• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.649-665
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• 2018

In this study, we extracted the core competencies of makers through the analysis of critical incident technique and behavioral event interview to explore the nature and attributes of maker education, and then we developed a maker competency model based on these core competencies. As a result, six competency groups and 23 sub-competencies were extracted. In other words, we were able to confirm the existence of integrated thinking competency group consisting of four competencies made up of 'analytic thinking', 'intuitive thinking', 'visual thinking', and 'empirical thinking' and that of collaborative competency group with four competencies of 'sharing', 'communication', 'conflict management', and 'scrupulosity'. In addition, we could also confirm the existence of making mind competency group, which is composed of four competencies namely 'interest in various areas', 'challenge consciousness', 'failure management', and 'pleasure of the making process'. We could also confirm that human-centered competence group consisting of two competencies of 'humanity' and 'user-oriented' and the problem-finding competence group consisting of two competencies of 'observation' and 'recognition of discomfort in daily life'. Lastly, the making practice competency group is composed of seven competencies: 'understanding making tool', 'understanding electricity', 'understanding programming', 'planning', 'hand knowledge', 'information search', and 'direct execution'. We discussed educational implications of these findings.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.1-12
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• 2020

The extreme 2017 spring drought affected a large portion of South Korea in the Southern Gyeonggi-do and Chungcheongnam-do districts. This drought event was one of the climatologically driest spring seasons over the 1961-2016 period of record. It was characterized by exceptionally low reservoir water levels, with the average water level being 36% lower over most of western South Korea. In this study, we consider drought response methods to alleviate the shortage of agricultural water in times of drought. It could be to store water from a stream into a reservoir. There is a cyclical method for reusing water supplied from a reservoir into streams through drainage. We intended to present a decision-making plan for water supply based on the calculation of the quantity of water supply and leakage. We compared the rainfall-runoff equation with the TANK model, which is a long-term run-off model. Estimations of reservoir inflow during non-irrigation seasons applied to the Madun, Daesa, and Pungjeon reservoirs. We applied the run-off flow to the last 30 years of rainfall data to estimate reservoir storage. We calculated the available water in the river during the non-irrigation season. The daily average inflow from 2003 to 2018 was calculated from October to April. Simulation results show that an average of 67,000 tons of water is obtained during the non-irrigation season. The report shows that about 53,000 tons of water are available except during the winter season from December to February. The Madun Reservoir began in early October with a 10 percent storage rate. In the starting ratio, a simulated rate of 4 K, 6 K, and 8 K tons is predicted to be 44%, 50%, and 60%. We can estimate the amount of water needed and the timing of water pump operations during the non-irrigation season that focuses on fresh water reservoirs and improve decision making for efficient water supplies.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.35-43
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• 2011

In the universities of U.S.A., Criminal Justice is the interdisciplinary study of the institutions and policies that constitute the criminal justice system, as well as theories of human behavior and philosophies of justice related to the maintenance of social order, the control of crime, and the achievement of a just society. There are 103 American Universities have Criminal Justice department and they provide about 180 differents courses as a pre-requisition or optional subject in the major. The most 10 courses that those colleges adopted are Introduction to Criminal Justice, Criminal Law, Criminology, Criminal Procedures, Research Methods in Criminal Justice, Criminal Investigation, Juvenile Justice, Terrorism, Ethical Issues in Criminal Justice, Introduction to Psychology or Introduction to Sociology. Also, 10 fields more important in the major if we group together similar courses those are Criminal Justice and Procedures Sequences, Law, Justice and corrections, Theory and Methods Sequences, Homelend Security and Security Operations, Forensics and Cybercrime, Management and Administration, Police, Race and Ethnicity, General Requirements, Other Social Science Fields. The combined degree program leading to Bachelor of Arts Degree in Criminal Justice and Master in Public Administration provides a concentration in criminal justice, management, administration, and leadership. They have big different courses between USA and Korea event though they have similar educative goal and way of approach to the target in the major.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.121-156
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• 2010

Back-door-listing can be viewed both as M&A and an alternative to IPO. If IPO is an access to the capital market through regulations, back-door-listing would be the way of entering the market through trading. Back-door-listing can be a better choice considering the common wisdom that regulations hinder the functioning of free market system. One would, however, prefer IPO, for the informational asymmetry isless severe in case of IPO. This paper examines if IPO is superior to back-door-listing as to the informational efficiency. The excess buy-and-hold returns of the Kosdaq back-door-listing firms are estimated over the three-year-period since the event. They are compared against the excess buy-and-hold returns of the Kosdaq IPO firms over the same period of time. The results confirm this paper's prediction that IPO should be more information-efficient. Both IPO and back-door-listing firms start with high short-term excess returns and end up with long-term under-performance. However, back-door-listing firms show more significantly damaging long-term results. Furthermore, back-door-listing firms record poorer accounting results over the research period. These results imply that there exists fad at the time of both events and, in case of back-door-listing, this fad is reinforced by the possibility of window dressing.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.33-61
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• 2009

From the perspective of corporate governance, we examine the acquirers' performance of mergers and acquisitions in KOSDAQ Market. The empirical results of our study show that inside an executive shareholders and outside minor shareholders, affect acquirers' performance in M&A's : the ownership of outside minor shareholders is positively correlated with the performance of acquirers. and, the ownership of insiders, such as that of an executive shareholders, does have significant effect on the performance of M&A's. Since the current literature concludes that the improvement of corporate governance in KOSDAQ Market would enhance the shareholders' wealth, the results of our study implies that outside minor investors, as well as insiders, are playing an important role in the corporate governance.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture International Edition
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• no.1
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• pp.230-236
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• 2001

The usual definition of and urban resort was a place vastly different from places of daily life such as a theme park or other tourist destination. At the same time, revival of the combination of usual and unusual spaces, in a way like the mixed "Hare"(Special occasion of public event) and "Ke"(Daily life) spaces of communities of old Japan, is part of the idea of urban resorts. And they are places, which start by making a comfortable urban environment for citizens, providing a daily life full of culture and promoting a city′s identity to visitors. if we think about the kinds of structural elements of urban resorts, the usual elements include community, local culture and industry, while the unusual elements include symbols, festivities and interaction. Kobe Wing Stadium is a venue for the 2002 FIFA World Cup hosted by Korea and Japan. The city will build the stadium, but after construction management will be given over to private enterprise, hoping to utilize that sector′s business know how. A competition was held to determine the private executor who would be entrusted with the planning, design, construction and management of the project, considering the conditions of the area, the stadium′s relationship to it and local revitalization. The competition was won by a private enterprise (Kobe Steel Obayashi Group). The them of "Creation of a Sports Community Park" grapples with the large issue of the facility′s relationship with the community. American geographer Yi-fu Tuan coined the word "topophilia" to indicate love of a place. No other word could better describe the desired urban resort nature of the stadium. From this historical perspective it seems that stadiums have great potential as urban resorts. The factor that will determine their success is the attitude of citizens toward them, in short whether they develop topophilia for them or not. We examined the urban resort nature of Kobe Wing Stadium. Regarding daily life, we saw the attempts to revive the local community, the possibility of deepening the local culture and the weakened state of local industry. As a place that is for more than daily life, we saw the certainty of the stadium′s symbolism, its potential as a place for festivities and the test it will face as a space for interaction. Even though several issues are left for future resolution, evaluating Kobe Wing Stadium through these elements of an urban resort, it is clearly founded in the daily life of the community while providing a venue for "Hare"occasions. Fulfilling the roles of an urban resort, it provides many opportunities for local residents to enjoy their and gives visitors a reason to come repeatedly.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.11-24
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to present data on the human activities responding to the physical environment of ‘Ulsan’s Grand Parks by evaluating user behavior and activity, visiting motivations, and user satisfaction. This study was conducted using multi-methods such as interviews and questionnaires surveys. The main findings of this study can be summarized in six parts as follows: \circled1 Behavior patterns showed that the users visited the park left within 30 minutes and the frequency of visits was 1 or 2 times per week. They spent their time mostly on ‘walking’ and ‘picnicking’. The users visited regardless of the seasons or the day of the week. \circled2 The priorities for improvements were analyzed as follows: the users expressed their demands for ‘shadowing facilities’ like shelters and pergolas because they used these facilities frequently. Also, the users would like an ‘event program’, ‘sign system’ and ‘guide program’. \circled3 Analysis of the the user’s perception of the park showed that they perceive the park as ‘representative source of the landscape and open space in Ulsan and place for making contact with nature. \circled4 In examining the visiting motivations of the users of Ulsan Grand Park, it was revealed that people use the park for ‘time with family and friends’, ‘to escape from city life’, ‘to relieve fatigue. As a result of factor analysis, 4 factors were identified such as ‘physical motive(MF1)’, ‘exploratory motive(MF2)’, ‘social motive(MF3)’ and ‘emotional motive(MF4). \circled5 Park users’ evaluation for park facilities showed that people are satisfied with most of the facilities and especially, they have high level of satisfaction for ‘footpaths’, ‘squares’ and ‘picnicspace’. The evaluation of the park user’s of activity reveals that they are content with nearly all the variables. Especially, they have high level of satisfaction for the variables of ‘convenience for dynamic activities’, ‘making of a beautiful atmosphere, ‘accessibility from the outside’ and, ‘convenience in group activitie. Factor analysis of the park user’s of activity revealed 5 factors such as ‘convenience and interest factor (AF1)’, ‘park maintenance, management and use program(AF2)’, ‘visual beauty(AF3)’, ‘safety and accessibility(AF4)’ and ‘crowding(AF5)’. \circled6 Regression analysis was employed to get the predictor factors of overall satisfaction with a result of 60.0%($R^2$). The variance was explained as ‘quality of the picnic space’, ‘convenience and interest factor while using the park’, ‘park program for maintain and management in the park’, ‘visually beauty while using the park’, ‘safety and accessibility of the parks’, ‘quality of the pond’, ‘crowding’, ‘quality of the square’.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.39 no.3 s.260
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• pp.214-219
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• 2006

Background: Perforation of esophagus is relatively uncommon. but it is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Treatment and outcome are largely determined by the time of presentation. We performed a retrospective review of patients with esophageal perforation to assess the outcome of current management techniques. Material and Method: A retrospective chart review was performed on all patients treated for perforation of esophagus from March 1990 to March 2005. There were 28 patients (22 men and 6 women: mean age 51 years, range 17 to 82 years) The causes of the perforations were as follows: foreign body retention (9 patients), trauma (7 patients), spontaneous rupture (7 patients), and iatrogenic (5 pati-ients). 18 patients were presented within 24 hours and 10 patients were presented after 24 hours., Esophageal repair was performed in 21 ($75\%$) of them, 4 patients were treated with esophagectomy, 3 patients were treated with feeding gastrostomy and drainage. Result: Hospital mortality was $18\%$ and iatrogenic was increase the mortality rate (p < 0.05). Site of perforation, time from perforation, and treatment method had no influence on mortality. Postoprative leaks occurred in 4 patients after primary repair and were treated conservatively. Conclusion: Esophageal perforation remains a devastating event which is difficult to diagnose and manage. Primary repair can be performed in most patients with esophageal perforation regardless of time to presentation with a low mortality. Accurate diagnosis and early treatment are essential to the successful management of patients.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.43-53
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• 2015

More than 70 percent of the Korean territory consists of mountain area so development of mountain district is essential to urbanize continuously. Thus, technological developments for risk factors and standards and manuals must be needed to prevent mountain disaster. Risk Management Manual should be made and operated in government legislation related to national disaster, but there is still no Emergency Management Standard Manual and Emergency Response-Practical Manual to prevent mountain disaster. This study suggests the improvement plans that are legislated but not established cleary in the field of disaster in urban area. The main items are like as 1) adaptable standard and practical manual to prevent mountain disaster in urban area, 2) reinforcement between managing department and interagency vertically and horizontally in central and local government organization, 3) Personal SOP (Standard Operating Procedure) not EOP (Emergency Operation Plan), 4) considering 13 items selected by Ministry of Public Safety and Security, 5) schematization with personal action plan, 6) check list to do in the event of mountain disaster, and 7) regular practice per quarter.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.27-36
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• 2016

Low Impact Development (LID) techniques are eco-friendly storm water management process for water circulation restoration and non-point pollutant reduction. In this study, four LID techniques (Small constructed wetland, Infiltration trench box, Infiltration trench, Vegetated swale) were selected and installed as a real size at the real site. All facilities were evaluated as monitoring under the real environmental climate situation and an artificial rain with exceeding design rainfall. In various rainfall, runoff reduction efficiency and non-point pollutant removal efficiency are increased to the bigger Surface Area of LID (SA)/Catchment Area (CA) ratio and the bigger Storage Volume of LID (SV)/Catchment Area (CA) ratio. Runoff did not occur at all rainfall event (max. 17.2 mm) in infiltration trench and vegetated swale. But Small constructed wetland was more efficient at less than 10 mm, a efficiency of infiltration trench box was similar at different rainfall. Although different conditions (such as structural material of LID, rainfall flow rate, antecedent dry periods), LID techniques are good effects not only water circulation improvement but also water quality improvement.