• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.85-91
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• 2013

OECD(2008) gives the concepts of inaction costs on key environmental challenges including: direct financial costs; total financial costs; total use costs; and total social welfare costs. In analyzing the losses of environmental goods' various values conducted by domestic and foreign researchers, this study suggests the value-cost category of OECD(2008) and other studies; and the indirect use and non-use values of groundwater and other natural environment using the concepts of inaction costs. The studies on the damages and their relationships among human, property, and ecosystem are essential to monetary valuation on the qualitative or quantitative degradation of groundwater and other natural environment.

• KIISE Transactions on Computing Practices
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.596-603
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• 2015

A concept network is an essential knowledge base for semantic search engines, personalized search systems, recommendation systems, and text mining. Recently, studies of extending concept representation using external ontology have been frequently conducted. We thus propose a new way of building 3-dimensional text model-based concept networks using the world knowledge-level Wikipedia ontology. In fact, it is desirable that 'concepts' derived from text documents are defined according to the theoretical framework of formal concept analysis, since relationships among concepts generally change over time. In this paper, concept networks hidden in a given document collection are extracted more reasonably by representing a concept as a term-by-document matrix.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.37-48
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• 1994

In spatial information processing, particularly in non-renewable resource exploration, the spatial data sets, including remote sensing, geophysical and geochemical data, have to be geocoded onto a reference map and integrated for the final analysis and interpretation. Application of a computer based GIS(Geographical Information System of Geological Information System) at some point of the spatial data integration/fusion processing is now a logical and essential step. It should, however, be pointed out that the basic concepts of the GIS based spatial data fusion were developed with insufficient mathematical understanding of spatial characteristics or quantitative modeling framwork of the data. Furthermore many remote sensing and geological data sets, available for many exploration projects, are spatially incomplete in coverage and interduce spatially uneven information distribution. In addition, spectral information of many spatial data sets is often imprecise due to digital rescaling. Direct applications of GIS systems to spatial data fusion can therefore result in seriously erroneous final results. To resolve this problem, some of the important mathematical information representation techniques are briefly reviewed and discussed in this paper with condideration of spatial and spectral characteristics of the common remote sensing and exploration data. They include the basic probabilistic approach, the evidential belief function approach (Dempster-Shafer method) and the fuzzy logic approach. Even though the basic concepts of these three approaches are different, proper application of the techniques and careful interpretation of the final results are expected to yield acceptable conclusions in cach case. Actual tests with real data (Moon, 1990a; An etal., 1991, 1992, 1993) have shown that implementation and application of the methods discussed in this paper consistently provide more accurate final results than most direct applications of GIS techniques.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.34
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• pp.49-74
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• 2020

Daesoon Thought (大巡思想) emerged from indigenous Korean religion during the Joseon Dynasty. Thinkers within this tradition took Kang Jeungsan (姜甑山 secular name Kang Il-Sun 姜一淳 1871~1909) as their Highest God (上帝) and The Canonical Scripture (典經) as their main scripture. The Tenets, Four Cardinal Mottoes, Three Essential Attitudes, and Aims of Daesoon Thought are related to the concepts, categorical thought, and structure found in Confucianism. In particular, terms such as The Virtuous Concordance of Yin and Yang (陰陽合德), gods and humans^* (神人 ^*also 'divine humans' in some contexts), Dao Governance (道統), Quieting the Mind and Quieting the Body (安心安身), and Sincerity, Respectfulness, and Faithfulness (誠敬信) are all widely used in Confucianism. This paper will examine Daesoon Thought from the perspective of the Confucian Thinker, Yulgok (栗谷), and more specifically, his Theory of Reason and Energy (理氣論) and its key concepts: The Wondrousness of Reason and Energy (理氣之妙), Triggered Energy Transports Reason (氣發理乘), and Reason Pervades and Energy Delimits (理通氣局). It will be shown that Daesoon Thought shares essentially the same thinking and reasoning, and as such, the two systems are organically connected. Furthermore, both schools of thought pursue harmonious adjustment and emphasize practice. Although this study may contain suggestions which seem far-fetched when compared to previous studies, it investigates Daesoon Thought from the perspective of Neo-Confucian discourse on Nature and Principle (性理), which had great value in the mainstream culture of Korea's Joseon Dynasty. Given that Daesoon Thought and Neo-Confucianism both are forms of traditional thought, there is bound to be some connection between them.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.294-302
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• 2022

The article explores the prospects and trends for the transformation of some basic concepts of law associated with the development of artificial intelligence systems and the problems of liability for harm caused by a robot. The prospects, conditions and consequences of vesting robots with partial (quasi) or full legal personality are explored. This process should lead to a revision of the concepts of will, subjective side and legal responsibility in the direction of their greater universalization. The legally significant signs of will, legal personality, legal liability in relation to robots, artificial intelligence systems and other complex automated information systems are clarified. The author identifies the following essential factors of legal qualification of an act committed by a robot: goals, reasons for setting goals, connections between the planned result and the action taken, the actual result, the reasons for the difference between the actual result and the planned one. The article pays special attention to the preventive function of legal liability, which, when applied to robot subjects, can be expressed in the following basic procedures. 1. Accounting for legal requirements in the behavior of the robot. 2. Timely adaptation of the robot to changes in legislation and other regulatory legal acts that affect its behavior. 3. Accounting for incidents. 4. Destruction of a series of robots whose actions lead to unacceptable consequences.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.103-109
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• 2023

The Safe Life is an essential subject of education introduced in the 2015 revised curriculum for first and second graders of elementary school to cultivate safety awareness. This study aims to explore the relationship between concepts and concepts that are important in the Safe Life textbook using a keyword network analysis. The results indicate that the areas of life safety, traffic safety, and disaster safety are emphasized in terms of topics in the textbook. The teaching and learning methods for the Safe Life education are mainly based on "experience" and "practice," and the most common teaching materials are card games and sticky stickers. Based on the findings, we suggest maintaining the experience-oriented safety education approach and diversifying the teaching and learning materials and methods to incorporate various safety education areas.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.232-251
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• 2012

This paper is to examine new programme of study for geography by a revised geography(including historical, geographical and social understanding) National Curriculum in England. The new primary and secondary National Curriculum was respectively issued in 2007 for implementation from September 2008 and 2010 for implementation from September 2011. The revised National Curriculum was changed more than that of 1995 and 2000 in terms of its formation and content. Especially, Primary National Curriculum was rebuilded to the six areas of learning, in the end KS1-2 geography was integrated in 'historical, geographical and social understanding'. As a result of that, the subject named as geography only remains for KS3. Nevertheless, the new National Curriculum is consisted of programme of study(PoS) and attainment target(AT). But new programme of study was changed more than that of former curriculum in terms of its formation and content. Programme of study for primary school is organized with curriculum aims, the importance of areas of learning, essential knowledge, key skills, cross-curricular studies, breadth of learning and curriculum progression. On the other hand, that of geography for KS3 is organized with curriculum aims, the importance of geography, key concepts, key processes, range and content, curriculum opportunities. This paper examined on categorical features of new programme of study for KS3 geography and its implications for effective geography curriculum design and planning.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.503-527
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• 2009

The purpose of this research is to compare and analyze differences in modern 'Hyo' concepts and behaviors between the gifted and the general students of the elementary school. In this study, two groups(the gifted and the general students of the elementary school) were compared, in grade, birth-order, family members, education and religion factors in family, to seek for a better way to teach the Korean gifted students. The results are, as follows. First, the gifted had higher 'Hyo' concepts than the general students, because developments of the gifted in the field of intellect, emotion and will are faster than the general. The gifted had many interests in values and moral decisions. There are no meaningful differences between boys and girls in the gifted group. But in the general group, girls have higher 'Hyo' concepts than boys. This is because girls emotional developments are faster than boys. Second, in the gifted group, 5th graders have higher 'Hyo' concepts than 6th graders. On the other hand, in the general group, there are no meaningful differences between 5th graders and 6th graders. Third, there were no differences between the groups(gifted/general) by birth-order, family members and having religions or not. However, the comparison between nuclear families and large families shows that Korean traditional ethics - 'Hyo' is still in existence as a basic concept in the family, in spite of the changing family size and unit. In addition, in the family with a religion, the' Hyo' concept is revealed stronger than the other group. This is caused by the power of commanding love and affection which are emphasized through religions. From the results of this research, the gifted students of the elementary school have high consciousness concerning 'Hyo' concepts and behaviors. It is very essential for them to improve their 'Hyo' concepts until adulthood. Therefore, teachers and parents should pay more attention to help them improve their senses of Korean traditional morality - 'Hyo'.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.26 no.9
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• pp.1095-1104
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• 1999

객체지향 시스템의 개발은 클래스를 통해서 이루어진다. 즉, 문제 영역에 존재하는 중요한 대상 또는 개념을 클래스로 모델링하고, 이로부터 생성된 객체들 사이의 메시지 교환을 통해서 시스템은 구축된다. 또한, 클래스는 정보 은닉을 제공함으로써, 객체지향 시스템의 재사용성과 유지보수성에 상당한 기여를 한다. 그러나, 설계 단계에서 실세계의 대상을 부적절하게 모델링하거나, 또는 유지보수 단계에서 클래스에 무분별한 변경을 가하는 경우 클래스의 품질은 악화될 수 있고, 이는 결국 시스템을 유지보수 하거나 확장하는데 상당한 장애를 초래한다.응집도는 모듈의 구성 요소들 사이의 연관성 정도를 나타내는 척도로서 전통적으로 모듈의 품질을 평가하기 위한 기준으로 사용되어 왔다. 이 논문에서는 클래스의 품질을 평가하는 방법으로서의 클래스 응집도를 제안한다. 즉, 클래스가 실세계의 대상을 적절하게 모델링한다면, 그 구성요소들 사이에 밀접한 관련이 있고 결국 높은 응집도를 가지게 될 것이다. 반대로 실세계의 대상에 대한 적절한 모델이 아니라면, 그 클래스의 구성 요소들 사이에는 밀접한 관련성이 없을 것이고 따라서 낮은 응집도를 보일 것이다.Abstract Object-oriented systems are developed by means of classes; that is, classes captures the essential entities or concepts in the problem domain, and the system is embodied by the interactions of objects instantiated from the classes. In addition to the basic units of object-oriented systems, classes serves as the units of encapsulation, which considerably promote the modifiability and the extensibility of them. However, improper modeling in the design phase or uncontrolled changes during the maintenance phase can degrade the quality of classes, which leads to systems cumbersome to maintain and extend.Cohesion refers to the degree of connectivity among the elements of a single module, and is being used as a factor which characterizes the quality of a module. In this paper, we propose a new cohesion metric for assessing the quality of classes. If a class captures properly the essential features of objects, the members of the class surely have strong relationship among them. On the contrary, the poor relationship among class members can indicate that the class is not a proper model of objects.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.1333-1344
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• 2012

This study aimed to enhance creative problem solving skill by using the Creative Problem Solving (CPS) learning model which was developed based on creative problem solving approach and five essential features of inquiry. The key strategy of the CPS learning model is using real life problem situations to provide students opportunities to practice creative problem solving skill through 5 learning steps: engaging, problem exploring, solutions creating, plan executing, and concepts examining. The science content used for examining the CPS learning model was "matter and properties of matter" that consists of 3 learning units: Matter, Solution, and Acid-Base Solution. The process to assess the effectiveness of the learning model used the experimental design of the Pretest-Posttest Control-Group Design. Seventh grade-students in the experimental group learned by the CPS learning model. At the same time, students at the same grade level in the control group learned by conventional learning model. The learning models and students' prior knowledge levels were served as the independent variables. The creative problem solving skill was classified in to 4 aspects in: fluency, flexibility, originality, and reasoning. The results indicated that in all aspects, the students' mean scores of creative problem solving between students in experimental group and control group were significantly different at the .05 level. Also, the progression of students' creative problem solving skills was found highly progressed at the later instructional periods. When comparing the creative problem solving scores between groups of students with different levels of prior knowledge, the differences of their creative problem solving scores were founded at .05 level. The findings of this study confirmed that the CPS learning model is effective in enhancing the students' creative problem solving skill.