• Proceedings of The Korean Society of Health Promotion Conference
• /
• 2005.11a
• /
• pp.76-91
• /
• 2005

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.139-145
• /
• 2016

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is a major public health problem for all ages. Despite the high prevalence of smoking among the Saudi population, there is limited information about levels of urinary cotinine in Saudi children exposed to SHS. The aim of the study was to assess the exposure of schoolchildren to ETS, and measure their urinary cotinine levels. Multistage cluster sampling was carried out, where schoolchildren from 4 schools were randomly chosen from primary schools in Taif city. A questionnaire including questions on SHS exposure and smoking rules in the residence were sent to students parents/guardians. Urine samples were taken and analyzed for total cotinine using chemiluminescent immunoassay. Of the studied children, 38.4% had a smoking father, 61.8%, 41.2% and 49.3% of them were exposed to ETS indoors, outdoors and both indoors and outdoors respectively. The mean urinary cotinine was significantly higher among children exposed to ETS compared to unexposed children. Urinary cotinine levels in children with both indoor and outdoor exposure was significantly higher compared with its level in children with single exposure. A significant positive correlation was found between urinary cotinine concentrations and the number of cigarette packs smoked by parents, and the number of smokers in the residence. The mean urinary cotinine level was significantly higher in children who reported no smoking rules at the residence.. The study revealed a high exposure of Saudi children to ETS. An antismoking media awareness campaign on the harmful effects of ETS should be carried out, in addition to family counseling programs targeted to parents to protect their children from ETS.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.16 no.13
• /
• pp.5311-5317
• /
• 2015

Cigarette smoke derivatives like NNK (4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone) and NNAL (4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butan-1-ol) are well-known carcinogens. We analyzed the interaction of enzymes involved in the NER (nucleotide excision repair) pathway with ligands (NNK and NNAL). Binding was characterized for the enzymes sharing equivalent or better interaction as compared to +Ve control. The highest obtained docking energy between NNK and enzymes RAD23A, CCNH, CDK7, and CETN2 were -7.13 kcal/mol, -7.27 kcal/mol, -8.05 kcal/mol and -7.58 kcal/mol respectively. Similarly the highest obtained docking energy between NNAL and enzymes RAD23A, CCNH, CDK7, and CETN2 were -7.46 kcal/mol, -7.94 kcal/mol, -7.83 kcal/mol and -7.67 kcal/mol respectively. In order to find out the effect of NNK and NNAL on enzymes involved in the NER pathway applying protein-protein interaction and protein-complex (i.e. enzymes docked with NNK/NNAL) interaction analysis. It was found that carcinogens are well capable to reduce the normal functioning of genes like RAD23A (HR23A), CCNH, CDK7 and CETN2. In silico analysis indicated loss of functions of these genes and their corresponding enzymes, which possibly might be a cause for alteration of DNA repair pathways leading to damage buildup and finally contributing to cancer formation.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.20 no.6
• /
• pp.715-727
• /
• 2004

This study was carried out to evaluate non-smoker's exposure levels to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in the air of offices in urban areas. A total of 65 offices were selected from two large cities, i.e. Daegu and Daejeon. The field sampling was conducted repeatedly in summer (1999) and winter (1999～2000). The measured ETS markers included respirable suspended particles (RSP as PM$_{40}$ ), vapor and particulate phase ETS markers, including nicotine, 3-ethnyl pyridine (3-EP), ultraviolet absorbing particulate matter (UVPM), fluorescing particulate matter (FPM), and solanseol in ETS particles (SolPM). RSP was measured gravimetrically by a microbalance. The particle samples were then used for the determination of particulate ETS markers by HPLC, while vapor phase markers determined by GC/NPD. The analytical methods were validated for repeatability, linearity, detection limits, and duplication precision. The concentrations of RSP and other ETS markers were significantly higher in smoking offices than non-smoking offices. Despite the similar smoking strength in each office for different seasons, the concentration levels of ETS components appeared to be higher in winter than summer. The contributions of ETS to RSP concentrations based on SolPM, FPM, and UVPM methods were estimated to be in the range of 15.2 ～ 25.3% in smoking offices, whereas 2.4 ～ 15.9% in non-smoking offices. The cooling and heating types did not affect significantly the concentrations of RSP and other ETS markers. Finally, further research issues were suggested to obtain more scientific information on the non-smoker's exposure to ETS with respect to the frame of risk assessment..

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2008.02a
• /
• pp.703-707
• /
• 2008

This paper proposes a method of design and implementation a simulation system in which humans can plan their evacuation paths in a high-rise building considering damages from high temperature and smoke in case of fire. Humans in evacuation search the nearest exit and follow a path to the exit. When humans are evacuating toward an exit, they are going to move with their highest speeds. However, many environmental factors prohibit their fast movements. In this paper, we calculate the evacuation speed of each human considering temperature damage and smoke damage. We restrict the number of humans that can be evacuated per second according to the actual size of the exit door. Experimental results showed that the evacuation speed is affected by the temperature condition and the smoke density.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.28-44
• /
• 1996

The purpose of this study is to examine the associated risk factors for adolescent cigarette smoking. In February 1995, a total of 1793 students from 17 general high schools in Seoul were assessed with a self-completing questionnaire pertaining current smoking status and school.family.peer environmental factors. The results are as follows; 1. The overall proportion of current smoker among students in the study was 17.3%; 27.7% in males and 6.6% in females. 2. There was significant association between smoking status and all school environmental factors (ranks at school, satisfaction at school, study hours after school, extracurricular activity) examined. 3. Siblings smoking in males and family structure in females were significantly associated with the smoking status of students. 4. Functional aspect of family environmental factors, such as APGAR score, parental supervision, attachment to father or to mother were related to smoking status of students. 5. Association with friends who smoke was significantly associated with smoking status of students. 6. In males, association with friends who smoke, ranks at school, siblings smoking were significant positive predictors and APGAR score, parental supervision, attchment to mother were significant negative predictors. In females, association with friends whosmoke, ranks at school, satisfaction at school were significant positive predictors and parental supervision, attchment to father were significant negative predictors. These findings suggest that strategies that influence smoking behavior need to be directed not only to the individual student but also to their peer group, family and school environment.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.330-343
• /
• 2017

Climate change is an important issue, with many researches examining not only future climatic conditions, but also the interaction of climate and air quality. In this study, a new version of the emissions processing software tool - Python-based PRocessing Operator for Climate and Emission Scenarios (PROCES) - was developed to support climate and atmospheric chemistry modeling studies. PROCES was designed to cover global and regional scale modeling domains, which correspond to GEOS-Chem and CMAQ/CAMx models, respectively. This tool comprises of one main system and two units of external software. One of the external software units for this processing system was developed using the GIS commercial program, which was used to create spatial allocation profiles as an auxiliary database. The SMOKE-Asia emissions modeling system was linked to the main system as an external software, to create model-ready emissions for regional scale air quality modeling. The main system was coded in Python version 2.7, which includes several functions allowing general emissions processing steps, such as emissions interpolation, spatial allocation and chemical speciation, to create model-ready emissions and auxiliary inputs of SMOKE-Asia, as well as user-friendly functions related to emissions analysis, such as verification and visualization. Due to its flexible software architecture, PROCES can be applied to any pregridded emission data, as well as regional inventories. The application results of our new tool for global and regional (East Asia) scale modeling domain under RCP scenario for the years 1995-2006, 2015-2025, and 2040-2055 was quantitatively in good agreement with the reference data of RCPs.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.33 no.4
• /
• pp.836-847
• /
• 2016

Water soluble oil was obtained by pyrolysis of biomass. The characteristics of emulsified fuel by mixing water soluble oil and MDO(marine diesel oil) and engine emissions were studied with engine dynamometer. Saw dust was used as biomass. Water soluble oil was obtained by condensing of water and carbon content with pyrolysis of saw dust at $500^{\circ}C$. Emulsion fuel was obtained by emulsifying MDO and water soluble oil by the water soluble oil mixing ratio of 10 to 20% of MDO. Exhaust gas detection was performed with engine dynamometer. While combustion, micro-explosion took place in the combustion chamber by water in the emulsion fuel, emulsion fuel scattered to micro particles and it caused to smoke reduction. The heat produced from water vapour reduce the temperature of internal combustion chamber and it caused to inhibition of NOx production. It can be verified by the lower exhaust temperature of each ND-13 mode using emulsion fuel than that of MDO fuel. The NOx and smoke concentration were reduced by increasing water soluble oil content in the emulsion fuel. The power also decreased according to the increment of water soluble oil content of emulsion fuel because emulsion fuel has low calorific value due to high water content than MDO. As a result of ND-13 mode test with 20% bio oil content, it was achieved 25% reduction in NOx production, 60% reduction in smoke density, and 15% reduction in power loss.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.281-292
• /
• 2000

This study was conducted from Nov. 15 to Dec. 20. 1999, covering 3.214 fourth. fifth, and sixth graders in 25 schools. one from each Ku in Seoul. in order to provide basic data for developing smoking prevention program. The results of the study were as follows : 1. Among the students under inquiry. $10.2\%$ answered they had the experience of smoking, while $6.3\%$ said they are current smokers. 2. With regard to smokers' smoking behavior. about 90% of them smoke one or two cigarettes a day. A lot of them was their own or friends' homes to smoke. but not at specific time. Many students who smoke say they was cigarettes stored and/or picked up at home. $28.9\%$ of them have friends who know that they smoke and $27.7\%$ of them have siblings are aware they are smokers. $24.2\%$ of them said no one around them is aware of the fact they. smoke. 3. Forth grade is the most frequent year students start smoking$(23.5\%)$. Most of them had their first smoking experience at their homes out of curiosity. 4. Profile of a typical smoker would; be male; from miscellaneous religions; have very few friends: have hard time to fit in at school and he/she has a poor academic record. 5. Environmental profile of a smoker consists of: commercial area resident: single-parented; lacks attention from parents; has hard time at home; has someone who smokes within the family. 6. Regarding the experience of smoking prevention education. the rate of current smokers who have learned about smoking prevention was lower than that of who have not learned. 7. Among the non-smoking students. $81.3\%$ of them said they would keep away from smoking and $1.6\%$ of them said they would like to smoke in the future. while $17.1\%$ were undecided. Among the students who smoke. $93.7\%$ wish to quit smoking.

• Journal of Korean Society of Disaster and Security
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.69-74
• /
• 2018

Fog to which environmental impacts are sensitive has a danger to the safety of citizens due to the difficulty in predicting the specific area/time zone. Therefore, we propose a white smoke fog reduction technique using a fog removal device that can remove fog particles directly through dry air and anionic condensation nucleus instead of conventional passive countermeasures. In this study, to verify the effect of reducing fog and the effect of temperature on the white smoke fog which is frequently occurred in the detention basin. As a result, the visible distance of 100m or more was secured within 30 seconds, and it was confirmed that the fog reduction effect is more effective. Also, the lower the temperature, the larger the amount of white smoke fog was. However, the effect of reducing the white smoke fog by temperature was insignificant. Through this experiment, it was possible to verify the reduction effect of the white smoke fog generated in the detention basin through fog removal device.