature type saddle coil which has 4 cm inside diameter, 8 cm length and which is for both Tx and Rx was used. MR image was acquired respectively after applying the mascara to the tape from study 1, the eye shadow to the tape from study 2 and adding the eye shadow to the mascara from study 3. The FSE(fast spin echo), the SE(spin echo), the GE(gradient echo) were used as pulse sequences. The degree of the image distortion which was measured from each sequence was analyzed in quality and quantity. Result : The mascara and the eye shadow caused the artifacts to the MR images partially and induced the image distortion. There was a little difference in terms of the degree of artifact according to the change of pulse sequence. From the study 3 in which the eye shadow was applied to the mascara, on the axial plane image, the width of artifact was 16.73 mm in the GE pulse sequence, 6.64 mm in the SE pulse sequence, and 6.19 mm in the FSE pulse sequence. The degree of the artifact appeared highly in order of the GE, the SE and the FSE. On the sagittal plane image, the length of artifact was 22.84 mm in the GE, 17.81 mm in the SE and it appeared highly with the SE and the FSE technique order. Conclusion : When examining the eyeball and the brain of a woman with the mascara and the eye shadow, we have to consider that the artifact caused by them can have an effect on the image diagnosis. We concluded that it is more suitable for a brain and a eyeball T2 emphasizing image to use the FSE technique than the GE technique.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.663-666
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• 2007

Purpose: Autologous fat injection into the facial area is a frequently used technique in aesthetic plastic surgery for augmentation of the soft tissue. Fat injection is a very safe procedure because of the advantage of being autologous tissue. Minimal foreign body reaction or infections are noted after fat injection. However, there may be some complications including those as severe as blindness. There have been some case reports on visual disturbances after autologous fat injection reported in the literature. Methods: A 21-year-old female patient underwent autologous fat injection into left eyebrow area to correct depression of soft tissue. Immediately after injection of autologous fat, she complained sudden visual loss on the left eye. She had come to our emergency room and ophthalmologic evaluation showed that the patient could only recognize hand motion. There was no abnormality of the optic nerve on magnetic resonance imaging. Suspecting an ischemic optic neuritis from fat embolism of the central retinal artery, the patient was treated conservatively with occular massage, antiglaucomatic agent, anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics. Visual field examination showed visual defect of half the lower hemisphere. Results: While maintaining antiglaucomatic agents and non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs, fundoscopic examination showed no abnormalities on the second day of admission. Visual field examination showed an improvement on the fourth day along with decreased eyeball pain. Significant improvement of vision was noted and the patient was discharged on the fifth day of admission. The patient was followed-up 2 days afterwards with improved vision and visual field defect. Conclusion: We describe an unusual case of sudden unilateral visual disturbance following autologous fat injection into periorbital area.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.157-164
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• 2017

In 2015, a nervous necrosis virus (NNV) was isolated from sevenband grouper, Epinephelus septemfasciatus, maintained in land-based aquaculture system at below $12^{\circ}C$ in winter. Mortality was up to 30% in brood fish, over 4 kg of body weight. Moribund fish showed clinical sings typical of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER), also called viral nervous necrosis (VNN), such as uncoordinated, corkscrew-like swimming behavior, belly-up at rest, darkening of body, cloudy eyeball and hyperinflation of the swim bladder. Aetiology of the disease was confirmed by gross observation of clinical signs, histopathology and molecular diagnosis. Histological studies revealed severe vacuolation and necrosis in the brain. Molecular diagnosis by revere transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) specific to batanodavirus yielded a positive result. The nucleotide sequences of the PCR-amplified fragment were 99.48~100% similar to barfin flounder nervous necrosis virus (BFNNV) genotype and most closely aligned with Pacific cod betanodavirus (PCNNV). This is the first report of natural batanodavirus, NNV infection in sevenband grouper reared in low water temperature during winter (below $12^{\circ}C$) in Korea.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.1118-1126
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• 2018

In this study, investigated the general characteristics and diagnostic methods types of streptococcosis among various fish disease pathogens that caused a lot of economic damaged to aquaculture fish based on the previous research paper. Streptococcosis infection of fish is considered a reemerging disease affecting a variety of wild and cultured fish throughout the world. Calssifiacation of Gram positive cocci based on DNA-DNA hybridization coupled with 16S sequencing has shown that at least five different species are considered of significance as fish pathogens: Lactococcus garvieae, L. piscium, Streptococcus iniae, S. agalactiae, S. paruberis, Vagococcus salmoninarum. Symptoms of infection with streptococcosis disease such as body color change, eyeball abnormality, gill discoloration, bleeding, abdominal distension, swelling of the kidney and spleen. In addition, it usually occurs from June to October when the water temperature rise a lot of fish death. Currently, 16S rRNA, 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region (ISR), Random Amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Ribotyion (RT), Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) are among the methods for diagnosing streptococcosis. Among them, the LAMP method, which is high applicable to the aquaculture farm has attracted the spotlight, but due to problems such as confirmation of results. This seems to minimize the economic loss of streptococcosis which complements the problem so that it can be easily used from the diagnosis to the results confirmation.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.85-90
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• 2010

Purpose: The goals of a blow-out fracture reconstruction are to restore the osseous continuity, provide support for the orbital contents and prevent functional and anatomic defects. Over the past several years, a range of autogenous and synthetic implants have been used extensively in orbital reconstructions. None of these implants have any absolute indications or contraindications in certain clinical settings. However, in extensive blow-out fractures, it is difficult to restore support of the orbital contents, which can cause more complications, such as enophthalmos. This study examined the clinical outcomes of extensive or comminuted blow-out fractures that were reconstructed by the simultaneous use of a titanium mesh plate and $Medpor^{(R)}$. Methods: Eighty six patients with extensive orbital fractures, who were admitted between March 1999 and February 2007, were reviewed retrospectively. The patients' chart and CT were inspected for review. Twenty three patients were operated on with both a titanium mesh plate (Matrix MIDFACE pre-formed orbital plate, Synthes, USA) and $Medpor^{(R)}$ (Porex, GA, USA). The patients underwent pre-operative CT scans to evaluate the fracture site and measure the area of the fracture. A transconjunctival approach was used, and titanium mesh plates were inserted subperiosteally with screw fixation. $Medpor^{(R)}$ was inserted above the titanium mesh plate. The patients were evaluated post-operatively for enophthalmos, diplopia, sensory disturbances and eyeball movement for a period of at least 6 months. Results: No implant-related complications were encountered during the follow-up period. Enophthalmos occurred in 1 patient, 1 patient had permanent sensory disturbance, and 3 patients complained of ocular pain and fatigue, which recovered without treatment. Although there were no significance differences between groups, the use of 2 implants had fewer complications. Therefore, it can be an alternative method for treating blow out fractures. Conclusion: The use of both a titanium mesh plate and $Medpor^{(R)}$ simultaneously may be a safe and acceptable technique in the reconstruction of extensive blow-out fractures.