• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.282.2-283
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• 2002

In situ and circulating estrogen is the most important endocrine hormone that promotes the growth of hormone-dependent breast cancer. Consequently. decrease of estrogen on in situ and circulation can inhibit breast cancer. Estrogen is mainly produced by the ovary in premenopausal women and by peripheral tissues such as adipose tissues in postmenopausal women. The cytochrome p450 (CYP19), aromatase. is a key enzyme in the synthesis of estrogen hormones. (omitted)

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.209-218
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• 1999

Objectives : The aims of this study were to discriminate the clinical differences, to measure the estrogen and homovanillic acid levels, to evaluate a correlation between estrogen and homovanillic acid, and to identify an association of cognitive deficit with estrogen and homovanillic acid among male and female schizophrenics. Methods : In addition to the structured interviews, the plasma estrogen levels by radioimmunoassay and the homovanillic acid levels by HPLC were measured in 20 male and 21 female schizophrenics as well as 10 healthy male and 9 female controls. Results : 1) The plasma estrogen levels were higher in females than males, and significantly higher in female schizophenics than female controls. The homovanillic acid levels were higher in female schizophrenics than female controls, and were lower in male schizophrenics than male controls. 2) The onset age seemed to be earlier in male schizophrenics, and the frequency of admission, duration of antipsychotic drug administration, dosage of antipsychotics and duration of illnesses were more in males. The estrogen and homovanillic acid levels were significantly higher in female schizophrenics. 3) The estrogen levels had a significant positive correlation with sex, age and onset age, while the homovanillic acid levels did with sex. However, estrogen were not correlated with homovanillic acid levels. 4) The estrogen and homovanillic acid levels were not significantly different between male and female schizophrenics with cognitive deficits. In the schizophrenic patients without cognitive deficits, the estrogen levels were significantly higher in females, while there were no significant sex differences in homovanillic acid. 5) In the male and female schizophrenics predominantly with negative symptoms, there were no significant differences in estrogen and homovanillic acid levels. In those predominantly with positive symptoms, the estrogen levels were significantly higher in females, while there were no sex differences in homovanillic acid levels. 6) In schizophrenics with undifferentiated subtype, the estrogen and homovanillic acid levels were significantly higher in females. In those with paranoid or disorganized subtypes, the estrogen levels were significantly higher in females, while there were no sex differences in the homovanillic acid levels. 7) The mean values of PANSS-negative, PANSS-total, PANSS-CF, MMSE-K and estrogen levels were significantly higher in male schizophrenics with cognitive deficits. The mean values of illness duration, CGI, PANSS-positive, PANSS-negative, PANSS-total, PANSS-CF and MMSE-K were significantly higher in female schizophrenics with cognitive deficits. 8) The variables which showed significant correlation with cognitive deficits were PANSS-negative, PANSS-total, PANSS-CF, MMSE-K and estrogen levels in male schizophrenics. The variables which showed significant correlation with cognitive deficits were subtypes, onset age, illness durataion, CGI, PANSS-positive, PANSS-negative, PANSS-total, PANMSS-CF and MMSE-K in female schizophrenics. The estrogen levels were significantly correlated with admission frequencies, history of antipsychotic administration, duration of antipsychotic administration and cognitive deficits in male schizophrenics, while age were not correlated with in females. The homovanillic acid levels had a significant correlation with subtypes and onset age in male schizophrenics, while there were no correlation among variables in females. Conclusions : Although the plasma concentrations of estrogen and homovanillic acid in female schizophrenics were significantly higher than males, we could not find an association between them. Furthermore, the various factors affecting on the cognitive deficits, estrogen and homovanillic acid levels seemed to be somewhat different according to sex.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.39 no.11 s.390
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• pp.936-946
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• 2001

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.160-166
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• 2003

To examine the evidence that wheat bran is protective against breast cancer development and that its main mechanism of action is by modulating estrogen metabolism. This review explores the role of different experimental factors on the anticancer effects of wheat bran and the relationship of changes to estrogen metabolism by wheat bran on breast cancer risk The timing of the experimental diets in relation to carcinogen administration, the length of feeding of the experimental diets, and the level of dietary fat had an impact on the effectiveness of different doses of wheat bran in reducing breast carcinogenesis. Wheat bran supplementation resulted in significant reductions in human plasma estrogen levels but not in that of animals tested. The change in excretory metabolism of estrogen by wheat bran feeding in animals was not related to any of the tumor indices measured. The protective effect of wheat bran in breast carcinogenesis is greatest at the promotional phase and when supplemented in a high fat diet. Doses of wheat bran in the 9-12% range in diet have been consistently protective. The inconsistency observed with higher doses of wheat bran may be dependent on the animal model used. Although wheat bran's inhibitory effects on tumor growth may involve changes to estrogen metabolism, the fiber and phytochemical components of wheat bran may also act through estrogen-independent mechanisms. For a better understanding of the effect of wheat bran on breast carcinogenesis, studies comparing the effects of different wheat bran components both alone and in combination need to be performed.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.363-368
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• 2005

It was assumed that the effect of estrogen on wound healing would be variable according to patient's gender and age since estrogen is a sex steroid. This study was designed to determine the variability of the effect of estrogen on proliferation of human dermal fibroblasts and collagen synthesis which are most important in wound healing considering patient's gender and age. Fibroblasts were isolated from the dermis of female patients in premenstrual, menstrual, or postmenopausal age group and that of male patients. The isolated fibroblasts were cultivated in the presence of estrogen($1.0{\mu}g/ml$). The cells were seeded at $5.0{\times}10^3cell/well$ in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium/Ham's F-12 nutrient including 5% fetal bovine serum in 96-well plates. The cells were incubated for 3 days. For fibroblast proliferation MTT assay method was used. To measure the production of collagen, the collagen type I carboxy- terminal propeptide enzyme immunoassay was carried out. Estrogen stimulated the proliferation of fibroblasts in female patients, but not in male patients. The greatest cell proliferation and collagen synthesis was seen at women in menstrual and postmenopausal age. These results demonstrated that effects of estrogen on dermal fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis were variable with gender and age.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.554-561
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• 2004

Trichostatin A, an antifungal antibiotics, and HC-toxin are potent and specific inhibitors of histone deacetylase activity. Histone deacetylase inhibitors are new class of chemotherapeutic drugs able to induce tumor cell apoptosis and/or cell cycle arrest. In this study, the antiproliferative activities of trichostatin A and HC-toxin were compared between estrogen receptor positive human breast cancer cell MCF-7 and estrogen receptor negative human breast cancer cell MDA-MB-468. Trichostatin A and HC-toxin showed potent antiproliferative activity in both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-468 cells. In MCF-7 cells that contain high level estrogen receptor, trichostatin A and HC-toxin brought about three-times more potent cell growth inhibitory effect than estrogen receptor negative MDA-MB-468 cells. Both trichostatin A and HC-toxin showed cell cycle arrest at G$_2$/M phases of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-468 cells in a dose- and time- depen- dent manner. Trichostatin A and HC-toxin also induced apoptosis from MCF-7 and MDA-MB-468 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Results of this study suggested that antipro-liferative effects of trichostatin A and HC-toxin might be involved in estrogen receptor signaling pathway, but cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of trichostatin A and HC-toxin might not be involved in estrogen receptor system of human breast cancer cells.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.69-75
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• 2004

It has been known for many years that administration of estrogen, a so-called female hormone, has harmful effects on male fertility. However, studies employing transgenic mice deficient in estrogen receptors reveal substantial roles for estrogen in male fertility. The aim of this article is to review and summarize the current knowledge on the estrogen receptor localization in male reproductive organs including male germ cells of rodents. Also, informations about the mice models with disrupted estrogen signaling and associated phenotypes will be provided.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.426-428
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of black raspberry wine which was administered per os on estrogen levels in Splague-Dawley(SD) rats. Black raspberry wine containing 13% alcohol(v/v) was prepared from ripe fruits of Rubus coreanus fermented with Saccharomyces cervisiae. The rats were divided into 2 groups(A and B): The group A received black raspberry wine and the group B received saline for 7 weeks. All animals were bi weekly monitored for estrogen levels by radioimmunoassay using $125^I$ labeled anti-estrogen monospecific antibody. There was a significant(2.02 fold) increase in estrogen levels in the group A with a peak at the 7th week post administration of black raspberry wine. There was no significant change in estrogen levels of the rats in the group B. These data point to uncharacterized phytoestrogenic bioactivity of black raspberry wine that appears to be a useful phytoestrogenic herbal remedy for human health.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.23-31
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• 2019

The protein kinase $CK2{\alpha}$ (formerly Casein Kinase II) is implicated in tumorigenesis and transformation. However, the mechanisms of $CK2{\alpha}$ activation in breast cancer have yet to be elucidated. This study investigated the mechanisms of $CK2{\alpha}$ activation in estrogen signaling. Estrogen increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, $CK2{\alpha}$ activity, and protein expression in estrogen receptor positive ($ER^+$) MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, which were inhibited by the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine. $H_2O_2$ enhanced $CK2{\alpha}$ activity and protein expression. Human epidermal growth factor (EGF) increased ROS production, $CK2{\alpha}$ activity and protein expression in EGF receptor 2 (HER2)-overexpressing MCF-7 (MCF-7 HER2) cells, but not in MCF-7 cells. Estrogen induced the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). The p38 inhibitor, SB202190, blocked estrogen-induced increases in ROS production, $CK2{\alpha}$ activity and $CK2{\alpha}$ protein expression. The data suggest that ROS/p38 MAPK is the key inducer of $CK2{\alpha}$ activation in response to estrogen or EGF.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.54-72
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• 2018

Objectives: The aim of this review is to investigate studies on Estrogen-like activity and to contribute to the utilization of herbal medicines including phytoestrogens. Methods: Electric searches were performed with Pubmed from 2013 to June 2018, for the words, 'herb and estrogen', 'traditional Chinese medicine and estrogen', 'Oriental medicine and estrogen', and 'Korean medicine and estrogen'. 49 papers are investigated and classified into 'in vitro', 'in vivo' and 'in vivo and in vitro' experimental studies. Results: 1. In vitro experimental studies have shown that estrogen-like effects of the components extracted from Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, Rubi Fructus, Sparganii Rhizoma, Epimedii Herba, Spatholobi Caulis, Evodiae fructus, Curcumae longae Radix, Ginseng Radix, Bupleuri Radix, Astragali Radix, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix, Puerariae Radix, Scutellariae Radix are present. 2. In vivo experimental studies have shown that estrogen-like effects of the components extracted from Phytolaccae Radix, Ligustri Lucidi Fructus, Alismatis Rhizoma, Notoginseng Radix, Puerariae Radix, Ginseng Radix, Cyperi Rhizoma, Cistanchis Herba, Cynomorii Herba, Granati fructus, Astragali Radix, Rehmanniae Radix Crudus, Epimedii Herba, Polygalae Radix, Artemisiae Annuae Herba are present. 3. In vitro and in vivo experimental studies have shown that estrogen-like effects of the components extracted from Cirsii Herba, Dioscoreae Rhizoma, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix, Cynomorii Herba, Cinnamomi cortex, Drynariae Rhizoma, Psoraleae Semen, Schisandrae Fructus, Epimedii Herba, Astragali Radix are present. Conclusions: Future studies will require additional research on numerous herbal medicines used in clinical practice.