• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.89-101
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• 2022

The study was conducted in Erhe Park, a neighborhood park in Dali City, China, to derive the influence of environmental factors in the park on the elderly's satisfaction and to analyze the satisfaction in order to provide improvement recommendations. First, the evaluation indicators were selected, by referencing previous research into the elderly's evaluation of external spatial environments and the influence of various factors was determined from the questionnaire and factor analysis. Second, a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation was conducted to understand the satisfaction of the elderly, and then an Importance-Performance Analysis(IPA) analysis was conducted to develop improvement recommendations. Results of the factor analysis showed that park's environmental factors were grouped into four categories: facility suitability and comfort, safety and convenience of use, natural environment comfort, and parkway convenience. Based on this, the overall satisfaction rating for the environmental factors in Erhe Park was between satisfactory and average. The natural environment comfort was rated satisfactory, the facility suitability and comfort, and convenience and safety were rated average, and parkway convenience was rated near to satisfaction. The IPA analysis revealed that the suitability of rest facilities, suitability of convenience facilities, facility management status, safety of entrances and exits, and nighttime lighting facilities were items of high importance but low satisfaction that needed to be improved. The results of this study can be utilized as a guide for future building or readjustment of senior-friendly parks, and they are critical for increasing senior-friendly park satisfaction.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.86-103
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• 2024

This study interprets the evolving ideologies of Singapore's urban environmental policies focusing on the meanings encapsulated within the notion of 'garden'. Through a comprehensive review of policy documents, legislative materials, development projects, government promotional materials, and organizational changes in each era, the study identifies three phases, each with distinct central themes. Commencing in the 1960s, the initial phase projected a meticulously controlled and managed cityscape using the notion of garden, which was epitomized by the slogan 'Garden City'. In this phase, garden was a representative concept that embodied the cleanliness and greenness of the city, and also served as a strategic rhetoric to effectively transfer the ideology of an exemplary picturesque city to the public. Subsequently, in the 1970s, the focus gradually shifted from individual green spaces and bodies of water towards a collective system which served as a foundational infrastructure of the city-nation. This evolution was reflected in the new slogan 'City in a Garden', where the garden is now not only summoned for its external appearance but also as an unified system which serves as the cornerstone of the city. Through these phases, the Singaporean government developed a scheme capable of integrated management of green spaces and water resources tailored to the scale and function of each. Building upon this foundation, the early 2000s saw the adoption of a new orientation focusing on sustainability and urban ecology, encapsulated in the revised slogan 'City in Nature'. For more than five decades, Singapore has demonstrated an adept utilization of the notion 'garden'. This scholarly examination underscores Singapore's journey in redefining urban landscapes through the strategic employment of the concept of garden in its urban environmental policies. By tracing the evolution of the garden concept across distinct phases, the study illuminates how the Singaporean government leveraged the garden's versatility: from an effective metaphor of aesthetic values to an integral component of its holistic urban system, and finally to a bridge between the urban and the natural.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.61-85
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• 2018

Open innovation is based on a different knowledge landscape, with a different logic about the sources and uses of technologies. It implies that firms increasingly rely on external sources of innovation by emphasizing these ideas and resources. Using datasets from the UK biotechnology industry, this paper explores firms' willingness to participate in open innovation. The results indicate that the switching cost is identified as the direct predictor of the willingness to participate in open innovation. While high commitment based on the trust with partner increases switching costs, IT infrastructure within the firm decreases switching costs to open innovation. Taken together, this research broadens the study on open innovation by applying the switching cost as a medium of knowledge transfer in the biotech industry.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.18-27
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• 2016

A 'flowered-wall,' which are also called a 'flower plant patterned wall,' or a 'flower patterned wall,' is a wall of a building or a fence with various patterns on it. A flowered-wall can be an external mean to look into the owner's authority and values while internally it possesses the symbolic meaning of wishing the well-being and peace of the household. In the research area of the flowered-wall, the walls located in the palace were well researched in various studies across architecture, horticulture, and art design, however, the walls belonging to the local regional traditional folk houses and temples have been involved in little to no research in the landscape architectural area. Taking notice of this perspective this study researched and analyzed the cases of the flowered-walls of the traditional folk houses and the temples that belonged to the national and municipal cultural properties of Jeollabuk-do Province from the landscape architectural perspective. The whole samples were examined and it was shown that there were 9 traditional folk houses with flowered-walls. Among the temples there were 7 cases. Therefore the research focusing on tracing the shape and symbolic meaning of the flowered-walls in the 16 cultural properties located in the Jeollabuk-do Province which consisted of traditional folk houses and temples resulted in the following. Flowered-walls displayed hierarchical differentiation revolving around the main space and its spacial characteristic. This differentiation is variously displayed across the flowered-wall, gable, crack plastering, and chimney. In the case of the folk houses the symbols have the meaning of the prosperity of the household and progeny, exorcism, longevity, number of fortune, harmony, and peace etc that prays for practical wishes such as long life and good health with the prosperity of their descendants. Meanwhile in the temples, symbols indicating an easy passage into eternity, perpetuation of the Buddha-nature, and three marks of existence are applied, differentiating from the folk houses by the appliance of the religious values in the patterns. In conclusion this research resulted in the rightful illumination on the local landscape culture, the possibility of expressing the Korean sentiment through flowered-walls in the contemporary space, the reassessment of flowered-walls, and the provision of basic data for a plan to success the cultural heritage.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.39-48
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• 2019

This research is based on the analysis of in-depth interviews of designers who participated in the design of the Yeonnam-dong section, which was completed in 2016. The case study site has received many domestic and foreign awards and is receiving very positive reviews from actual users. 53 concepts were derived from the open coding of the ground theory methodology. Thirty-four higher categories incorporated the concepts and 18 higher categories that reintegrated them. Later, the six categories of the ground theory were interpreted as the paradigm, and it was determined that the aspects of 'will of client' and 'work efficiency', 'site resources' and 'field manager's specialty' were the categories that had the greatest positive impact on the park construction. The key category of this park's construction was interpreted as "a park-construction model with active empathy and communication." The results of the study and are linked to the following research proposals. First, the need to improve the trust between the client and the landscape designer and the need to improve the customary administrative procedures; second, the importance of the input of landscape experts into the park construction process; third, the importance of all efforts to develop the design; fourth, the importance of on-site circular resources and landscape preservation; and fifth active social participation to increase the opportunity. This study, which seeks to grasp the facts that existed behind the park's construction, which received excellent internal and external evaluations, and has a qualitative, objective and structural interpretation of the social network related to the park's construction, in contrast to the conventional quantitative post-evaluation. It is expected that the administration and system improvements related to landscaping will be further improved through the continuation of in-depth post-evaluation studies.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.105-116
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• 2021

In the city of high population density crowded with buildings, Urban Heat Island (UHI) is intensified, and the city is vulnerable to thermal comfort. The maintenance of vacant land in downtown is treated as a factor that undermines the residential environment, spoils the urban landscape, and decreases the economic vitality of the whole region. Therefore, this study compared the effects on microclimate in the surrounding area according to the development scenarios targeting the vacant land in Songhyeon-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul. The status quo, green oriented, building oriented and green-building mediation scenarios were established and ENVI-met was used to compare and analyze the impact of changes in wind speed, air temperature and mean radiant temperature (MRT) within 1 km of the target and the target site. The result of inside and 1 km radius the targeted area showed that the seasonal average temperature decreased and the wind speed increased when the green oriented scenario was compared with the current state one. It was expected that the temperature lowered to -0.73 ℃ or increased to 1.5 ℃ in summer, and the wind speed was affected up to 210 meters depending on the scenario. And it was revealed that green area inside the site generally affects inside area, but the layout and size of the buildings affect either internal and external area. This study is expected to help as a decision-making support tool for developing Songhyeon-dong area and to be used to reflect the part related to microclimate on the future environmental effects evaluation system.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.403-413
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• 2021

Background and objective: There is growing concern about the effects of modern society on mental health, coming with Covid-19-related caveats on depression, anxiety, and stress (DAS). This can be a subject to provide alternative methods which alleviate DAS. In line with this context, sensory gardens are widely acknowledged to stimulate the five major senses (sight, sound, taste, touch, and smell) and can have a significant (positive) impact on mental health. However, there is limited empirical evidence on the effect of these gardens with regard to alleviating DAS - particularly with respect to urban society This is a gab in knowledge how such limits can be addressed. Accordingly, this present study is clearly needed in order to verify if there are any correlations between sensory gardens and (positive) effects on DAS. The aim of this study was therefore to understand current levels of DAS in a high density building with a sensory garden in a courtyard and determine correlations between experiences in the sensory courtyard and levels of DAS. Methods: The Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) was employed to test the level of DAS. Results: Additionally, 13 different factors associated with experiences in the building, including the stimulation of the five major senses in the sensory courtyard, were measured to reveal their contribution to mitigating depression, anxiety, and stress. It is noted that the average levels of DAS were 7.91, 7.77 and 9.01 respectively indicating that the mental health of participants requires mental health management. However, results show that factors associated with the sensory courtyard could improve mental health. For example, new social relationships, walking with colleagues, and the stimulation of each of the five major senses in the sensory garden could improve DAS. Conclusion: This illustrates that external experiences are more effective at mitigating depression, anxiety, and stress than internal ones. Factor analysis revealed four components: stimulating the five senses; internal and external facilities; internet-based device use; and new social relationships. There was a strong positive correlation between new social relationships and walking with colleagues. There were also strong positive correlations among the stimulation of each of the five senses. In conclusion, there are strong indications that sensory courtyards can help alleviate DAS and should therefore be promoted, particularly in the current Covid-19 situation wherein the physical and mental health of the public at large are threatened. Accordingly, courtyard design should be rethought in light of the relationship between the positive impact of sensory gardens and mental health.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.12-22
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• 1991

The purpose of this study is to identify demand and methods of projection, including to prove the variables affecting the fluctuation of visitors and to analyze the relationship between these variables in National Park. Statistical analysis method (Multiple Linear Regression Analysis, ANOVA, and Model diagnostics) was carried out by computer program SAS/pc. 13 variables (1. Total Population, 2. Per Capita PDI, 3. Employment Ratio of S.O.C. & others, 4. NO. of Passenger Car, 5. Length of Roads, 6. Leisure Expenditure of Farm Household, 7. Leisure Expenditure of Urban Household, 8. Price Index, 9. NO. of Bus, 10. Exchange on Dollars, 11. Export, 12. Import, and 13. Visitors in National Park) had been used to this study. The scope of time period is during the last 17 years (1970-1986). The results were as follows; 1) Participation depends only on the specific characteristics of the economic factors (Price Index and Leisure Expenditure of Urban Household). These factors are the importance factors directly affecting the participation of visitors. The statistical Model for projecting the visitors in National Parks is the function of "Visitors in National Parks (thousand)=14915+0.210311*Leisure Expenditure of Urband Household (won)-157.835619*Price Index(1985=100)" 2) The external factors affecting the participation depends upon the interelated features of availability and accessibility (NO. of Passenger Car, Length of Roads, and NO. of Bus) of recreation resources or sites, and the economic factors (Per Capita PDI, Export, and Import). These factors are the factors indirectly affecting the participation of visitors. 3) The participation depends on the specific characteristics of demographic factors (Total Population and Employment Ratio of S.O.C. & others). These factors are the factors indirectly affecting the participation of visitors. 4) The unexpected fluctuation of yearly visitors depends on oil shock or inflation (1971, 1973-1974, 1979-1980), promulgation of national emergency decrees (1971-1972, 1974-1975, 1979-1980), and national events (assassination of president Park's wife, Madame Yuk in 1974 and president Park I 1979).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.66-74
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to research and analyze the distribution of night illumination level at urban neighborhood parks and to show its characteristics. And this is used basic data ensuring safety and satisfying aesthetic and psychological desires of people who use urban neighborhood parks at night. To research and analyze the distribution of illumination level at urban neighborhood parks at night. To research and analyze the distribution of illumination level at urban neighborhood parks, I selected 8 urban neighborhood parks as the subject of research in this study, set the measuring standard of illumination level, and measured the illumination level by the measuring standard. The results of this study are as follows; 1. Currently, total average illumination level of urban neighborhood parks was lower than the minimum standard of illumination level I KS A 3011-1993. 2. Average illumination level of each place in urban neighborhood parks appeared variously from low level to high level. But this was lower than the minimum standard illumination level in KS A3011-1993 like total average illumination level. 3. The higher was total average illumination level of urban neighborhood parks, the more various was brightness of places. Although users' aesthetic and mental desire or behavioral aspect relate with safety cannot be found by only survey and analyses of illumination level, it is judged that first, illumination level of the standard of the lightness should be analyzed to find user's mental states and behaviors in external space at night. Therefore, it is considered that this study, which analyzed characteristics illumination level as basic data, has a significance. The study continuing for other illuminative environmental factors suitable in the place is required because the brightness of places may not be measured by only illumination level. And the proper illumination level in outdoor places should be showed in considering psychological and behavioral aspects of human as people may have their own sense of brightness.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.153-161
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• 2012

The purposes of this study were to reevaluate urban traditional houses and to propose direction for the conservation and utilization of urban traditional houses in a way of maintaining historical landscape rather than the value of urban traditional houses as components in expanded urban structure. For these purposes, we identified the characteristics of conservation and utilization of urban traditional houses by representative cases and analyzing them exhaustively, and suggested problems in the cinservation and utilization of traditional houses and solution for them. The current conservation system for Urban Traditional House in the Bukchon area is applied to non-residential Urban Traditional House differently according to the owner's consciousness of conservation because there is no support system for non-residential Urban Traditional House. Accordingly, there should be standardized criteria to maintain the landscape of the Bukchon area in terms of beauty formed by the elevation of Urban Traditional House and the continuity of roofs while accommodating various functions. As in total conservation or partial conservation, the interior remodeling of individual houses may be allowed but the three-dimensional external appearance composed of the outer walls, fences and roofs of Korean-style houses should be repaired and improved in a way of maintaining the image. In order to utilize Urban Traditional House in the Bukchon area, plans should be made in consideration of its location, historicity and tradition. We may expect the utilization of traditional cultural facilities and their surrounding areas as alternative cultural spaces. Such use of individual Urban Traditional House should be extended by linearly and areally and suggest the direction of conservation and utilization.