• 대한한의학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.88-101
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• 2009

Objectives: Since Korean traditional medicine has an integrative perspective by its nature, the patients' psychological and physical problems in a Korean traditional clinic may be resolved through a more integrative approach. The purpose of this study was to describe the latent characteristics of psychological health of child outpatients and their parents visiting Korean traditional clinic with physical complaints and was to propose an alternative curriculum to meet their needs based on their psychological and physical aspects. Methods: Subjects studied consisted of 100 outpatients (59 boys, 41 girls, mean age 55 months, age range 18 to 83 months) and their parents. Behavior characteristics for children were measured by Korean version of Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 1.5-5 (CBCL1.5-5) while parenting stress, depression, and anxiety for parent were measured by Korean-Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (K-PSI-SF), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), respectively. The data of subjects were compared to those of standardized groups and then were compared according to child's gender within sample. Results: Child participants were reported to have significantly higher scores of all CBCL 1.5-5 subscales than the standardized group. When compared, no differences of K-PSI-SF, CES-D, and STAI was found between parents of participants and the standardized groups. However, parents of child participants with at-risk psychological problems showed significantly higher scores of all parenting stress subscales than those of all child participants. In addition, the mothers of boy participants demonstrated significantly higher anxiety, depression and parenting stress than those of girl participants irrespective of psychological severity. Conclusions: We discussed the implication of these results in clinical situation and make recommendations for curriculum of psychiatry and pediatrics with the aim of improving proper diagnosis, consulting and treatment.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.188-196
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• 2018

본 연구는 여대생이 지각한 부모-자녀 간 의사소통이 여대생의 스마트폰 중독과 우울에 미치는 영향을 규명하기 위한 서술적 조사연구이다. 본 연구를 위하여 S 도시에 소재한 3개의 대학교의 여대생 151명을 대상으로 부모-자녀 간 의사소통, 스마트폰 중독, 우울 검사를 실시하였다. 자료 수집기간은 2017년 11월 1일에서 12월 8일까지였다. 수집된 자료는 t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficients와 multiple regression으로 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 여대생의 스마트폰 중독은 35.08(SD=6.83)점으로, 어머니와의 의사소통이 폐쇄적이며 문제가 있다고 인식할수록 스마트폰 중독이 높은 것으로 나타났다(${\beta}=.27$, p=.028). 아버지와의 개방적 의사소통은 스마트폰 중독을 낮추는 것으로 나타났다(${\beta}=-.27$, p=.030). 여대생의 우울은 15.86(SD=10.45)점으로 45% 정도가 우울을 경험하고 있으며 어머니와의 의사소통이 문제가 있다고 인식할수록 우울이 높게 나타났다(${\beta}=.29$, p=.022). 연구 결과에 비추어 볼 때, 여대생의 부모-자녀 간 의사소통은 스마트폰 중독과 우울에 영향을 미친다고 할 수 있다. 그러므로 여대생의 스마트폰 중독과 우울의 정도를 줄이거나 예방하기 위한 전략으로, 권위적이고 폐쇄적인 의사소통보다는 자녀를 독립된 인격체로 존중하는 개방적인 의사소통에 중점을 둔 맞춤형 의사소통 프로그램이 도움이 될 것이다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.453-462
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The inverse relationships of combined fruits and vegetables intake with blood pressure have been reported. However, whether there are such relationships with salty vegetables has rarely been investigated in epidemiologic studies. We evaluated the relation of combined and separate intake of fruits, vegetable intakes, and salty vegetables, as well as sodium and potassium, with blood pressure among the middle-aged and elderly populations. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The present cross-sectional analysis of a prospective cohort baseline survey was performed with 6,283 subjects (2,443 men and 3,840 women) and free of hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Dietary data were collected by trained interviewers using food frequency questionnaire. RESULTS: The significantly inverse linear trend of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was found in fruits and non-pickled vegetables (81.2 mmHg in the lowest quintile vs 79.0 mmHg in the highest quintile, P for trend = 0.0040) and fruits only (80.9 mmHg in the lowest quintile vs 79.4 mmHg in the highest quintile, P for trend = 0.0430) among men. In contrast, sodium and sodium to potassium ratio were positively related with blood pressure among men (DBP, 78.8 mmHg in the lowest quintile vs 80.6 mmHg in the highest quintile, P for trend = 0.0079 for sodium; DBP, 79.0 mmHg in the lowest quintile vs 80.7 mmHg in the highest quintile, P for trend = 0.0199 and SBP, 123.8 mmHg in the lowest quintile vs 125.9 mmHg in the highest quintile for sodium/potassium). Kimchies consumption was positively related to DBP for men (78.2 mmHg in the lowest quintile vs 80.9 mmHg in the highest quintile for DBP, P for trend = 0.0003). Among women, these relations were not found. CONCLUSION: Fruits and/or non-pickled vegetables may be inversely, but sodium, sodium to potassium, and Kimchies may be positively related to blood pressure among men.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.825-835
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• 2015

이번 연구는 서울 경기 지역과 경북지역에 거주하는 만 40세 이상 65세 이하 중년 여성을 연구 대상으로 우울과 스트레스, 그리고 자아존중감이 구강건강 영향지수에 미치는 영향을 파악하고자 하였다. 설문대상자를 편의표본추출법으로 선정한 후 연구의 취지와 목적을 설명하고 최종 205부를 최종 분석에 이용하였다. 대상자의 일반적 특성에 따른 구강건강 영향지수는 배우자가 있는 경우(p=0.005), 전신질환이 없는 경우(p=0.005), 구강상태가 건강하다고 인식할수록(p=0.025), 하루 칫솔질을 3회 이상 하는 여성일수록(p<0.05) 높게 나타났다. 일반적 특성에 따라 우울, 스트레스, 자아존중감의 차이에 대해 우울은 배우자가 없고(p=0.005), 전신질환이 있고(p=0.016), 지각된 구강상태가 건강하지 않고(p<0.001), 하루 칫솔질을 3회 이상 하는 중년 여성(p=0.005)에서 높았다. 스트레스는 중졸 이하인 경우(p<0.05), 배우자가 없는 경우(p=0.002), 구강상태가 건강하지 않은 중년 여성(p<0.001)이 높았다. 자아존중감은 연령이 낮을수록, 지각한 구강상태가 건강할수록, 하루 칫솔질을 3회 이상 하는 중년 여성에서 높았다. 우울, 스트레스, 자아존중감과 구강건강 영향지수 간의 관계는 우울(p<0.001)과 스트레스가 낮을수록(p<0.001), 그리고 자아존중감이 높을수록(p<0.001) 구강건강 영향지수가 높게 나타났다. 우울, 스트레스, 그리고 자아존중감이 구강건강 영향지수에 미치는 영향을 알아본 결과, 스트레스(p<0.001)는 유의한 부(-)의 영향을 미쳤으며, 자아존중감(p=0.009)은 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.580-592
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• 2020

Background: Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (thereafter called ginseng) has been used as a medicinal herb for thousands of years to maintain people's physical vitality and is also a non-organ-specific cancer preventive and therapeutic traditional medicine in several epidemiologic and preclinical studies. Owing to few toxic side effects and strong enhancement on body immunity, ginseng has admirable application potential and value in cancer chemoprevention. The study aims at investigating the chemopreventive effects of ginseng on cutaneous carcinoma and the underlying mechanisms. Methods: The mouse skin cancer model was induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry was used for identifying various ginsenosides, the main active ingredients of ginseng. Comprehensive approaches (including network pharmacology, bioinformatics, and experimental verification) were used to explore the potential targets of ginseng. Results: Ginseng treatment inhibited cutaneous carcinoma in terms of initiation and promotion. The content of Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd ginsenosides was the highest in both mouse blood and skin tissues. Ginseng and its active components well maintained the redox homeostasis and modulated the immune response in the model. Specifically, ginseng treatment inhibited the initiation of skin cancer by enhancing T-cell-mediated immune response through upregulating HSP27 expression and inhibited the promotion of skin cancer by maintaining cellular redox homeostasis through promoting nuclear translocation of Nrf2. Conclusion: According to the study results, ginseng can be potentially used for cutaneous carcinoma as a chemopreventive agent by enhancing cell-mediated immunity and maintaining redox homeostasis with multiple components, targets, and links.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.25-35
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• 2011

본 연구는 성인의 사회적 지지와 우울 정도를 파악하고, 일반적 특성에 따라 사회적 지지와 우울 정도를 비교하며, 사회적 지지와 우울 간에 관계를 분석하여 우울에 미치는 사회적 지지의 효과를 파악함으로써, 우울 예방 및 관리를 위한 기초 자료를 제공하기 위하여 수행되었다. 본 연구의 자료는 제주특별자치도에서 지원하여 수행한 '제주도민 우울실태조사' 연구과제의 원시 자료를 이용하여 이차분석 하였으며, 연구대상은 제주지역에서 계층적 무작위 집락 표출법을 이용하여 선정한 750가구의 성인이었으며, 24명의 훈련된 조사원이 2007년 11월부터 12월까지 가구면접조사를 통해 수집한 1,155명의 자료를 분석하였다. 우울은 The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D)를 이용하였고, 사회적 지지는 The Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) Social Support Survey 도구를 이용하였다. 연구결과, 우울은 평균 11.35점이었고. 사회적 지지는 평균 75.53점이었다. 주관적 건강수준이 낮을수록, 스트레스가 높을 수록, 학력이 낮을수록, 결혼상태가 미혼이거나 배우자가 있는 경우보다 이혼 및 사별인 경우, 사회경제적 수준이 낮을수록, 종교가 없는 경우 우울 정도는 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이 여섯개의 독립변수가 설명하는 변량은 29.8%였고, 회귀모형은 유의하였다. 사회적 지지가 포함되었을 때, 결혼상태, 사회경제적 수준, 종교는 유의하지 않았고, 사회적 지지와 주관적 건강수준, 스트레스, 교육수준은 우울에 유의한 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났으며, 이 회귀모형을 유의하였고, 설명되는 변량은 36.9%로 사회적 지지가 포함되지 않았을 때보다 7.4%가 증가하였다. 또한 단계적 회귀분석을 하였을 때, 사회적 지지가 설명하는 변량은 22%로 비교적 높았고, 주관적 건강수준으로 설명변량이 11.4% 증가하였고, 스트레스 인지를 추가하여 우울에 대한 설명변량이 2.7%가 증가한 것으로 나타나, 다른 변수들에 비해 사회적 지지의 설명 변량이 높은 편이었고, 회귀계수도 ${\beta}$=-.319로 비교적 큰 편이었다. 사회적 지지는 본 연구에 포함된 다른 여러 변수에 비해 우울을 가장 잘 설명해주는 요인이므로 사회적 지지 강화 프로그램을 마련하여 우울예방과 관리를 위한 하나의 전략으로 활용할 것을 제안한다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.607-622
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• 2004

Recently epidemiologic studies have indicated that the patients with periodontitis may have increased risk of ischemic cardiovascular events, and have suggested the important roles of blood cytokines and acute reactant proteins in the systemic infection and inflammatory response. Periodontitis and coronary heart disease (CHD) may share the common risk factors and the genetic mechanism associated with interleukin(IL)-1A, B and RA genotype may be involved in the production of IL-1. This study was aimed to investigate the relationship between angiographically defined CHD and periodontitis as chronic Gram-negative bacterial infection and to determine whether the IL-1 gene polymorphism is associated in both diseases. Patients under the age of 60 who had undergone diagnostic coronary angiography were enrolled in this study. Subjects were classified as positive CHD (+CHD, n=37) with coronary artery stenosis more than 50% in at least one of major epicardial arteries, and negative CHD (-CHD, n=30) without significant stenosis. After recording the number of missing teeth, periodontal disease severity was measured by means of plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and radiographic bone loss around all remaining teeth. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was collected from the 4 deepest periodontal pockets and assessed for cytokine ($IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-1ra, tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$, and prostaglandin $E_2$). Additionally, blood CHD markers, lipid profile, and blood cytokines were analyzed. IL-1 gene cluster genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction and enzyme restriction using genomic DNA from buccal swab, and allele 2 frequencies of IL-1A(+4845), IL-1B(+3954), IL-B(-511), and IL-1RA(intron 2) were compared between groups. Even though there was no significant difference in the periodontal parameters between 2 groups, GCF level of $PGE_2$ was significantly higher in the +CHD group(p<0.05). Correlation analysis showed the positive relationship among PD, CAL and coronary artery stenosis(%) and blood $PGE_2$. There was also significant positive relationship between the periodontal parameters (PI, PD, CAL) and the blood CHD markers (leukocyte count, C-reactive protein, and lactic dehyrogenase). IL-1 gene genotyping showed that IL-1A(+3954) allele 2 frequency was significantly higher in the +CHD group compared with the -CHD group (15% vs. 3.3%, OR 5.118,p=0.043). These results suggested that periodontal inflammation is related to systemic blood cytokine and CHD markers, and contributes to cardiovascular disease via systemic inflammatory reaction. IL-1 gene polymorphism might have an influence on periodontal and coronary heart diseases in Korean patients.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.201-212
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• 1997

Objectives: We attempted to study sleep habits and insomnia-associated factors in Korean rural adult population. Methods : In 1,441 adult subjects of three rural communities selected by cluster sampling, we administered an epidemiologic survey using questionnaire methods from July 14, 1996 to July 28, 1996. Results : 1) Mean sleep latency and mean time to sleep again after awakening during nocturnal sleep were longer in females than in males. Females suffered more frequently from insomnia symptom, awakening during nocturnal sleep. morning headache, dysphoric mood in the morning, and the feeling of 'not refreshed' on waking-up than males. 2) The older age group (defined as those older than 65 years) was found to have earlier bed-time, longer sleep latency, more frequent nocturia, longer time to sleep again after awakening during nocturnal sleep, and more frequent insomnia symptom. 3) The presence of insomnia symptom more than once a week was significantly associated with suffering from physical illness, being divorced-separated-widowed, frequently feeling depressed, nocturia, or low education level. 4) In multiple logistic regression analysis, old age, being female, low education level, frequently feeling depressed, and nocturia were independently associated with the presence of insomnia symptom more than once a week. Conclusion : We conclude that, in a Korean rural adult population, insomnia symptom increases with age and females usually suffer more from insomnia symptom than males. In addition, low education level, feeling depressed mood frequently, and nocturia are found to be significantly associated independently with the presence of insomnia symptom more than once a week.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.246-257
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• 2012

본 연구는 부산지역 65세 이상 노인을 대상으로 질병상태를 정상, 만성질환, 우울증, 우울증을 동반한 만성질환의 4군으로 구분하여 질병상태에 따른 자가 평가 건강수준을 비교하고, 자가 평가 건강 수준에 관련된 요인을 관찰하고자 하였다. 연구 자료로 부산광역시 2009년 지역사회건강조사 자료를 활용하였고, 그 중 65세 이상 노인 2,549명을 추출하여 연구 대상으로 하였다. 자료는 SAS program(ver. 9.2)을 이용하여 ${\chi}^2$-test, multiple logistic regression을 복합표본분석 방법으로 분석하였다. 분석 결과 자가 평가 건강수준이 만성질환과 우울증의 단일질환만을 가진 경우보다 만성질환에 우울증을 동반한 경우 매우 낮게 관찰되었고, 만성질환자의 우울증 동반율이 높았다. 질병 상태이외에 여자에서, 교육수준이 낮은 경우, 경제수준이 낮은 경우, 중등도 운동을 하지 않는 경우, 걷기 운동을 하지 않는 경우 자가 평가 건강수준이 낮았다. 본 연구결과를 토대로 노인 만성질환관리 사업에 우울증 관리를 연계한 사업 모형을 개발하여 지역사회에 적용할 것과 노인 만성질환 관리 사업에서는 우선대상으로 취약계층과 여성을 고려하고, 운동 사업을 연계하는 것을 제안한다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.80-88
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• 2001

Objectives : In an epidemiologic study on the health impact of Agent Orange exposure, the valid estimation of exposure level is the most important step. Based on recent studies, we examined the correlation between exposure levels categorized by personal exposure estimates and serum 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD, Dioxin), exploring the possibility of utilizing the exposure level as a surrogate for the estimate of exposure to agent orange. Methods : During the study period (Jan 1996-Feb 1996), blood specimens of 745 subjects taken randomly among 1,329 persons and kept frozen, were analyzed for 2,3,7,8-TCDO and six other dioxin congeners. The serum dioxin and congeners were measured in 1998 by CDC, adjusted for serum lipids. We categorized the total exposure scores into five groups based on Agent Orange exposure data collected by interview and military records. Pearson and Spearman's correlation coefficients & multiple regression analysis were used to identify the relationship of the exposure level categorized with serum concentration of 2,3,7,8-TCDD, and six other dioxin congeners. Results : Dioxin and the other congeners, except 1,2,4,6,7,8-HpCDD, showed significant correlations to exposure categories (p<0.005): 2,3,7,8-TCDD and OCDD showed positive correlations, whereas the other congeners did negative. The values of 2,3,7,8-TCDD differed according to exposure category and proportionally increased from the low exposure group to the high, a dose-response relationship, even after other possible confounding variables were adjusted for. In multiple regression analysis, age$(\beta=0.033)$, dioxin$(\beta=0.433)$, 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD$(\beta=-0.998)$, 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD$(\beta=-0.773)$, 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD$(\beta=0.255)$, 1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD$(\beta=-3.468)$, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD$(\beta=0.109)$ we re found to be significantly related to the total exposure score(p<0.005). Conclusion : This study demonstrated that the use of such categorizations as a surrogate measure of agent orange exposure in identifying exposure degrees in a health impact study is valid.