• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.627-641
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• 2020

Intensive farming methods that do not guarantee animal welfare can induce stress in pigs. Stress, in turn, can reduce their disease resistance and influence their hormones and metabolites in such a manner that productivity is negatively affected. This study was conducted to compare the stress related factors and blood characteristics of pigs raised on conventional farms and those raised on animal welfare farms. We measured the levels of cortisol, epinephrine and norepinephrine, biochemical parameters in blood and glycogen, L-lactate and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in muscle, as physiological markers of indicating the stress in conventional farm pigs (Control, n=10) and animal welfare farm pigs (Welfare, n=10). We found that there was a significant difference in the albumin-globulin ratio (A/G ratio), as well as the albumin (ALB), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels between the two farms. Epinephrine was significantly higher in conventional farm, while level of norepinephrine was higher in animal welfare farm. There was no significant difference in cortisol, which is known as a stress hormone, across the two groups of farms. Muscular glycogen content was significantly high in animal welfare farm pigs. While L-lactate tended to be low in the animal welfare farm pigs, the difference between them and the conventional farm cohorts was not significant. HSP70 showed high levels of expression in conventional farm. Thus, we suggested that blood parameter results showed a stress response in the livers of conventional farm, and that catecholamine hormones, glycogen, L-lactate and HSP70 can be used as physiological factors of assessing animal welfare.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.3785-3791
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• 2012

Dissolved oxygen is one of the most important factors controlling growth in aquatic organisms. Hypoxia is generally defined as dissolved oxygen less than 2.8 mg $O_2/L$ (equivalent to 2 mL $O_2/L$ or 91.4 mM). Therefore, hypoxia zone can cause a serious problem in marine ecosystem. In this study, to investigate embryotoxic (fertilization and embryo development rates) effects of hypoxia on sea urchin Strongylocentrotus nudus were exposed to dissolved oxygen levels of 7.6 mg $O_2/L$ (normoxia) and 1.8 mg $O_2/L$ (hypoxia) for 2 days at $15^{\circ}C$ and 33 ‰. Also, Expression levels of stress related gene (HSP70) and antioxidant related gene (glutathione reductase) in the sea urchins exposed to hypoxia were confirmed by Immunoblotting and RT-PCR analysis. In results, we showed that developmental rates were dramatically reduced in hypoxia condition. Molecular analysis demonstrated that higher HSP70 (5.5 fold) and glutathione reductase gene (2.79 fold) were present in the sea urchin exposed to hypoxia. Our results suggested that hypoxia can cause the abnormal development and elicits a stress and antioxidant response on sea urchin.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.796-803
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• 2008

Mutations in the APP gene lead to enhanced cleavage by ${\beta}-$ and ${\gamma}-secretase$, and increased $A{\beta}$ formation, which are closely associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like neuropathological changes. Recent studies have shown that exercise training can ameliorate pathogenic phenotypes ($A{\beta}-42$, BDNF, GLUT-1 and HSP70) in experimental models of Alzheimer's disease. Here, we have used NSE/APPsw transgenic mice to investigate directly whether exercise training ameliorates pathogenic phenotypes within Alzheimer's brains. Sixteen weeks of exercise training resulted in a reduction of $A{\beta}-42$ peptides and also facilitated improvement of cognitive function. Furthermore, GLUT -1 and BDNF proteins produced by exercise training may protect brain neurons by inducing the concomitant expression of genes that encode proteins (HSP-70) which suppress stress induced neuron cell damages from APPsw transgenic mice. Thus, the improved cognitive function by exercise training may be mechanistically linked to a reduction of $A{\beta}-42$ peptides, possibly via activation of BDNF, GLUT-1, and HSP-70 proteins. On the basis of the evidences presented in this study, exercise training may represent a practical therapeutic management strategy for human subjects suffering from Alzheimer's disease.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.293-303
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• 2009

Effects of stress on the low salinity stress were examined in the pacific abalone Haliotis discus discus. Changes in survival rate, hemolymph count, antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase: CAT and superoxide dismutase: SOD), respiratory burst activity, phenoloxidase activity, lysozyme activity and expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) mRNA were measured 0, 3, 6, 12, 24 or 48hours after low salinity treatment with 25, 30, 33 and 35 psu. Survival rates of pacific abalone were 100% at 33 and 35 psu, but 93 and 97% at 25 and 30 psu for 48 hours, respectively. Hemolymph counts decreased in the time elapsed-dependent way at all of the experimental groups. At low salinity, 25 and 30 psu, SOD and CAT activity increased compared to the experimental group of 33 psu. Moreover, respiratory burst activities of the pacific abalone seemed to have no effect on low salinity stress at any experimental group. However, phenoloxidase activity is an important component of the defence against pathogen that was decreased in a reduction of salinity dependent way. Lysozyme activity also immediately reduced at 25 psu experimental group for 48 h. The HSP70 mRNA was weakly expressed at 33 psu, but strongly detectable at 25 psu experimental group. The HSP 70 mRNA expression in gill increased in the time elapsed-dependent way at 25 psu experimental group and then recovered at 48 h. These results suggest that low salinity stress give rise to inhibitory action of immune system as a result of the decrease of phenoloxidase and lysozyme activity in the pacific abalone, especially.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2017

The objective of the present study was to determine the expression of genes associated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced stressor in two breeds of chickens: the Korean native chicken (KNC) and the White Leghorn chicken (WLH). Forty chickens per breed, aged 40 weeks, were randomly allotted to the control (CON, administered the saline vehicle) and LPS-injected stress groups. Samples were collected at 0 and 48 h post-LPS injection, and total RNA was extracted from the chicken livers for RNA microarray and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses. In response to LPS, 1,044 and 1,193 genes were upregulated, and 1,000 and 1,072 genes were downregulated in the KNC and WLH, respectively, using a ${\geq}2$-fold cutoff change. A functional network analysis revealed that stress-related genes were downregulated in both KNC and WLH after LPS infection. The results obtained from the qRT-PCR analysis of mRNA expression of heat shock 90 (HSP90), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1), and X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) were confirmed by the results of the microarray analysis. There was a significant difference in the expression of stress-associated genes between the control and LPS-injected KNC and WLH groups. The qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the stress-related $HSP90{\alpha}$ and HMGCR genes were downregulated in both LPS-injected KNC and WLH groups. However, the HSP70 and $HSP90{\beta}$ genes were upregulated only in the LPS-injected KNC group. The results suggest that the mRNA expression of stress-related genes is differentially affected by LPS stimulation, and some of the responses varied with the chicken breed. A better understanding of the LPS-induced infective stressors in chicken using the qRT-PCR and RNA microarray analyses may contribute to improving animal welfare and husbandry practices.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.421-433
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• 2002

In order to elucidate the pathogenesis of cleft lip and palate, first of all, it is necessary to understand the developmental mechanisms of growth factors and extracellular matrix proteins in the tissues of cleft lip and palate. We have performed immunohistochemical studies on human cleft lip and palate tissues to elucidate the pathogenetic implications of cleft lip and palate. 16 specimens from postnatal human cleft lip and palate subjects and 17 specimens from autopsy of prenatal human cleft lip and palate were fixed in 10% buffered formalin, embedded in paraffin. The sections were routinely stained by hematoxylin and eosin, also stained by PAS, and followed by immunohistochemical stainings using the antiseras of growth factors and extracellular matrix proteins such as PCNA, S-100, c-erb-B2, MMP-3, MMP-10, HSP-70, transglutaninase-C, E-cadherin, VEGF, vWF. Both the prenatal and postnatal specimens of cleft lip and palate showed dysplastic proliferation of the basal cell layer, increased infiltration of melanocytes into mucosal epithelium, sebaceous gland hyperplasia ingrowing into the muscular tissue of lip and palate, and fatty infiltration into the submucosal deep connective tissue. The strong reactions of MMP-3 and HSP-70 were detected in the tissues of cleft lip and palate, especially increased in degenerating muscle bundles, while the immunostainings of PCNA and c-erb-B2 were weakly positive in the tissues of cleft lip and palate. These data suggest that the retrogressive tissue degeneration around the cleft areas persistently exist during the prenatal and postnatal period after cleft formation, and the sebaceous gland hyperplasia and fatty infiltration with the intense expression of MMP-3 and HSP-70 is closely related to the muscular degeneration around the cleft area.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.62-75
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• 2009

Objective : The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of Gamisipjeontang-gamibang(GT) on an experimental bum elicitation. Method : The absorbance of the photo cell mixed with GT at the Abs 560 nm was measured after irradiation for 1 min. In order to know the antioxidant effect on skin cell of mice after burn elicitation, superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity was measured. Also, in order to know effects on the skin regeneration in the burned mice, we counted the eosinophil in blood from animals via cardiac puncture and observed the histological structure in the epidermal basal layer and the dermal section on the 3rd, 7th and 14th day after burn elicitation. We also studied changes in angiogenesis in the capillary surrounding the basal layer and dermal papilla. The changes of HSP70 distribution and changes of p53 positive reaction were observed to investigate the changes of the stress in the skin as well. Result : The results indicated that GT has a significant impact on the antioxidant effect on skin cells of mice after bum elicitation by increasing SOD activity in vitro test. GT seems to decrease MIP-2 which induces neutrophil infiltration and promotes the angiogenesis dose-dependently. Furthermore, GT decreased HSP70, the expression of which was induced by elevated temperatures, and p53 which induce a apoptosis after stress. Conclusion : GT can be applied to burned skin through its antioxidant effect and skin regeneration property.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.64 no.6
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• pp.1046-1062
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• 2022

This study investigated the effects of L-glutamine (Gln) supplementation on growth performance, physiological traits, heat shock proteins (HSPs), and gene expression related to muscle and adipose tissue development in Hanwoo steers under heat stress (HS) conditions. Eight Hanwoo steers (initial body weight [BW] 570.7 ± 43.6 kg, months of age 22.3 ± 0.88) were randomly separated into two groups, control and treatment, and supplied with the concentration (1.5% of BW kg/day/head) and rice straw (1.5 kg/day/head). The treatment group were fed the Gln supplementation (0.5% of concentration, as-fed basis) once a day at 08:00 h. Blood samples for the assessment of haematological and biochemical parameters and the separation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected four times, at 0, 3, 6, and 10 weeks of the experiment. Feed intake was measured daily. BW to analyze growth performance and hair follicle collection to analyze the expression of HSPs were executed four times at 0, 3, 6, and 10 weeks. To analyze gene expression, longissimus dorsi muscle samples were collected by biopsy at the end of the study. As a result, growing performance, including final BW, average daily gain, and gain-to-feed ratio, were not different between the two groups. Leukocytes including lymphocytes and granulocytes, tended to increase in the Gln supplementation group (p = 0.058). There were also no differences in biochemical parameters shown between the two groups, except total protein and albumin, both of which were lower in the Gln supplementation group (p < 0.05). Gene expressions related to muscle and adipose tissue development were not different between the two groups. As temperature-humidity index (THI) increased, HSP70 and HSP90 expression in the hair follicle showed a high correlation. HSP90 in the hair follicle was decreased in the treatment group compared with the control group at 10 weeks (p < 0.05). Collectively, dietary Gln supplementation (0.5% of concentration, as-fed basis) may not be influential enough to affect growth performance and gene expression related to muscle and adipose tissue development in steers. However, Gln supplementation increased the number of immune cells and decreased HSP90 in the hair follicle implying HS reduction in the corresponding group.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Developmental Biology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.70-70
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• 2003

The uterus undergoes dynamic changes during the cycle and displays many features typical of developmental process. In order to be prepared for implantation, endometrium undergoes predictable, sequential phases of proliferation and secretory changes. The uterus during estrus cycle synthesize a complex of signaling molecules with specific spatial and temporal modes of expression and which are critical for cell proliferation and differentiation. The purpose of this investigation was to use cDNA microarrays to evaluate the expression of genes of rat uterus in estrus cycle. Animals were sacrificed on proestrus, estrus, metestrus, diestrus. Differential gene expression profiles were revealed(growth-related c-myc reponsive protein RCL, heat shock 47-kDa protein (HSP47), cytochrome c oxidase polypeptide Vlc2 (COX6C2), calreticulin (CALR)). Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to validate the relative expression pattern. Using this approach, we found several genes whose expression in rat uterus was altered with estrus cycle. Our long-term goal is to determine the role of these differentially expressed genes during estrus cycle. This study was supported by through the Biohealth Products Research Center(BPRC), Inje University.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.267-274
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• 2010

The decrease in sperm quality under heat stress causes a great loss in animal husbandry production. In order to reveal the mechanism underlying the sperm quality decrease caused by heat stress, we first established a mild heat-treated mouse model. Then, the sperm quality was identified. Further, the testicular proteome profile was mapped and compared with the control using 2D electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Finally, the differential expressed proteins involved in the heat stress response were identified by real-time PCR and Western blotting. The results showed that heat stress caused a significant reduction in mouse sperm quality (P<0.05). Further, 52 protein spots on the 2D gel were found to differ between the heat-shocked tissues and the control. Of these spots, some repair proteins which might provide some explanation for the influence on sperm quality were found. We then focused on Bag-1, Hsp40, Hsp60 and Hsp70, which were found to be differently expressed after heat shock (P<0.05). Further analysis in this heat-shocked model suggests numerous potential mechanisms for heat shock-induced spermatogenic disorders.