• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.43-54
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• 1994

The major concern of this paper is to investigate the properties of a stochastic equilibrium for each model system in terms of a consumer welfare measure. The primary assumption for this study is that a trip-maker would choose the trip from his origin zone which maximizes his personal welfare. This assumption, finally, leads to a singly constrained gravity model. The consumer welfare measure is derived from the concept of expected welfare of randomly sampled trip-makers. Each of the four different models considered in this paper is differentiated depending on the complexity of its model or the definition of its travel function. In this study, three different regions are chosen for the purpose of taking into account the effects of different zone-systems on the properties of a stochastic equilibrium : (i) Archerville region (5 zone) ; (ii) San Francisco Bay regions (30 zones) ; (iii) Houston, TX region (199 zones). It is concluded that almost identical, "global" consumer welfare values can be obtained in some cases of the gravity-type trip distribution models based on a stochastic equilibrium.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers A
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.62-67
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• 2003

An important aspect of the study of power system markets involves the assessment of strategic behavior of participants for maximizing their profits. In models of imperfect competition of a deregulated electricity system, the key task is to find the Nash equilibrium. In this paper, the bimatrix approach for finding Nash equilibria in electricity markets is investigated. This approach determines pure and mixed equilibria using the complementarity pivot algorithim. The mixed equilibrium in the matrix approach has the equal number of non-zero property. This property makes it difficult to reproduce a smooth continuous distribution for the mixed equilibrium. This paper proposes an algorithm for adjusting the quantization value of discretization to reconstruct a continuous distribution from a discrete one.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.441-450
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• 2004

The velocity distribution of gas molecules from the experimental results was confirmed as the same with the Maxwell-Boltzmann's theoretical results within the experimental error. This study is on the realization of the Maxwell-Boltzmann's velocity distribution of gas molecules by the molecular dynamics(MD) method. The Maxwell-Boltzmann's velocity distribution of gas molecules is extremely important to confirm the equilibrium state because the properties of a thermodynamic system shall be obtained from the system's equilibrium configuration in the MD method. This study is the first trial in the successive researches to calculate the properties of a thermodynamic system by the computer simulations. We confirmed that the maxwell-boltzmann's velocity distribution is developed in some transient time after starting a simulation and dependent on the size of a system. Also it is found that the velocity distribution has no relation with an initial configuration of gas molecules.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2011

The behavior of the non-equilibrium grain boundary segregation of boron in low carbon steel was studied through a particle tracking autoradiography. The behavior of the non-equilibrium grain boundary segregation of boron during continuous cooling was compared with the isothermal kinetics of the non-equilibrium grain boundary segregation of boron at the holding temperature using an effective time method. On the basis of the experiments, the cooling rate dependence of the non-equilibrium segregation of boron was explained using the time dependence of the non-equilibrium segregation of boron in low carbon steel. The experimental observations for the cooling rate dependence of the grain boundary segregation of boron are in good agreement with the time dependence of the grain boundary segregation of boron. The mechanisms of the non-equilibrium segregation of boron during cooling in low carbon steel are also discussed.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.125-134
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• 2014

Kullback-Leibler (KL) information is a measure of discrepancy between two probability density functions. However, several nonparametric density function estimators have been considered in estimating KL information because KL information is not well-defined on the empirical distribution function. In this paper, we consider the KL information of the equilibrium distribution function, which is well defined on the empirical distribution function (EDF), and propose an EDF-based goodness of fit test statistic. We evaluate the performance of the proposed test statistic for an exponential distribution with Monte Carlo simulation. We also extend the discussion to the censored case.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.1-11
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• 2010

Energy Balance Model (EBM) was used to experiment the distribution of surface equilibrium temperature which responds to external forcing associated with the surface characteristics. Surface equilibrium temperature is calculated as sum of incoming solar radiation and latitudinal transport is balanced with outgoing infrared radiation. To treat incoming solar radiation, the source of the earth energy, significantly for energy balance, the experiment for surface equilibrium temperature distribution was performed considering the energy balance with the latitudinal albedo change as well as land and sea distribution. In addition, linear albedo change experiment, arctic albedo 5%, 10%, 15% change experiments and the opposite albedo change experiments between arctic and mid-latitudes were performed using incoming solar radiation as an external forcing. Moreover, with and without ice-albedo feedback experiments were performed. Increasing of arctic albedo is blocked out the incoming solar radiation so that it induces decreasing of latitudinal heat transport. It is strengthened energy transport from low latitudes by keeping arctic low energy states. Therefore the temperature change in the mid-latitudes exhibits larger response than that of arctic due to the difference of transport. The land which has lower heat capacity than sea can be reach to equilibrium temperature shortly. Also land is more sensitive to temperature change with respects to albedo. Thus it induces the thermal difference between land and sea. As a result, the equilibrium temperature exhibits differently as the difference of albedo and heat capacity which are the one of surface characteristics. Surface equilibrium temperature decreases as albedo increase and the ratio of temperature change is large as heat capacity is small. The decreasing of surface equilibrium temperature with respects to increasing of linear albedo is accelerated by ice-albedo feedback. However local change of surface equilibrium temperature decreases non-linearly.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.80-87
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• 2015

The proliferation of the Internet and communication technologies and applications, besides the conventional retailers, has led to a new form of distribution channel, namely home sopping through the telephone, TV, catalog or the Internet. The conventional and new distribution channels have different transaction costs perceived by the consumers in the following perspectives: the accessibility to the product information, the traffic cost and the opportunity cost for the time to visit the store, the possibility of 'touch and feel' to test the quality of the product, the delivery time and the concern for the security for the personal information. Difference in the transaction costs between the distribution channels results in the different selling prices even for the same product. Moreover, distribution channels with different selling prices necessarily result in different business surpluses. In this paper, we study the multilateral bargaining strategy of a manufacturer who sells a product through multiple distribution channels with different transaction costs. We first derive the Nash equilibrium solutions for both simultaneous and sequential bargaining games. The numerical analyses for the Nash equilibrium solutions show that the optimal bargaining strategy of the manufacturer heavily depends not only on the degree of competition between the distribution channels but on the difference of the business surpluses of the distribution channels. First, it is shown that there can be four types of locally optimal bargaining strategies if we assume the market powers of the manufacturer over the distribution channels can be different. It is also shown that, among the four local optimal bargaining strategies, simultaneous bargaining with the distribution channels is the most preferred bargaining strategy for the manufacturer.

• Management Science and Financial Engineering
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.51-69
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• 2009

A network model and a Genetic Algorithm (GA) is proposed to solve the simultaneous estimation of the trip distribution and traffic assignment from traffic counts in the congested networks in a logit-based Stochastic User Equilibrium (SUE). The model is formulated as a problem of minimizing a non-linear objective function with the linear constraints. In the model, the flow-conservation constraints are utilized to restrict the solution space and to force the link flows become consistent to the traffic counts. The objective of the model is to minimize the discrepancies between two sets of link flows. One is the set of link flows satisfying the constraints of flow-conservation, trip production from origin, trip attraction to destination and traffic counts at observed links. The other is the set of link flows those are estimated through the trip distribution and traffic assignment using the path flow estimator in the logit-based SUE. In the proposed GA, a chromosome is defined as a real vector representing a set of Origin-Destination Matrix (ODM), link flows and route-choice dispersion coefficient. Each chromosome is evaluated by the corresponding discrepancies. The population of the chromosome is evolved by the concurrent simplex crossover and random mutation. To maintain the feasibility of solutions, a bounded vector shipment technique is used during the crossover and mutation.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.76-83
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• 2018

The electron energy probability function (EEPF) is of significant importance since the plasma chemistry such as the rate of ionization is determined by the electron energy distribution function. It is usually assumed to be Maxwell distribution for 0-D global model. Meanwhile, it has been observed experimentally that the form of EEPF of Ar plasma changes from being two-temperature to Druyvesteyn like as the gas pressure increases. Thus, to apply the 0-D global model of Maxwellian distribution to the non-Maxwellian plasma, we investigated the relative contribution of two distinct electrons with different temperatures. The contributions of cold/hot electrons to the equilibrium state of the plasma have attracted interest and been researched. The contributions to the power and particle balance of cold/hot electrons were studied by comparing the result of the global model considering all combinations of electron temperatures with that of 1-D Particle-in-Cell and Monte Carlo collision (PIC-MCC) simulation and the results of studies were analyzed physically. Furthermore, comparisons term by term for variations of the contribution of cold/hot electrons at different driving currents are presented.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.69-90
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• 2005

In research of a paper, the comparative study of the various precedence management result evaluation indices tends to be made, and it is going to show the improvement bill of the new franchise headquarters management result evaluation index by the equilibrium result table which compensated the problem stated from the contents of precedence research about the existing franchise management result evaluation index, and was corrected.