• 한국조경학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.96-108
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• 1996

This study aimed at choosing the urban community parks such as D Kjin, Chungang, Dosan Park as the target place for this study, and at analyzing the damage level of the pavement surfaces focusing on the spaces and the materials. We devided the damage level within $1.5\times$1.5m grid int the grade from one to five points, and made use of the method of giving marks to get hold of the damage level of the pavement surfaces. Especially we took and analyze Duncan test for the spaces suffering severe damage. The result is as follows : 1. The damage of unenenness turned out to be a most excessive damage in the damage level according to the pavement materials in case of D kjin, and Chunggnag Park. Especially the concrete blocks proved to be the exessive damage in comparison with the other pavement materials, and the demolitional damage of the damage types to the most severe damage. The corner damage turned relatively out to be a heavy damage in case of Dosan Park in Seoul. 2. In the event of the damage level of pavement surfaces according to the spaces, the space which was made the more use of and which was the more concentrated, turned out to be the degree of the more excessive damage. 3. We took the Duncan test to verify the deference of the damage type between the spaces and the pavement materials of the target places for survey. The result of verification was that there was no difference of the damage type between the corner and block damage itself in case of the enterance area and the square of D kjin Park in Ch nju, and that the damage level of the pavement materials proved to be the more execssive damage than that of the spaces. The corner damage of Chungang Park in Hj ngju, showed the same result as D kjin Park in Ch nju and the uneveness didn't have any difference of damage type in all spaces. In case of Dosan in Seoul, the damage of crevice, demolition, and pumping didn't have any difference of damage type and the damage of the cross area was the most high. In conclusion, we proposed that we should get hold of whether the cause of pavement damage is caused by the defect of materials of by the construction problem including the foundation, or the unsuitableness of the method for using the pavement materials, and also that we should take a sensus of the user type and should decide a suitable design load and the necessary thickness of the pavement materials. In this study, not only we aimed at the external damage of the materials, but we tried to propose rather reasonable and developed construction method by studying the material experiment, the foundation state, and the type of using the spaces and materials, and by examining into the fundamental damaged cause.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.33-39
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• 1996

목적 : 초기 자궁경부암은 수술과 방사선치료 모두 가능하며 결과도 비슷하다고 알려져있다. 이에 근치적 방사선치료를 받은 초기 자궁경부암 환자의 생존율, 실패율, 부작용등을 다른 결과와 비교하기 위하여 후향적 분석을 시행하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 근치적 방사선치료를 시행한 자궁경부암 IB 48명과 IIA 32명을 대상으로 하였다. 1985년 11월 부터 1993년 5월 까지 등록된 환자들로 최소 추적기간은 2년이었다. 외부전골반 방사선치료를 40-50Gy 시행후 3가지 다른 1회 조사량으로 고선량 강내치료를 시행후, 추적조사하여 생존율, 실패양상과 합병증등을 분석하였다. 결과 : 5년 생존율과 5년 무병 생존율은 각각 $72.3\%,\; 72.8\%$였으며 예후인자는 병기 병소의 크기, 병리조직 (선암), 방사선치료의 반응이었다. 19명의 치료실패가 있었으며 대부분 24개월이내에 발생하였다. Grade 2이상의 만성합병증은 방광이 $8.8\%$, 직장이 $15\%$, 모두 $17.5\%$ 였으며 발생율과 심한 정도는 강내치료 1회 조사량과 총 선량에 유의한 상관관계가 있었다. 결론 : 초기 자궁암의 방사선치료는 수술의 결과와 비슷하였으며 예후가 나쁜환자는 결과가 안좋아서 더 적극적인 치료방법이 필요하며 만성 합병증을 줄이기 위해서는 적절한 질 packing 등으로 주위조직의 방사선 피폭량을 줄이고 고선량 강내치료시 적절한 1회 조사량의 선택이 필요한 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.281-288
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• 1979

For years, physicians and anatomists have been interested in the heart that has one functioning ventricle. Various terms have been suggested for this entity including single ventricle, common ventricle, double-inlet left ventricle, cor biatriatum triloculare, and primitive ventricle. In this report, the term "single ventricle" is utilized as suggested by Van Praagh, and is defined as that congenital cardiac anomaly in which a common or separate atrioventricular valves open into a ventricular chamber from which both great arterial trunks emerge. An outlet chamber, or infundibulum, may or may not be present and give rise to the origin of either of the great arteries. This definition excludes the entity of mitral and tricuspid atresia. An 11 year old cyanotic boy was admitted chief complaints of exertional dyspnea and frequent upper respiratory infection since 2 weeks after birth. He was diagnosed as inoperable cyanotic congenital heart disease, and remained without any corrective treatment up to his age of 11 year when he suffered from aggravation of symptoms and signs of congestive heart failure for 2 months before this admission. On 22nd of May 1979, he was admitted for total corrective operation under the impression of tricuspid atresia suggested by a pediatrician. Physical check revealed deep cyanosis with finger and toe clubbing, and grade V systolic ejection murmur with single second heart sound was audible at the left 3rd intercostal space. Development was moderate in height [135 cm] and weight[28Kg]. Routine lab findings were normal except increased hemoglobin [21.1gm%], hematocrit [64 %], and left axis deviation with left ventricular hypertrophy on EKG. Cardiac catheterization and angiography revealed 1-transposition of aorta, pulmonic valvular stenosis, double inlet of a single ventricle with d-loop, and normal atriovisceral relationship [Type III C solitus according to the classification of Van Praagh]. At operation, longitudinal incision at the outflow tract of right ventricle in between the right coronary artery and its branch [LAD from RCA] revealed high far anterior aortic valve which had fibrous continuity with mitral annulus, and pulmonic valve was stenotic up to 4 mm in diameter positioned posterolaterally to the aorta. Ventricular septum was totally defective, and one markedly hypertrophied moderator band originated from crista supraventricularis was connected down to the imaginary septum of the ventricular cavity as a pseudoseptum of the ventricle. Size of the defect was 3X3 cm2 in total. Patch closure of the defect with a Teflon felt of 3.5 x 4 cm2 was done with interrupted multiple sutures after cut off of the moderator band, which was resutured to the artificial septum after reconstruction of the ventricular septum. Pulmonic valvotomy was done from 4 mm to 11 mm in diameter thru another pulmonary arteriotomy incision, and right ventriculotomy wound was closed reconstructing the right ventricular outflow tract with pericardial autograft of 3 x 4 cm2. Atrial septal defect of 2 cm in diameter was closed with 3-0 Erdeck suture, and atrial wall was sutured also when rectal temperature reached from 24`C to 35.5`C. Complete A-V block was managed with temporary external pacemaker with a pacing rate of 110/min. thru myocardial wire, and arterial blood pressure of 80/50 mmHg was maintained with Isuprel or Dopamine dripping under the CVP of 25-cm saline. Consciousness was recovered one hour after the operation when his blood pressure reached 100 /70 mmHg, but vital signs were not stable, and bleeding from the pericardial drainage and complete anuria were persisted until his heart could not capture the pacemaker impulse, and patient died of low output syndrome 320 min after the operation.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.289-296
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• 1979

For years, physicians and anatomists have been interested in the heart that has one functioning ventricle. Various terms have been suggested for this entity including single ventricle, common ventricle, double-inlet left ventricle, cor biatriatum triloculare, and primitive ventricle. In this report, the term "single ventricle" is utilized as suggested by Van Praagh, and is defined as that congenital cardiac anomaly in which a common or separate atrioventricular valves open into a ventricular chamber from which both great arterial trunks emerge. An outlet chamber, or infundibulum, may or may not be present and give rise to the origin of either of the great arteries. This definition excludes the entity of mitral and tricuspid atresia. An 11 year old cyanotic boy was admitted chief complaints of exertional dyspnea and frequent upper respiratory infection since 2 weeks after birth. He was diagnosed as inoperable cyanotic congenital heart disease, and remained without any corrective treatment up to his age of 11 year when he suffered from aggravation of symptoms and signs of congestive heart failure for 2 months before this admission. On 22nd of May 1979, he was admitted for total corrective operation under the impression of tricuspid atresia suggested by a pediatrician. Physical check revealed deep cyanosis with finger and toe clubbing, and grade V systolic ejection murmur with single second heart sound was audible at the left 3rd intercostal space. Development was moderate in height [135 cm] and weight[28Kg]. Routine lab findings were normal except increased hemoglobin [21.1gm%], hematocrit [64 %], and left axis deviation with left ventricular hypertrophy on EKG. Cardiac catheterization and angiography revealed 1-transposition of aorta, pulmonic valvular stenosis, double inlet of a single ventricle with d-loop, and normal atriovisceral relationship [Type III C solitus according to the classification of Van Praagh]. At operation, longitudinal incision at the outflow tract of right ventricle in between the right coronary artery and its branch [LAD from RCA] revealed high far anterior aortic valve which had fibrous continuity with mitral annulus, and pulmonic valve was stenotic up to 4 mm in diameter positioned posterolaterally to the aorta. Ventricular septum was totally defective, and one markedly hypertrophied moderator band originated from crista supraventricularis was connected down to the imaginary septum of the ventricular cavity as a pseudoseptum of the ventricle. Size of the defect was 3X3 cm2 in total. Patch closure of the defect with a Teflon felt of 3.5 x 4 cm2 was done with interrupted multiple sutures after cut off of the moderator band, which was resutured to the artificial septum after reconstruction of the ventricular septum. Pulmonic valvotomy was done from 4 mm to 11 mm in diameter thru another pulmonary arteriotomy incision, and right ventriculotomy wound was closed reconstructing the right ventricular outflow tract with pericardial autograft of 3 x 4 cm2. Atrial septal defect of 2 cm in diameter was closed with 3-0 Erdeck suture, and atrial wall was sutured also when rectal temperature reached from 24`C to 35.5`C. Complete A-V block was managed with temporary external pacemaker with a pacing rate of 110/min. thru myocardial wire, and arterial blood pressure of 80/50 mmHg was maintained with Isuprel or Dopamine dripping under the CVP of 25-cm saline. Consciousness was recovered one hour after the operation when his blood pressure reached 100 /70 mmHg, but vital signs were not stable, and bleeding from the pericardial drainage and complete anuria were persisted until his heart could not capture the pacemaker impulse, and patient died of low output syndrome 320 min after the operation.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.321-330
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• 2011

최근, 고강도 콘크리트의 잔존 역학적 특성에 관한 섬유의 혼입과 고온의 영향은 실험적으로 연구되어지고 있다. 이 논문에서는 고온에 노출된 물시멘트비 55%, 42% 및 35%에 따른 콘크리트의 잔존 역학적 특성을 0.05~0.20 vol.%의 범위로 폴리프로필렌 섬유를 혼입한 콘크리트와 비교하여 평가하였고, 고려된 요인은 섬유 혼입량, 콘크리트 강도 및 재하 하중량이다. 폭렬 발생 시간, 열팽창 변형, 길이 변화 및 중량 감소의 측정과 압축강도, 탄성계수 및 에너지 흡수 능력의 평가를 실시했다. 결과로서는 고온에 노출된 50 MPa급 콘크리트의 폭렬을 방지하기 위해서 0.05 vol.% 이상의 PP섬유가 필요했다. 또한, PP섬유의 단면적은 고온에 노출된 섬유보강 콘크리트의 폭렬 경향과 잔존 역학적 특성에 관해서 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 외부 하중은 콘크리트의 잔존 역학적 특성 뿐만 아니라 폭렬의 위험 및 취성적 경향을 증가시켰다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.497-511
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• 2019

Objectives: This study aimed to develop a school-centered healthy eating environment for children in elementary care classrooms and prevent incorrect eating habits and obesity through the development and application of standardized healthy eating habit-forming educational materials. Methods: Ten schools in eight districts of Gyeonggi-do and 400 students from 19 care classes were selected. Based on the developed educational materials, the program was applied to students once in two weeks. 'Notices for Parents' forms were also sent to the students' home to educate their parents. Pre and post-surveys were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the education. The pre-education, education, and aftercare were conducted from September 28 to September 31, 2016, from October 3 to November 30, 2016, and from December 5 to December 9, 2016, respectively. Results: The healthy eating program for elementary care classes was designed to develop a school-centered healthy eating environment and provide standardized educational material for healthy eating habits. Twelve educational topics were developed: , , , , , , , , , , , and . Moreover, the materials were produced in four forms: for students, for after school caring teachers, for external specialists, and for parents. The effectiveness evaluation was conducted to confirm the application of the program. The average eating habits score was 3.3 ± 0.6, with no significant difference between before and after application. The score of overall satisfaction of the education was 3.9 ± 0.9. The most satisfying content was 'Did you get to know how to eat evenly?'. Significant increases were observed in two contents for parents regarding their children's knowledge changes after the education: 'Five nutrients needed for growing children' and 'Knowing sugar foods and sugar-containing foods'. On the other hand, their educational satisfaction was 3.6 ± 0.6, which was lower than the children's satisfaction. This might be because their education was conducted only through the 'Notices for Parents' form. Conclusions: In the long term, the healthy eating habit-formation education for lower elementary school children is expected to be beneficial. To prevent obesity and establish healthy eating habits of children, it is important to develop healthy eating education programs centered on elementary school aftercare classes, including the development of educational materials and an application system through connection with the home and community.

• 한국항만경제학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.37-49
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• 2011

글로벌 물류기업의 정보시스템은 성과분석을 하여 효율성 증진을 위한 실증적 근거를 기반으로 세부 운영방법을 위한 전략이 요구된다. 본 연구는 물류기업의 핵심역량으로 물류정보서비스를 강화하므로 물류정보시스템의 운영과 정보서비스 등급을 연구대상으로 선정하였다. Logistics Quarterly and Armstrong Association로부터 글로벌물류기업 중 27개 글로벌물류기업을 선정한 후, 이들 기업의 2007년, 2008년, 2009년 까지 매출액, 정보시스템 등급과 정보시스템 운영수, 종업원 수를 투입요소와 산출요소를 이용하여 효율성 분석을 하였다. 효율성의 동태적 변동은 SBM을 이용하였다. 실증분석결과 2007년에 가장 효율적인 DMU는 DB Schenker Logistics.,와 Schneider Log istics, Inc.로 나타났다. 2008년에 가장 효율적인 DMU는 DHL Supply Chain & Global Forwarding., DB Schenker Logistics., Panalpina World Tranport(Holding) Ltd., C.H. Robinson Worldwide, Inc., Hub Group, Inc./Unyson Logistics.로 나타났다. 2009년에 효율적인 DMU는 DHL Supply Chain & Global Forwarding., DB Schenker Logistics., Panalpina World Tranport(Holding) Ltd., C.H. Robinson Worldwide, Inc., Hub Group, Inc./Unyson Logistics., Transplace.로 나타났다. 결과적으로 2007년, 2008년, 2009년 연도별 효율성이 점차로 감소되고 있으며, 비효율성이 원인으로 지목되는 규모의 효율성 개수가 점차로 감소하고 있음을 알 수 있다.

• 환경생물
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.440-447
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 남한강 상류수계의 10개 지점에서 생물보전지수 (Index of Biological Integrity, IBI) 및 물리적 서식지 평가 지수 (Qualitative Habitat Evaluation Index, QHEI)를 이용하여 생태건강도 특성을 평가하였다. 생물보전지수 조사는 Karr (1981)가 제시한 12개 항목 중 11개 메트릭에 대하여 평가하였다. 생물보전지수 등급은 "양호상태"였고, 지점별 IBI 값의 범위는 33 (악화상태)~47 (양호상태)로 나타났다. 물리적 서식지측면에서는 Plafkin et al. (1989)에 의해 도입된 서식지 평가 지수(QHEI)의 12항목 중 9개 항목에 대해 평가를 실시했으며, QHEI 값의 범위는 75~109로 나타났으며, 전체 서식지 건강도 평균치는 부분 지지상태(Partially supporting)로 나타났다. 연구지점내의 하천 비교평가에 따르면, Gj 하천의 IBI 모델 값 및 QHEI 모델 값은 타 하천들 (Ig, Dn 하천)에 비해 양호한 상태로 평가되었다. 어류의 영양단계 종 성분분석에 따르면, 식충종, 잡식종 및 육식종은 61.9%, 19.0% 및 9.5%를 차지하는 것으로 나타났다. 어류의 내성도 길드분석에 따르면, 민감종 (76.1%)은 내성종 (4.7%)보다 우점하여 생태계가 건전한 것으로 평가되었다. 서식지 길드 분석에 따르면, 여울성 저서종(57.1%)은 수층종(28.5%)보다 우점하는 것으로 나타났다. 연구기간 동안, 외래종 및 질병에 걸리거나 비정상적인 증상을 나타내는 개체는 관측되지 않았다. 전체적으로 생태건강도 모델값(IBI) 및 서식지평가지수 모델값의 분석에 따르면 본 상류 하천지역은 생태학적으로 양호한 상태로 잘 유지되는 것으로 평가되었다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.19-25
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 대나무숯의 인테리어용 건축자재로의 이용을 위하여 대나무숯 성형보드를 개발코자 하였다. 대나무숯 성형보드의 난연성능 확보를 위해 대나무숯과 발포질석 및 무기계 바인더를 혼합, 성형하여 제조하였다. 초기 열류량 50 kW/$m^2$의 조건에서 콘칼로리미터에 의한 대나무숯 성형보드의 연소시험이 수행되었다. 중량 감소율, 총열방출량, 최대열방출률의 연소거동을 관찰하기 위하여 3종의 건축재료(합판, 일본산 죽탄보드, 석고보드)를 사용하였으며, 표면시험 및 가스유해성을 조사하였다. 대나무숯 성형보드의 중량감소율은 연소 10분후 12.0%로 불연성 석고보드의 중량감소율(15.6%)보다 작았다. 연소 개시 5분 시점에서 대나무숯 성형보드의 총열방출률은 3 MJ/$m^2$, (KS 기준 8 MJ/$m^2$ 이하)이며, 최대열방출률은 20 kW/$m^2$ (KS 기준 200 kW/$m^2$ 이하)를 나타내어 난연3급의 건축재료에 해당되었다. 연소에 따른 외관상 변형과 방출가스에 의한 마우스 유해성은 나타나지 않았다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.368-379
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the dosimetric difference between simultaneous integrated boost intensity-modulated radiotherapy (SIB-IMRT) and three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT), and the clinical outcomes of anal squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC) chemoradiotherapy featuring SIB-IMRT. Materials and Methods: This study included ten patients with ASCC who underwent chemoradiotherapy using SIB-IMRT with 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin C. SIB-IMRT delivered 54 Gy to each primary tumor plus metastatic lymph nodes and 45 Gy to regional lymph nodes, in 30 fractions. Four patients received additional boosts to the primary tumors and metastatic lymph nodes; the median total dose was 54 Gy (range, 54 to 60 Gy). We additionally created 3DCRT plans following the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 9811 protocol to allow dosimetric comparisons with SIB-IMRT. Locoregional control, overall survival, and toxicity were calculated for the clinical outcome evaluation. Results: Compared to 3DCRT, SIB-IMRT significantly reduced doses to the external genitalia, bladder, and intestine, delivering the doses to target and elective nodal region. At a median follow-up time of 46 months, 3-year locoregional control and overall survival rates were 88.9% and 100%, respectively. Acute toxicities were treated conservatively. All patients completed radiotherapy with brief interruptions (range, 0 to 2 days). No patient experienced ${\geq}grade$ 3 late toxicity during the follow-up period. Conclusion: The dosimetric advantages of SIB-IMRT appeared to reduce the toxicity of chemoradiotherapy for ASCC achieving high locoregional control in the extended period.