• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.55-61
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• 2015

Objectives : Yongdamgosam-hwan(YGH) has been used as a traditional medicine from old times for antiinflammatory effects. Streptococcus mutans(S. mutans) is known as a prime bacteria responsible for causing caries by forming a biofilm referred to as dental plaque on the tooth surface. But antimicrobial activity of YGH with dental disease is not sufficiently understood. This study was designed to investigate the effects of YGH ethanol extract on antimicrobial effect against Streptococcus mutans.Methods : The antimicrobial effect of YGH ethanol extract was assessed by the paper disk diffusion method and optical density method to determine minimum inhibition concentration(MIC), also observed by fractional inhibitory concentration index(FICI) and time-kill assay to figure out the synergic effect on the combination of YGH ethanol extract with antibiotics.Results : The YGH ethanol extract 500 μg was 7.5-8.5 mm diameter of clear zone of inhibition against Streptococcus mutans in a concentration-dependent manner and MIC was 250 μg/mL. The administration of the ethanol extract in combination with gentamicin and streptomycin induced a reduction of ≥4-8-fold in all tested bacteria. Furthermore, time-kill study was found that a combination of YGH ethanol extract with oxacillin and streptomycin produced a more rapid decrease in the concentration of bacteria CFU/mL than the YGH ethanol extract or antibiotics alone.Conclusions : As a result, the YGH ethanol extract has good antimicrobial effects. And the results suggest that YGH could be employed as a natural antibacterial agent in dental care products.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.277-283
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• 2018

Objectives: Ethanol withdrawal following its chronic use is a serious outcome and challenging to treatment. The chronic use of ethanol induces a progressive neuroplasticity in different reigns of brain. In this study we evaluated the effects of aqueous extract of Crocus sativus L. (saffron) and its active compound, crocin, on the withdrawal behavior induced after repeated administration of ethanol, in two regimens of prophylactic (administration of drugs concomitant with the induction of dependence) and treatment (administration of drugs during the period of ethanol withdrawal) in mice which received ethanol. Methods: Ethanol dependence was induced by oral administration of 10% v/v ethanol (2 g/kg) for 7 days. The aqueous extracts of saffron (40, 80 and 160) and crocin (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) were administered to mice in two regimens of prophylactic (along with ethanol) and treatment (during withdrawal period). Diazepam (1 mg/kg) was used as a positive control. Six hours after discontinuation of the ethanol, seizure was evaluated by the sub-convulsive dose of pentyleneltetrazole (PTZ) (30 mg/kg). The open field test and Rota rod test were used for evaluation of locomotor activity and motor incoordination, respectively. Results: Both extracts and crocin increased the number of crossed lined in the open field test. PTZ kindling seizure was inhibited in animals received extract (80 and 160 mg/kg) in both regimens. Motor incoordination was only improved following administration of crocin. Conclusion: The aqueous extract of saffron and crocin can be considered as safe agents and reliable alternative to diazepam in management of ethanol withdrawal syndrome.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.77-84
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• 2011

Objectives : The objective of this study is to study the effects of hot aqueous extract and ethanol extract from Paeoniae Radix Rubra on nitric oxide(NO) and prostaglandin $E_2(PGE_2)$ production in macrophage. Methods : Paeoniae Radix Rubra were extracted in 2 ways. one was extracted with hot aqueous for 4 hr in $100^{\circ}C$ and the other one was extracted with 70% ethanol for 4 hr in $70^{\circ}C$. RAW264.7 cells, a mouse macrophage lines, were incubated with different concentrations of the extract for 30 min and then stimulated with LPS at indicated times. Cell toxicity was determined by MTT assay. The concentrations of NO and $PGE_2$ were measured by griess assay and enzyme immunoassay(EIA). Results : The hot aqueous and ethanol extracts of Paeoniae Radix Rubra significantly inhibited the NO productions in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. The hot water extract of Paeoniae Radix Rubra significantly inhibited the $PGE_2$ productions in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Conclusions : Our results demonstrated that Paeoniae Radix Rubra extract is able to significantly inhibit the production of NO, $PGE_2$ expression. Hot aqueous extract of Paeoniae Radix Rubra has more effective anti-inflammation than ethanol extract.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2005

The scavenging effects of four extracts on the DPPH radical were increased with increasing amount of extract. However, these effects were not statistically significant. The reducing power of the extracts is increased as the amount of extract is increased. To compare reducing powers of various solvent extracts, 50% ethanol extract showed the highest reducing power. The various solvent extracts were also capable of scavenging nitrite in a manner dependent on concentration. They exhibited scavenging effects 90% on nitrite at the dose 500 p.g of water extract from propolis. The propolis extract significantly inhibited all the microorganisms tested, showing the largest inhibitory zone for Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus. The 70% ethanol extract from propolis exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect on A549. The inhibitory effect of four extracts showed in that order 70% ethanol extract>95% ethanol extract>water extract>50% ethanol extract.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2020

The stem extract from Pyrus serotina var has natural antioxidant ability, but the extraction method does not result in a soluble compound in cosmetic formulations. This study investigated the cosmetic efficacy of the Pyrus serotina var stem extract and its epidermis permeation ability when combined with polymer micelles and a cell penetrating peptide. The total concentration of polyphenol compounds was determined to be 103.1644 ± 1.38 mg/g in the ethanol extract and 78.97 ± 1.45 mg/g in the hydrothermal extract. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging effects were 55.94 ± 0.22% in the ethanol extract at 1,000 mg/L. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity rates were 104.05 ± 3.28% in the ethanol extract at 62.5 mg/L. The elastase inhibition rate was 67.21 ± 2.72% in the ethanol extract at 1,000 mg/L. An antimicrobial effect was observed in the Propionibacterium acnes strain. In the epidermal permeability experiment, it was confirmed that formulation of the polymer micelle containing the Pyrus serotina var stem extract and cell penetrating peptide (R6, hexa-D-arginine) showed small particle size and much better skin permeability. The cumulative amount of total Pyrus serotina var stem extract that penetrated to the skin over time increased over 24 hours in three formulations. The three formulations showed 51.61 ㎍/㎠ (Formulation 0), 75.97 ㎍/㎠ (Formulation 1) and 95.23 ㎍/㎠ (Formulation 2) skin penetration, respectively. Therefore, it was confirmed that the ethanol extracts of Pyrus serotina var stem showed good cosmetic efficacy and excellent epidermis permeation ability when combined with a polymer micelle and cell penetrating peptide. Thus, this extract has the potential to be used as a safe and natural cosmetic material in the future.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.581-588
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• 2019

In this study, S. glauca (Bunge) Bunge extract was testified total polyphenol contents, electron donating ability on DPPH, and scavenging ability of superoxide anion radical and hydrogen peroxide. Total polyphenol contents of S. glauca (Bunge) Bunge extract were 7,053.30±915.93 ㎍ GAE/mL. In the fractions, fraction by ethanol was the highest content of 10,973.30±1,000.24 ㎍ GAE/mL. Fractions of ethyl acetate and water were 2,386.70±166.53 ㎍ GAE/mL, 2,413.30±41.63 ㎍ GAE/mL respectively. It was shown that total content of polyphenol according to solvent was significant relation at p<0.05. In the experiment of the electron donating ability, 70% ethanol extract and methylene chloride fraction were -246.15±24.17%, -254.01± 16.54% respectively. In case of ethyl acetate fraction, it was the highest electron donating ability to DPPH radical, 39.06±0.34%, and then water fraction of 36.71±5.55%, ethanol fraction of 29.77±2.57%, gradually. Electron donating abilities revealed significant difference (p<0.05) between the solvents. The superoxide radical scavenging ability of standard material was 0.029±0.0011; 70% ethanol extract of 0.022±0.00052, methylene chloride fraction of 0.027±0.00031, ethyl acetate fraction of 0.024±0.0011, ethanol fraction of 0.021±0.00024 and water fraction of 0.024±0.00019. Hydrogen peroxide scavenging ability of 70% ethanol extract was -0.0029±0.00040 and the others were as follow; methylene chloride fraction (-0.0042±0.00058), ethyl acetate fraction (-0.003± 0.0041), ethanol fraction (-0.0029±0.0015) and water fraction (-0.0028±0.00090).

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.188-193
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• 2017

This study investigated the antioxidant activities of distilled water, ethanol and methanol extracts of Plunus mume flower buds (PFB). The various solvent extracts of PFB were evaluated for their total polyphenol, flavonoid, reducing power and free radical scavenging activities by FRAP and DPPH analysis. The ethanol extract of PFB contained significantly higher amounts of total polyphenols (145 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (25.43 mg QE/g) than methanol (132 and 25.42) and distilled water (113.6 and 18.04). Among solvent extracts of PFB, the ethanol extract showed the highest antioxidant activities. The 100% ethanol extract of PFB contained significantly higher amounts of total polyphenols and flavonoids than 70% and 50% ethanol extracts. Moreover, the 100% ethanol extract of PFB showed high efficacy in DPPH radical scavenging activity and in collagenase inhibition activity. This results suggest that 100% ethanol extract of PFB has the most effective antioxidant capacity compared to the methanol and water extracts tested in the present study. Thus, it can be applied for the effective extraction of functional material from PFB for usage of cosmeceutical and/or food industries.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.333-337
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• 2002

To develope food preservative, antimicrobial activities of Pinus densiflora (PD) ethanol extract against Listeria monocytogenes Scott A. Listeria monocytogenes Brie I and Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19111 were investigated. The ethanol extracts of PD showed strong antimicrobial activities on Listeria monocytogenes. The crude ethanol extracts of PD were further fractionated by ether, ethyl acetate and butanol. The ether fraction from ethanol extract showed the strongest antimicrobial effects on Listeria monocytogenes in tryptic soy broth containing 40 mg/mL ether fractions compared with other fractions. The effect of ethanol extract of pinus densiflora against Listeria monocytogenes culture for growth stage in tryptic soy broth at 35$^{\circ}C$ showed the strongest antimicrobial activites for lag phase. The morphological changes of the cells were observed with transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the cells were injured by treatment of 40 mg/mL ethanol extract of Pinus densiflora.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.67-73
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• 2012

The exposure of gastric mucosa to ethanol produces acute ulcers mediated by inflammatory processes, hemorrhagic erosions and increase of reactive oxygen species. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of Coptidis Rhizoma(CR) aqueous extracts on hydrochloride (HCl)/ethanol induced gastric ulcer in mice as compared with rebamipide (30 mg/kg) and ranitidine (100 mg/kg). Stomach ulcers were induced by oral ingestion of HCl/ethanol. CR extracts (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg) were orally administered, once a day for 7 continuous days, and 1 hr after last 7th treatment of CR extracts stomach ulcers were induced. Effects of CR extracts on HCl/ethanol-induced gastric ulcer were evaluated based on gross and microscopic observations with anti-oxidant activities. All three different dosages of CR extract significantly decreased HCl/ethanol-induced gastric ulcer compared with the HCl/ethanol control mice. CR extracts also strengthened the antioxidative defense systems - decreased the level of lipid peroxidation but increased the level of catalase, superoxide dismutase and nitrate/nitrite compared with the HCl/ethanol control. The effects of CR extract 500 mg/kg were similar to that of 30 mg/kg rebamipide, and CR extract 250 mg/kg showed similar anti-ulcer effects as compared with ranitidine 100 mg/kg. These results suggest that the gastroprotective effects of CR extracts on mice ulcer models can be attributed to its ameliorating effect on oxidative damages.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.37-43
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• 2018

Objectives : Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) were well known as anti-oxidant, but they were limited to use because of toxicity. So, many studies are being done to develope natural anti-oxidant. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents along with total antioxidant capacity of the ethanolic extract of Plantaginis Herba (PH) were evaluated to explore the reliable and potential sources of novel natural antioxidants. Methods : Total polyphenol contents and total flavonoid contents in PH ethanol extract were determined by colorimetric method. And DPPH(1.1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS(2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-Surfonicacid)) free radical scavenging capacity and reducing power inhibition activities of PH ethanol extract were measured at 100, 500, 1000, $5000{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ concentrations by spectrometric assay. Results : The total polyphenol contents and total flavonoid contents of the extract were 161.99 mg/g, 144.05 mg/g, respectively. Also, DPPH, ABTS free radical scavenging capacity and reducing power of PH ethanol extract in treated concentrations (100, 500, 1000, $5000{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) increased dose dependently. In particular, DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of PH ethanol extract from $500{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ was significantly increased compared to positive control (BHA). ABTS free radical scavenging capacity of PH ethanol extract from $1000{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ was significantly higher than BHA. Also, reducing power showed that PH ethanol extract from $500{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ was significantly increased compared to BHA. Conclusions : These results suggest that PH ethanol extract has effects to scavenge free radicals, thus PH has potential and applicable benefits for development of materials and products to have anti-oxidation functions.