• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.492-497
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• 1997

A difference in ethanol metabolism between premature and young adult rats was examined. Female SD rats, either 4wk or 12wk old, were injected with a single dose of ethanol (1.5g /kg) through jugular vein and the blood ethanol level was monitored for 300 min using a gas chromatographic method. Reduction of blood ethanol level per unit of time was less and the area under the blood concentration-time curve (AUC) was significantly greater in young adults compared to premature rats. Activity of hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase was not influenced by the age increase. Total cytochrome P-450, cytochrome $b_5$. or aminopyrine N-demethylation was not different between premature rats and young adult rats. However, p-nitrophenol hydroxylation and p-nitroanisole O-demethylation activities were significantly higher in premature rats. The relative liver weight was 45% greater in premature rats leading to an overall increase in ethanol metabolizing activity in these animals. The results indicate that the reduction in ethanol elimination in young adult rats appears to be mostly associated with the decrease in relative liver weight as the age of animals increases.

• Journal of the Korean Physical Society
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• v.73 no.10
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• pp.1437-1443
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• 2018

In this work, $SnO_2$ modified with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) separately and combined sensitized by using the co-precipitation method and their sensing behavior toward ethanol vapor at room temperature were investigated. An interdigitated electrode (IDE) gold substrate is very expensive compared to a fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate; hence, we used the latter to reduce the fabrication cost. The structure and the morphology of the studied materials were characterized by using differential thermal analyses (DTA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) pore size measurements. The studied composites were subjected to ethanol in its gas phase at concentrations from 10 to 200 ppm. The present composites showed high-performance sensitivity for many reasons: the incorporation of $SnO_2$ and CNTs which prevents the agglomeration of rGO sheets, the formation of a 3D mesopourus structure and an increase in the surface area. The decoration with rGO and CNTs led to more active sites, such as vacancies, which increased the adsorption of ethanol gas. In addition, the mesopore structure and the nano size of the $SnO_2$ particles allowed an efficient diffusion of gases to the active sites. Based on these results, the present composites should be considered as efficient and low-cost sensors for alcohol.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.456-470
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• 2021

In this study, polyetherimide-based hollow fiber membranes were manufactured using the NIPS (nonsolvent induced phase separation) method. THF, Ethanol, and LiNO₃ were used as additives to control the morphology of the PEI-hollow fiber membranes. Furthermore, for the development of a high hydrogen separation membrane, the spinning conditions were optimized through the characterization of SEM and gas permeance. As a result, as the content of THF increased, the hydrogen/carbon dioxide selectivity increased. However, the permeance decreased due to the trade-off relationship. When ethanol was added, a finger-like structure was shown, and when LiNO₃ was added, a sponge structure was shown. In particular, in the case of a hollow fiber membrane with an optimized PDMS coating layer, the permeance was 40 GPU and the hydrogen/carbon dioxide selectivity was 5.6.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.56-61
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• 2011

Alkyl vinyl ethers such as methyl vinyl ether, propyl vinyl ether, isopropyl vinyl ether, butyl vinyl ether and isobutyl vinyl ether are usually used as industrial solvents and chemical intermediates in the chemical or pharmaceutical industry. Recently, they are popularly used as raw materials for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells and as cellulose dyeing assistants. However, very few investigations about process design and operation data were reported for alkyl vinyl ether compounds and there are no data for propyl vinyl ether(PVE) systems as far as we know. In this work, the isothermal VLE data are reported at 333.15 K for the ternary systems of {PVE + ethanol + benzene} by using headspace gas chromatography(HSGC) and these VLE data were correlated using Wilson, NRTL and UNIQUAC equations. The excess volumes($V^E$) and deviations in molar refractivity(${\Delta}R$) data are also reported for the sub binary systems {PVE + ethanol}, {ethanol + benzene} and {PVE + benzene} at 303.15 K. These data were correlated with Redlich-Kister equation. In addition, isoclines of $V^E$ and DR for ternary system {PVE + ethanol + benzene} were also calculated from Radojkovi equation.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.287-294
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• 2014

To improve the shelf life of low-salt Kochujang, Korean hot pepper paste, antimicrobial materials were added at different times before and after aging. The kochujang was then packaged and stored at $30^{\circ}C$ for 15 weeks, and changes in microbiological and physiochemical properties were evaluated. Hunter a- and b-values decreased considerably during storage. The total color difference (${\delta}E$) was greater in the ethanol-chitosan (EC) treatment than in the control and after pasteurization (A-P) treatment. Gas was produced until the seventh week of storage. The control and the A-P treatments produced more gas than the other treatments, and these had the largest number of yeasts and aerobic bacteria. The pH of the EC treatment was higher than that of the other treatments, and the A-P treatment had the highest level of titratable acidity. During storage, the oxidation-reduction potential was lower in the EC and ethanol-mustard-chitosan (EMC) treatments. The reducing sugar content decreased remarkably in the control and A-P treatments, with high production of ethanol. There was a significant change in the content of amino-type nitrogen in the control and A-P treatments, and the content of ammonia-type nitrogen was lowest in the EMC treatment. In the sensory test of kochujang, the ethanol-mustard (EM) and ethanol (E) treatments were significantly higher than the EC, control, and A-P treatments (p <0.05). EM or E alone was effective in extending the shelf life of kochujang when added before aging.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.1-8
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• 2007

Spray characteristics of a unlike triplet injector were investigated experimentally. Spray images and SMD of droplet were measured to evaluate the spray characteristics injected by liquid/gas combinations. G-L-G(Gas-Liquid-Gas), L-G-L(Liquid-Gas-Liquid) type of injector were used by changing the gas and liquid feed lines. The SMD graph shows that the droplet sizes decrease in the out of radial direction at a fixed gas Reynolds number. The SMD value of decreasing tendency shows that the more ethyl alcohol ratio increase, the more SMD value decrease.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers P
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• v.58 no.4
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• pp.592-596
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• 2009

DAFC(direct alcohol fuel cell) takes the same structure and operational principle with PEMFC(Proton exchange membrane fuel cell). However, DAFC, which uses liquid alcohol instead of hydrogen as fuel, is able to be used as a portable power for small-scaled electronic devices such as MP3, PMP, and mobile phone because alcohol is quite convenient steady-state compound to carry and store it. This paper presents the OCV(open circuit voltage) characteristics of the cases which are alcohol species and different weight rate of ethanol, respectively. The OCV of methanol fuel cell is slightly higher 0.2V than ethanol one, and 8% wt. rate ethanol is rated as the most appropriate fuel for DAFC.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.115-121
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• 1992

In order to broaden the spectrum of substrate utilization of a Gram negative bacterium Zymomonas mobilis which has a great potential as an industrial ethanol producing microorganism, cloning of $\alpha$-amylase gene into Z. mobilis ZM4 was tried. The $\alpha$-amylase gene was isolated from Bacillus stearothermophilus. By Southern blot analysis, it was proven that the $\alpha$-amylase gene fragment was originated from a naturally occuring plasmid of B. stearothermophilus ATCC 31195. To place $\alpha$-amylase gene under the control of Z. mobilis promoter, two different Z. mobilis expression vectors, pZA26 and pLOI204, were used. The truncated $\alpha$-amylase gene was then introduced into these vectors. Both qualitative and quantitative activities of $\alpha$-amylase were observed in Z. mobilis cells harboring these plasmids with the $\alpha$-amylase gene inserted. Gas chromatographic analysis of ethanol showed that one of the Z. mobilis transconjugants was capable of producing 67 mM ethanol from rich medium(RM) containing 5% soluble starch as a sole carbon source.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.346-353
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• 2009

Viral, bacterial, and fungal infection can be transmitted from donor to recipient via transplantation of human amniotic membrane. Therefore human amniotic membrane for transplantation should be disinfected and sterilized before use. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of the disinfection process and sterilization processes used at human tissue bank in the inactivation of viruses, bacteria, and fungi. A variety of experimental model viruses, bacteria, and fungus for human pathogens, including the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), bovine herpes virus (BHV), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), porcine parvovirus (PPV), Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Candida albicans were all selected for this study. Enveloped viruses such as HIV-1, BHV, and BVDV were effectively inactivated to undetectable levels by 70% ethanol treatment, gamma irradiation process, and ethylene oxide (EO) gas sterilization process. Also non-enveloped viruses such as HAV and PPV were effectively inactivated to undetectable levels by gamma irradiation and EO gas treatment. However HAV and PPV showed high resistance to 70% ethanol treatment. E. coli and C. albicans were effectively inactivated to undetectable levels by 70% ethanol treatment, gamma irradiation process, and EO gas treatment. Also B. subtilis was effectively inactivated to undetectable levels by gamma irradiation process and EO gas treatment. However it showed high resistance to 70% ethanol treatment.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.242-249
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• 2018

The use of palm oil and diesel blended with ethanol, known as a microemulsion biofuel, is gaining attention as an attractive renewable fuel for engines that may serve as a replacement for fossil-based fuels. The microemulsion biofuels can be formulated from the mixture of palm oil and diesel as the oil phase; ethanol as the polar phase; methyl oleate as the surfactant; alkanols as the cosurfactants. This study investigates the influence of the three cosurfactants on fuel consumption and exhaust gas emissions in a direct-injection (DI) diesel engine. The microemulsion biofuels along with neat diesel fuel, palm oil-diesel blends, and biodiesel-diesel blends were tested in a DI diesel engine at two engine loads without engine modification. The formulated microemulsion biofuels increased fuel consumption and gradually reduced the nitrogen oxides ($NO_x$) emissions and exhaust gas temperature; however, there was no significant difference in their carbon monoxide (CO) emissions when compared to those of diesel. Varying the carbon chain length of the cosurfactant demonstrated that the octanol-microemulsion fuel emitted lower CO and $NO_x$ emissions than the butanol- and decanol-microemulsion fuels. Thus, the microemulsion biofuels demonstrated competitive advantages as potential fuels for diesel engines because they reduced exhaust emissions.