Browse > Article

Measurement of Environmental Tobacco Smoke in the Air of Offices in Urban Areas - Focusing on the Impact of Smoking on the Concentrations of Suspended Particles -  

Baek Sung-Ok (영남대학교 건설환경공학부)
Park Sang-Kon (혜천대학 환경시스템과)
Publication Information
Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment / v.20, no.6, 2004 , pp. 715-727 More about this Journal
Abstract
This study was carried out to evaluate non-smoker's exposure levels to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in the air of offices in urban areas. A total of 65 offices were selected from two large cities, i.e. Daegu and Daejeon. The field sampling was conducted repeatedly in summer (1999) and winter (1999～2000). The measured ETS markers included respirable suspended particles (RSP as PM$_{40}$ ), vapor and particulate phase ETS markers, including nicotine, 3-ethnyl pyridine (3-EP), ultraviolet absorbing particulate matter (UVPM), fluorescing particulate matter (FPM), and solanseol in ETS particles (SolPM). RSP was measured gravimetrically by a microbalance. The particle samples were then used for the determination of particulate ETS markers by HPLC, while vapor phase markers determined by GC/NPD. The analytical methods were validated for repeatability, linearity, detection limits, and duplication precision. The concentrations of RSP and other ETS markers were significantly higher in smoking offices than non-smoking offices. Despite the similar smoking strength in each office for different seasons, the concentration levels of ETS components appeared to be higher in winter than summer. The contributions of ETS to RSP concentrations based on SolPM, FPM, and UVPM methods were estimated to be in the range of 15.2 ～ 25.3% in smoking offices, whereas 2.4 ～ 15.9% in non-smoking offices. The cooling and heating types did not affect significantly the concentrations of RSP and other ETS markers. Finally, further research issues were suggested to obtain more scientific information on the non-smoker's exposure to ETS with respect to the frame of risk assessment..
Keywords
Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS); Smoking; Respirable suspended particles (RSP); Solanesol; 3-ethnyl pyridine (3-EP); Nicotine; Indoor air quality (IAQ);
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 1  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 ASTM (1994) Standard test method for estimating the contribution of environmental tobacco smoke to respirable suspended particles based on UVPM and FPM. Annula Book of ASTM Standards, 11, 1-19
2 Baek, S.O. and R.A. Jenkins (2001) Performance evaluation of simultaneous monitoring of personal exposure to environmental tobbaco smoke and volatile organic compounds, Indoor and Built Environment, 10, 200-208
3 Cohen, M.A., P.B. Ryan, Y. Yanagisawa, J.D. Spengler , H Ozkaynak and P.S. Epstein (1989) Indoor/ outdoor measurements of volatile organic compounds in the Kanawha valley of West Virginia. J. Air Pollu t. Control Ass., 39, 1086-1093
4 Conner, J.M., G.B. Oldaker III, and 1.1. Murphy (1990) Method for assessing the contribution of environmental tobacco smoke to respirable suspended particdes in indoor environments. Environ. Tech., 11, 189-196
5 Guerin, M.R., C.E. Higgins, and R.A. Jenkins (1987) Measuring environmental emissions from tobacco combustion: sidestream cigarette smoke literature review. Atmos. Environ., 21, 291-297
6 Heavner, D.L., W.T. Morgan, and M. Ogden (1996) Determination of volatile organic compounds and respirable particulate matter in New Jersey and Pennsyl vania homes and workplaces. Environ. Int., 22, 159-183
7 ISO (2003) International Standard No. 18144 - Environmental Tobacco Smoke - Estimation of Its Contribution to Respirable Suspended Particles - Method Based on Solanesol. Geneva. Switzerland
8 Jenkins, R.A., A. Palausky, R.W. Counts, C.K. Bayne, A.B. Dindal, and M.R. Guerin (1996) Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in sixteen cities in the United States as determined by personal breathing zone air sampling. J. Exp. Anal. Environ. Epidem., 6,473-502
9 NIOSH (1991) Environmental Tobacco Smoke in the Work pice. Current ntelligence Bulletin 54
10 NRC(1986) Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Measuring Exposures and Assessing Health Effects. National Academy Press, Washington DC, 337 pp
11 Ogden, M.W.(1991) Use of capillary chromatography in the analysis of environmental tobacco smoke. Capillary Chromatography - The Application, 1st ed., Chapter 5, Huthig, Heidelberg, Germany
12 백성옥, 박지혜, 서영교 (2002) 실내.외 공기중 부유먼지 측정방법 상호간의 비교평가 중량법을 대상으로 한국 대기환경학회지, 18(4), 285-295
13 Lakind, J.S., R.A. Jenkins, D.Q. Naiman, M.E. Ginevan, C.G. Graves, and R.G. Tardiff (1999) Use of environmental tobscco smoke constituents as markers for exposure. Risk Analysis, 19(3),359-373
14 US EPA (1992) Respiratory Health Effects of Passive Smoking: Lung Cancer and Other Disorders. EPA 600/6901006B
15 Baek, S.O., Y.S. Kim, and R. Perry (1997) Indoor air quality in homes, offices, and restaurants in Korean urban areas-indoor/outdoor relationships. Atmos. Environ., 31, 529-544
16 이문수 (1995) Environmental Tobacco Smoke의 이화학적특성. 한국담배과학학회지, 17(1), 79-97
17 Center for Indoor Air Research (1995) A Summary of Workshop on Experimental Generation of and Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke in Beijing, China. CIAR, MD., 11 pp
18 Eatough, D.J., C.L. Benner, H. Tang, V. Landon, G. Richards, F.M. Caka, J. Crawford, E.A. Lewis, and L.D Hansen (1989) The chemical composition of environmental tobacco smoke III. Identification of conservative tracers of environmental tobacco smoke, Environ. Int., 15, 19-28
19 Lee, P.N. and A.J. Thornton (1998) A critical commentary on views expressed by IARC in relation to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer. Indoor Built Environ., 7, 129-145
20 Surgeon General (1986) The Health Consequences of Involuntat$\gamma$ Smoking. A report of the Surgeon General. DHHS, PHS, CDC, Office on Smoking and Health, Rockville , MD, 259 PP
21 Wallace, L. (1996) Indoor particles: a review. J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc., 46(2), 98-126
22 백성옥, 김윤선 (1998) 도시지역 실내환경 유형별 공기질 특성평가 - 가정, 사무실 및 식당을 중심으로, 한국대기보전학회지, 14(4),343-360
23 Jenkins, R.A., M.R. Guerin, and B.A. Tomkins (2000) The Chemistry of Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Composition and d Measurement. 2nd ed., Lewis Pub. 467 pp
24 Nelson , P.R. , F.W. Conrad, S.P. Kelly , K.C. Maiolo, J.D. Richardson, and M.W. Ogden (1997) Composition of environmental tobacco smoke(ETS) from international cigarettes par II: nine country follow-up. Environ. Intnl., 23, 47 - 54(1997)
25 Ogden, M.W. and K.C. Maiolo(1989) Collection and determination of solanesol as a tracer of environmental tobacco smoke in indoor air. Environ. Sci. Techno!., 23. 1148-1154
26 Berg, D.W. (1993) Indoor Air Quality and HVAC Systems, Lewis Pub., 220 pp