• Title/Summary/Keyword: Esterase activity

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Cellular Biomarker of Membrane Stability and Hydrolytic Enzyme Activity in the Hemocytes of Benzo(a)pyrene-exposed Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas

  • Jo Qtae;Choy Eun-Jung;Park Doo Won;Jee Young-Ju;Kim Sung Yeon;Kim Yoon
    • Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.5 no.4
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    • pp.263-270
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    • 2002
  • The Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, were stressed with different concentrations of benzo(a) pyrene and depurated to determine the hemocyte lysosomal membrane stability and hydrolytic enzymatic activity as a biomarker candidate to the chemical, using NRR (neutral red retention) and API ZYM System, respectively. The membrane damage measured as NRR decrease was significant with the increase of chemical concentration and exposure time (P<0.05), providing a possible tool for biomarker. Interestingly, the control showed intrinsic stress probably due to captive life in the laboratory, and a recovering trend was also found during the depuration. The benzo(a)pyrene-exposed oysters showed increased enzyme activities in alkaline phosphatase, esterase (C4), acid phosphatase, naphthol-AS-BI-phospho­hydrolase, $\beta$-galactosidase, $\beta$-glucuronidase, and N-acetyl- $\beta$-glucosaminidase. Of them, only two enzymes, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase, showed some potential available for the generation of enzymatic biomarker in the oyster. The results are suggestive of the potential availability of the cellular and enzymatic properties as a biomarker. However, considering that a robust biomarker should be insensitive to natural stress coming from normal physiological variation, but sensitive to pollutants, a concept of intrinsic stress the animal possesses should be taken into consideration. This reflects the necessity of further research on the intrinsic stress affecting the cellular and enzymatic properties of the chemical­stressed oysters prior to using the data as a biomarker.

The Effects of Acupuncture at Sobu (HT8) and Haenggan (LR2) on Scopolamine-induced Cognitive Impairment in Rat Model

  • Song, Ho-Joon;Cho, Myoung-Rae
    • Journal of Acupuncture Research
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    • v.35 no.1
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    • pp.28-36
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    • 2018
  • Background: This study investigated the effects of acupuncture at Sobu (HT8) and Haenggan (LR2) on scopolamine-induced, cognitively impaired rats. Methods: Scopolamine-treated Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups; normal, control, HT8, LR2, HT8 + LR2 and sham group. Cognitive impairment was induced by scopolamine, in control, and then in HT8, LR2, HT8 + LR2 and sham groups. Acupuncture treatment was performed at HT8, LR2, HT8 + LR2, and a random acupoint, respectively, every other day for 2 weeks. After each treatment, behavior change was observed and the rats were sacrificed. The change in brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activity was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction. Results: Latency time to target in Morris Water-Maze test for the HT8 + LR2 group showed a significant decrease compared with control (p<0.05). Target crossing times and time zone ratios in Morris Water-Maze test for HT8 + LR2 group showed a significant increase compared with control (p<0.01). In the Y-Maze test the HT8 + LR2 group showed a significant increase compared with control (p<0.05). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase, in the HT8 + LR2 group, showed a significantly increased level compared with control (p<0.05). Neural activity of acetylcholine esterase in HT8 + LR2 group showed a significant decrease compared with the control group (p<0.01), choline acetyltransferase activity in the HT8 + LR2 group showed a significant increase compared with control (p<0.05). Conclusion: Acupuncture at HT8 + LR2 restored scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment, suggesting acupuncture could be an alternative to improve cognitive function.

Isolation and Characterization of an Agarase-Producing Bacterial Strain, Alteromonas sp. GNUM-1, from the West Sea, Korea

  • Kim, Jonghee;Hong, Soon-Kwang
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • v.22 no.12
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    • pp.1621-1628
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    • 2012
  • The agar-degrading bacterium GNUM-1 was isolated from the brown algal species Sargassum serratifolium, which was obtained from the West Sea of Korea, by using the selective artificial seawater agar plate. The cells were Gram-negative, $0.5-0.6{\mu}m$ wide and $2.0-2.5{\mu}m$ long curved rods with a single polar flagellum, forming nonpigmented, circular, smooth colonies. Cells grew at $20^{\circ}C-37^{\circ}C$, between pH 5.0 and 9.0, and at 1-10% (w/v) NaCl. The DNA G+C content of the GNUM-1 strain was 45.5 mol%. The 16S rRNA sequence of the GNUM-1 was very similar to those of Alteromonas stellipolaris LMG 21861 (99.86% sequence homology) and Alteromonas addita $R10SW13^T$(99.64% sequence homology), which led us to assign it to the genus Alteromonas. It showed positive activities for agarase, amylase, gelatinase, alkaline phosphatase, esterase (C8), lipase (C14), leucine arylamidase, valine arylamidase, ${\alpha}$-chymotrypsin, acid phosphatase, naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, ${\alpha}$-galactosidase, ${\beta}$-galactosidase, ${\beta}$-glucosidase, catalase, and urease. It can utilize citrate, malic acid, and trisodium citrate. The major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (21.5%, comprising $C_{16:1}{\omega}7c/iso-C_{15:0}$ 2-OH) and C16:0 (15.04%). On the basis of the variations in many biochemical characteristics, GNUM-1 was considered as unique and thus was named Alteromonas sp. GNUM-1. It produced the highest agarase activity in modified ASW medium containing 0.4% sucrose, but lower activity in rich media despite superior growth, implying that agarase production is tightly regulated and repressed in a rich nutrient condition. The 30 kDa protein with agarase activity was identified by zymography, and this report serves as the very first account of such a protein in the genus Alteromonas.

1, 25(OH)$_2$-23ene-$D_3$ : Effects on Proliferation and Differentiation of U937 Cells in vitro and on Clcium Metabolism of Rat in vivo (1, 25(OH)$_2$-23ene-$D_3$ : in vitro에서 U937 세포의 증식과 분화 및 in vivo에서 쥐의 칼슘대사에 미치는 영향)

  • 정수자;서명자
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.24 no.1
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    • pp.1-9
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    • 1995
  • 1, 25(OH)2-23ene-D3 is a novel vitamine D3 analog which has a double bond between C-23 and C-24. We describe the effects of this analog on cell differentiation and cell proliferation in vitro using the human histiocytic lymphoma cell line U937, and on calcium metabolism in rats in vivo. In the present investigation 1, 25(OH)2-23ene-D3 was compared to the natural metabolite of vitamin D3, 1$\alpha$, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol[1, 25(OH)2-23ene-D3 was more potent than 1, 25(OH)2-23ene-D3 for inhibition of proliferation and induction of differentiation of U937 cells. Especially, its effect on induction of differentiation, as measured by superoxide production and nonspecific esterase(NSE) activity, was about 20-fold more potent that 1, 25(OH)2-23ene-D3. This analog morphologically and functionally differentiated U937 cells to monocyte-macrophage phenotype showing a decrease of N/C ratio in Giemsa staining and the increase of adherence ability to surface. Intraperitoneal administration of 1, 25(OH)2-23ene-D3 to rats showed that the compound had at least 50 times less activity than 1, 25(OH)2-23ene-D3 in causing hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria. The strong direct effects of 1, 25(OH)2-23ene-D3 on cell proliferation and cell differentiation, coupled with its decreased activity of calcium metabolism make this compound an interesting candidate for clinical studies including patients with leukemia, as well as several skin disorders, such as psoriasis.

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Pharmacological and Biochemical studies on Telescopium telescopium - a marine mollusk from the Mangrove regions

  • Samanta, SK;Adhikari, D;Karmakar, S;Dutta, A;Roy, A;Manisenthil, KT;Roy, D;Vedasiromoni, JR;Sen, T
    • Advances in Traditional Medicine
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    • v.8 no.4
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    • pp.386-394
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    • 2008
  • The tissue extract (TTE) of a marine snail Telescopium telescopium, collected from the coastal regions of West Bengal, India, was extensively screened for pharmacological and biochemical properties. Telescopium telescopium (TTE) produced significant lysis of washed rat erythrocytes (both direct and indirect), produced haemorrhagic lesions in the skin and also released haemoglobin (in vitro tissue damage) from different tissue samples. TTE was found to produce pro-inflammatory effects when injected into the rat hind paw and also increased peritoneal vascular permeability. Furthermore, intravenous administration of TTE produced a decrease in blood pressure (hypotensive effect) in anaesthetized rats. The extract produced potent esterase activity, as was evident from the breakdown of FDA with subsequent release of fluorescein (in vitro). TTE also demonstrated prominent cholinesterase, phospholipase, phosphatase and protease activities.

Extraction of Intercellular Material from Rice Leaf Tissue (수도의 세포간극 물질 추출)

  • Park, W.M.;Son, E.R.;Ko, Y.H.;Yoo, Y.J.;Lee, Y.S.
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.28 no.3
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    • pp.323-327
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    • 1983
  • The intercellular material was extracted from rice leaf tissue. The quantitative tests of protein and soluble carbohydrate, and activity of peroxidase, showed differences between tissue extract and intercellular material. Also electrophoretic patterns of peroxidase and esterase isozymes were not similar between them. It indicated that the intercellular material which was extracted, was not the mixture of cellular materials.

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Comparison of toxicity and detoxifying enzyme activity in carp (Cyprinus carpio) treated with some synergistic pesticides (농약 상호간의 협력작용에 의한 잉어의 독성과 해독효소 활성의 비교)

  • Yang, Kwang-Rok;Shim, Jae-Han;Suh, Yong-Tack
    • Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • v.35 no.5
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    • pp.367-374
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    • 1992
  • This study was performed to investigate effects of probable detoxifying enzyme activity and toxicity by pesticides and their combinations in the fresh water fish. Seven pesticides including IBP, isoprothiolane, cartap, ridomil, chlorothalonil, captafol and endosulfan were subjected to investigate for their acute toxicites and synergism possibilities. The $LC_{50}$ value of endosulfan was the lowest at showing 0.0079 ppm and that of metalaxyl was the highest as showing 40 ppm over. The synergism effects of relative pesticides were observed in the combinations of isoprothiolane+IBP and isoprothiolane+cartap. The changes of glycogen contents in fish liver were assayed for 5 pesticides and its highest inhibition effect of glycogen showed in IBP treated fish. The activity of probable detoxifying enzymes including carboxylesterase (CE), glutathion S-transferase (GST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were assayed in carp liver at dose of sublethal concentrations. Effects of pesticides on changes in each enzyme activities were as follows: carboxylesterase (CE) activities were the highest in IBP and gtutathion S-transferase (GST) activities were the highest in iosoprothiolane+IBP. Both activities of carboxylesterase (CE) and glutahtion S-transferase (GST) were increased by 5 chemicals. The highest LDH activity showed in isoprothiolane treated fish, while the lowest activity was observed in isoprothiolane+cartap. Sublethal exposure to cartap and isoprothiolane+cartap in carp exerted various effects on LDH activity.

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Perilla Frutescens Extract Protects against Scopolamine-Induced Memory Deficits in Mice (스코폴라민으로 유도한 기억력 손상 모델에서 소엽 추출물의 보호 효과)

  • Lee, Jihye;Lee, Eunhong;Jung, Eun Mi;Kim, Dong Hyun;Kim, Sung-kyu;Park, Mi Hee;Jung, Ji Wook
    • Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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    • v.35 no.3
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    • pp.97-103
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    • 2021
  • Perilla frutescens (P. frutescens) is an important herb used for many purposes such as medicinal, aromatic, and functional food in Asian countries and has beneficial effects such as antioxidant activity, anti-inflammation activity, anti-depression activity, and anxiolytic activity. However, there have been no studies on the protective effect of P. frutescens extract (PFE) on amnesia in vivo. The present study aimed to investigate whether PFE protects memory deficit using a scopolamine-induced mice model and elucidate the underlying mechanisms involved. The protective effect of PFE against scopolamine-induced memory deficits was investigated using Y-maze, passive avoidance, and Morris water maze tests. Furthermore, the potential mechanisms of PFE in improving memory capabilities related to the cholinergic system and antioxidant activity were examined. PFE significantly increased spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze test, step-through latency in the passive avoidance test, and swimming time in the target quadrant in the probe test when compared to the scopolamine-treated group. Likewise, PFE significantly decreased escapes latency in the Morris water maze test. PFE could not regulate cholinergic function in acetylcholine level and acetylcholine esterase activity. However, PFE increased DPPH radical scavenging activity dose-dependently and total polyphenol content was 127.7±1.2 ㎍ GAE/mg. The results showed that the PFE could be a preventive and/or therapeutic candidate for memory and cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease.

Effect of Edible Coatings on Softening of the Stored Immature Plums (식용코팅이 미숙 자두의 연화에 미치는 효과)

  • Song, Tae-Hee;Kim, Chul-Jai
    • Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • v.42 no.4
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    • pp.317-323
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    • 1999
  • Immature plums(Prunus salicina L.) were coated with edible coatings, calcium-added methyl cellulose(CaMC) and hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose-15(CaHPMC-15). Weight loss and respiration rate of immature plums coated with CaMC and CaHPMC-15 were lower only at the earlier storage period. The titratable acidity of plums was decreased and pH was increased during storage, Soluble pectin, pectinesterase, and polygalacturonase activity as the marker of softening were commonly increased with storage time, but those increases were lower in CaMC and CaHPMC-15-coated plums. Mechanical firmness became significantly soft during storage, while the coated plums were remained harder. As a result of sensory evaluation, softening of plum tissue was found during storage, but the coated plums had the harder texture. These data suggest that the application of CaMC or CaHPMC-15 coatings into immature plums can reduce the postharvest softening during storage.

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Effects of Korean Mountain Ginseng Leaves and Its Active Constituents on Scopolamine-induced Amnesia in Mouse (장뇌삼 잎 추출물의 분획물이 Scopolamine으로 유도된 Mouse의 기억력 개선에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Ju-Bong;Kim, Soo-Hyun;Park, Sun-Young;Chung, Dae-Kyoo
    • Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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    • v.21 no.1
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    • pp.125-144
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    • 2010
  • Objectives: The purpose of this study was to characterize the effect of the fraction of Korean mountain ginseng folium (FKG) on the learning and memory impairments induced by scopolamine. Methods: The memory ameliorating effect of FKG was investigated using a passive avoidance test, the Y-maze test, and the Morris water maze test in mice. Drug-induced amnesia was induced by treating animals with scopolamine(1mg/kg, i.p.). Results: FKG (2 or 4mg/kg, p.o.) administration significantly reversed scopolamine-induced cognitive impairments in mice by the passive avoidance test and the Y-maze test(P<0.05), and also improved escape latency in the Morris water maze test at 2 or 4mg/kg(P<0.05). Although FKG has little inhibitory activity for AChE (IC50 value; 1847 ${\mu}g/ml$) in an invitro study, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase(pERK) was increased by the administration of FKG inhippocampus on immunohistochemistry. Conclusions: These results suggest that FKG may be a useful cognitive impairment treatment, and its beneficial effects are mediated, in part, via activation of ERK pathway.