• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.114.1-114.1
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• 2011

Bioenergy production from lignocellulosic biomass and agriculture wastes have been attracted because of its sustainable and non-edible source. Especially, canola is considered as one of the best feedstock for renewable fuel production. Oil extracted canola and its agriculture residues are reuseable for bioethanol production. However, a pretreatment step is required before enzymatic hydrolysis to disrupt recalcitrant lignocellulosic matrix. To increase the sugar conversion, more efficient pretreatment process was necessary for removal of saccharification barriers such as lignin. Alkaline pretreatment makes the lignocellulose swollen through solvation and induces more porous structure for enzyme access. In our previous work, aqueous ammonia (1~20%) was utilized for alkaline reagent to increase the crystallinity of canola residues pretreatment. In this study, significant factors for efficient soaking in aqueous ammonia pretreatment on canola residues was optimized by using the response surface method (RSM). Based on the fundamental experiments, the real values of factors at the center (0) were determined as follows; $70^{\circ}C$ of temperature, 17.5% of ammonia concentration and 18 h of reaction time in the experiment design using central composition design (CCD). A statistical model predicted that the highest removal yield of lignin was 54% at the following optimized reaction conditions: $72.68^{\circ}C$ of temperature, 18.30% of ammonia concentration and 18.30 h of reaction time. Finally, maximum theoretical yields of soaking in aqueous ammonia pretreatment were 42.23% of glucose and 22.68% of xylose.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.42-47
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• 2013

This study was performed to find cellulolytic strain of enzymatic saccharification for bioethanol production. Cellulolytic strains were isolated from 59 different feces of herbivores from Seoul Grand Park located in Gwacheon Gyeonggi-Do. The celluloytic strain was selected by congo red staining and DNS method. Among the isolated strains, H9-1 strain isolated from the feces of rabbit has the highest CMCase activity. H9-1 strain was identified as Bacillus sp. based on 16S rDNA gene sequencing. The optimal conditions for CMCase activity by Bacillus sp. H9-1 were at $40^{\circ}C$ and at initial pH 8.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.31-34
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• 1979

In this study, enzymatic hydrolysis of the substrate of the waste wood of Cortinellus edodes was investigated using crude cellulase preparation of Trichoderma viride Pers. ex. Fr. SANK 16374. The crude cellulase was produced by the submerged culture process and produced in the culture fluid was salted out quantitatively by the use of ammonium sulfate. Reducing sugar was determined by the dinitrosalisylic acid (DNS) method. 1. The chemical composition of the waste wood was crude protein 2.26%, c. fat 2.57%, c. fibre 44.60%, c. ash 5.58% and lignin 13.62%. In amino acid composition, no cystine and methionine was showed, but trace amount of Vitamin A, $B_1$, and $B_2$, niacine and chloride were detected. (Table 1) 2. As heat treatment of the substrate was found to produce the highest reducing sugar yield being reacted for 48hr. with T.v cellulase, the substrate was heated to $190{\pm}5^{\circ}C$. for 45 min. either before or immediately after milling. 3. The substrate heated and ball milled at $190{\pm}5^{\circ}C$. for 45 min. the reducing sugar yield reached to 11.5%. 4. The substrate without any treatment was found to produce the highest reducing sugar yield being reacted 72hr. with T. v cellulase, the reducing sugar yield reached to 10.1%. 5. The rate of reducing sugar per each treated substrate was decreased by the order of the substrated, heated and then ball milled at $190{\pm}5^{\circ}C$. for 45 min. (11.5%)> without any treatment (10.1)> ball milled and heated at $190{\pm}5^{\circ}C$. for 45 min. (6.9%). 6. Saccharification of waste wood has been shown to be possible by heat treated and milling the substrate in contact with cellulase. And it is likely to be recommended that the waste wood may be valuable for raw materials of saccharification.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.840-844
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• 1988

High-protein rice flour (HPRF) was prepared by an enzymatic process using ${\alpha}-amylase$ and g1ucoamylase without cooking Process and the feasibility of HPRF as infants foods was tested. Rice flour slurry was treated with 0.25% ${\alpha}-amylase$ and 0.5% glucoamylase at $55^{\circ}C$ for 24hrs. After saccharification, the digested rice slurry was centrifuged and the precipitated paste, was then heat-dried to obtain HPRF. The protein content of the HPRF was 20.8%. On the other hand, the supernatant of glucose enriched solution was decolourized, deionized and then isomerised to furctose at $60^{\circ}C$ for 100min by using immobilized glucose isomerase column. The high-fructose solution (HFS) contained 56% glucose, 42% fructose and 2% oligosaccharide. The nutritional quality of the HPRF was compared with milk protein and soybean protein in weight gain, feed efficiency ratio (FER), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and liver weight. HPRF was almost the same in all items with milk and soybean protein, but significantly superior to rice flour group.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.57-63
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• 1978

Enzymatic hydrolysis of the substrate from Alnus hirsuta (Spach) Rupr (8-14years) was investigated using cellulase preparations of Trichoderma viride Pers. ex. Fr. SANK 16374 and conduced on the optimum reaction conditions of the cellulase on saccharification. The crude cellulase was produced by the submerged culture process and produced in the culture fluid was salted out quantitatively by the use of ammonium sulfate. The method of delignification from wood(Saw dust) was treated by the peracetic acid (PA) method. Reducing sugar was determined by the dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method. The results were summerized as follows; 1. The optimum pH of cellulase was 5.0 and the range of stability with respect to pH was generally from 4.0 to 6.0 2. The optimum temperature of cellulase was generally $40^{\circ}C$, but reducing sugar formation did not show significent differences at 5% levels in the reaction temperature from $40^{\circ}C$ to $50^{\circ}C$. 3. The redusing sugar were increased with increase of cellulase concentration. 4. The reducing sugar were decreased with increase of substrate concentration. 5. Fructose was a very good inhibitor of the enzyme from Trichoderma viride, but glucose inhibition was generally weak.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.483-488
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• 2009

The Brown-algae polysaccharide consisting of alginate and laminaran is usable as high bio-ethanol production if hydrolyzed to monomer unit. The objective of this study is to produce bio-ethanol from brown-algae using enzymatic saccharification. Bio-ethanol was produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae KCCM 1129 and Pachysolen tannophilus KCTC 7937 strains. The substrate used Laminaria japonica, Sargassum fulvellum and Hizikia fusiformis. We isolated a new alginate lyase and laminaran lyase producing microorganism for hydrolysis of brown-algae from southern sea of Gijang. The reducing sugar was obtained 1.90 g/L from Laminarin japonica 20 g/L that used enzyme from Bacterium antarctica. In pretreatment of the most suitable brown-algae for ethanol production, ethanol concentration of 0.93 g/L and yield of 4.65% were obtained in condition of Laminaria japonica in medium.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
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• 2011.10a
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• pp.167-177
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• 2011

Renewable energy resources and technologies have the potential to provide long-lasting solutions of the global energy-requirements faced by the economic and environmental sectors of a nation. Therefore, waste money bills were used as renewable energy source for the production of bio-ethanol. In this study, different concentrated NaOH 0.5%. 1.0%, 2.0%, 3.0% and 0.0% (as a control) were used for 10, 20 and 30 mins at $121^{\circ}C$/15 psi in an autoclave. Saccharification and fermentation (aerobic and anaerobic) were carried out through commercial enzyme Celluclast 1.5 L, Novozymes 188 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae KCCM 11304 respectively. The results of pretreatment showed that the NaOH pre-treated substrate enhanced enzyme action and released more amount of glucose. The amount of glucose was found with the increasing concentration of NaOH and time $44996.95{\pm}6.30$, $46763.10{\pm}3.56$, $53421.32{\pm}4.72$, $63431.25{\pm}6.95$ and $56850.98{\pm}6.75\;ng/{\mu}l$ for 30 min respectively. As for bioethanol, the conversion rate of NaOH resulted $1010.08{\pm}4.71$, $1050.25{\pm}4.37$, $1109.49{\pm}4.39$, $1139.25{\pm}3.26$ and $1020.77{\pm}3.89$ ppm for aerobic; $16730.54{\pm}6.67$, $17076.45{\pm}6.25$, $17516.17{\pm}4.49$, $19782.68{\pm}6.19$ and $17973.39{\pm}7.50$ ppm for anaerobic and $18935.02{\pm}4.59$, $19895.45{\pm}5.39$, $21912.95{\pm}4.83$, $24895.21{\pm}6.72$ and $18961.21{\pm}4.90$ ppm for anaerobic condition with benzoic acid for respective condition. Thus, the results of the present work clearly revealed that with the increasing of alkali concentration might be more effective for bio-ethanol production from waste money bill, which is economic and environmental friendly.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.383-390
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• 1990

Alcoholic distillery waste was utilized as dual purposes to produce citric acid and to reduce the amount of waste to be treated. Enzyme and acid hydrolysis of this waste were studied to suggest effective way of present purpose. Enzymatic hydrolysis of this naked barley alcoholic distillery waste by $\alpha$-and $\beta$-amylase gave glucose as 8g/l concentration at $55^{\circ}C$ for 6 hours, which produced 1g/l citric acid and 5.33g/l mycelial. This waste material hydrolyzed with 25% HCl at $120^{\circ}C$ showed 21.5g/l glucose and produced 1.75g/l citric acid with 4.9g/1 mycelial. The glucose concentration was decreased to 3.44g/l by further 2nd acid hydrolysis because the monosugars were decomposed at prolonged hydrolysis conditions. The addition of 3g/l $NH_4NO_3$ increased the mycelial growth but reduced the amount of citric acid formed. The formation of citric acid was increased at low concentration of manganese ion.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 1978

In this study, enzymatic hydrolysis of the holocellulose from Alnus hirsuta (Spach) Rupr. (8-14 yr's) was investigated using crude cellulase preparations of Trichoderma viride Pers. ex. Fr. SANK 16374. And conducted on the optimum condition of the treated substrate for saccharification. A strain of Trichoderma viride Pers. ex. Fr. SANK 16374 was found to be highly efficient for the cellulase productivity, especially in the submerged culture process. The culture medium used in this experiment was prepared from an extract of wheat bran consisting also of $KH_2PO_410$, $(NH_4)_2$ $SO_4$ 3, $NaNO_3$ 3, and $MgSO_4$ $7H_2O$ 0.5g/l. Cellulose powder (Toyo filter paper, 60 mesh) was found to be an importent factar for inducing the cellulase formation. And the cellulase produced in the culture fluid was salted out quantitatively by the use of ammonium sulfate (Fig. 1) Reducing sugar was determined by the Dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method, using reagents prepared according to the method of Sumner (1925). The results obtained were summerized as follows; 1. The method of delignification were treated by the Peracetic acid (PA) method, according to the method of Toyama (1970). The yield of holocellulose were decreased in accordance with increasing concentration of Peracetic acid solution; delignification of Alnus hirsuta Rupr. with 20% Peracetic acid was satisfied for 48 hours and 40%~60% peracetic acid was satisfied for 24 hrs: 2. The substrate (holocellulose) was changed easely into fine powder with enzymatic hydrolysis and cellulase exhibits optimum activity on the reducing sugar formation from substrate at the range of 60-100 mesh. 3. The reducing sugar formation increased in accordance with increasing dry temperature on holocellulose substrate was found to be $190{\pm}5^{\circ}C$. 4. The optimal heat treated time of holocellulose substrate was found to be 45 min. for the reducing sugar formation showed the best products. The reducing sugar formation did not show statisticaly significent diflerences at 5% levels by heat treated time for 45 min. and 60 min.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.176-183
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• 2013

To explore hydrolysis methods for the efficient manufacture of sugar solutions from the freshwater alga Water-net (Hydrodictyon reticulatum, HR), acid hydrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis, and combined hydrolysis (acid followed by enzymatic hydrolysis) were investigated. In the one-step acid hydrolysis, the reaction of 8% solids content using 2% sulfuric acid at $120^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour was desirable. In this case, glucose 27.44 g 100 g $DM^{-1}$ could be obtained from the HR-d13 samples. In the two-step acid hydrolysis, the primary hydrolysis (HR powder : 72% sulfuric acid = 1 g : 1.5 mL) was carried out for 1 hour at $60^{\circ}C$, and then the secondary hydrolysis was done for 1 hour at $120^{\circ}C$ after addition of distilled water 23.5 mL. In this case, glucose 35.11 g/100 g DM could be obtained from the HR-d13 samples. In the combined hydrolysis, 25% solids content using 2% hydrochloric acid were reacted for 1 hour at $120^{\circ}C$, and then citrate buffer and hydrolysis enzyme complexes (E1 1.0 mL+E2 0.2 mL $g^{-1}$ dried matter) were added and reacted for 1 - 2 days at $50^{\circ}C$. In this case, glucose 33.5 g 100 g $DM^{-1}$ could be obtained from the HR-d23+26 samples. In conclusion, combined hydrolysis was likely to be more useful saccharification method of HR biomass at a practical level, considering the glucose productivity, generation of fermentation-inhibiting substances (hydroxyl methyl furfural, furfural), and limited use of strong acid.