• 지능정보연구
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.139-160
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• 2017

기술사업화는 기업의 연구개발 과정 및 결과물을 시장에 효과적으로 연계하여 경제 가치를 창출하는 것을 의미한다. 거시적인 관점에서 보면 기술사업화는 국가수준의 R&D 효과성을 강화할 수 있으며, 관련된 산업의 발전을 촉진할 수 있다. 또한, 미시적인 관점에서 보면 기업이나 개인들은 기술사업화를 통해서 경쟁우위를 확보하고, 유지할 수 있다. 특정 기술이 사업화까지 이르기 위해서는 기술 기획, 기술의 연구와 개발, 상용화 즉 시장 진출까지의 크게 세 단계를 거치는 게 일반적이며, 이런 일련의 과정은 많은 시간과 비용을 수반한다. 따라서 연구개발 착수에서 상용화까지 소요되는 기술사업화 기간과 비용은 기업 입장에서는 시장 진출 전략을 결정하는 데 중요한 의사결정 정보가 되며, 기술 투자자에게는 기술가치를 합리적으로 평가하는데 더욱 중요한 정보가 된다. 이렇게 중요한 기술사업화 소요 기간과 비용을 과학적으로 추정하는 것은 매우 중요하지만 현재까지 이런 두 가지 정보에 대한 연구는 매우 부족한 실정이며, 널리 알려진 방법론도 부재한 상황이다. 본 연구의 목적은 기술사업화 기간과 비용을 추정하는 체계를 설계하고 이를 실제 기업데이터를 활용하여 개발하는 것이다. 구체적으로 특정 기술의 기술 자체의 요인, 기술개발 주체의 역량, 외부 환경 요인의 세 관점에서 어떤 요인들이 기술사업화 기간 및 비용에 영향을 주는지 도출하고, 해당 요인들의 수준에 따라 기술사업화 기간 및 비용을 제시하는 모형을 개발하고자 한다. 본 연구의 결과는 기술을 개발하는 주체와 기술을 투자하는 주체 모두에게 유용하게 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.245-256
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 GM과 non-GM작물 특히 최근 들어 그 인증량이 급격하게 증가하고 있는 친환경작물과의 공존에 관하여 검토하여 보았다. 국내의 현행 법령에 의하면, 친환경 농산물은 GM농산물의 혼입허용치를 3%로 규정하고 있다. 특히 우수농산물의 경우 단계별 조사내용을 보면 "파종단계에서 GM종자를 포함하지 않을 것"을 명시하고 있다. 반면에 우리나라에서는 아직까지는 GM 작물의 상업적인 재배를 승인하지 않고 있다. 그러나 현재 GM 벼, 배추, 감자, 들잔디 등의 환경위해성평가가 수행 중에 있는 것으로 알려져 있으며, 농촌진흥청은 "유전자변형생물체의 국가 간 이동 등에 관한 법률"이 정하는 바에 따라 GM작물의 환경위해성 평가를 전담할 수 있도록 농촌진흥청산하 소속기관 및 대학교, 출연기관 등 11개 기관을 평가기관으로 지정하여 조만간 상업적인 GM작물의 재배를 승인하기 위한 준비를 하고 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 또한 국내의 친환경농산물의 인증기관은 2008년 8월 현재 34개 민간기관으로 증가하였으며 이들 인증기관에서 부여한 친환경 인증 농산물의 재배면적 및 생산량은 해마다 기하급수적으로 늘어나고 있다. 예로서 친환경곡류의 경우 1999년도에 비하여 2007년도에는 그 인증량이 100배 (유기농)에서 2,324배 (저농약)까지 증가한 것으로 조사되었다. 이들은 2007년도의 전체 곡류생산량에 비하여 약 6.4%를 차지하였다. 특히 감자와 고구마 등 서류의 경우는 전체 생산량의 약 24%가 친환경인증농산물인 것으로 조사되었다. 이러한 현실에서 GM작물의 상업적인 재배를 승인할 경우 기존의 국내 친환경농산물시장의 유통질서에 큰 혼란을 야기시킬 수 도 있을 것으로 사료된다. 따라서 저자는 아직 시간적인 여유가 있을 때에 EU에서 제기한 GM과 non-GM 특히 유기 농작물과의 공존을 위한 제도 보완에 관한 제안서와 다양한 연구보고서들을 면밀하게 검토할 필요성이 있다고 사료된다. 특히 작물별로 친환경작물과의 구분 생산 유통을 위한 최소격리거리, 작부체계, 수확 및 포장시스템, 그리고 GM작물의 검출기법 표준화 등에 관한 상세한 실시요령을 보완할 필요가 있다고 사료된다.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.5-33
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• 1995

The objective of the study are two-fold: one is to explore the relationship between environment, organizational structure, and organizational effectiveness of public health centers in Korea, and the other is to examine the validity of contingency theory for improving the organizational structure of public health care agencies, with special emphasis on public health nursing administration. Accordingly, the conceptual model of the study consisted of three different concepts: environment, organizational structure, and organizational effectiveness, which were built up from the contingency theory. Data were collected during the period from 1st of May through 30th of June, 1990. From the total of 249 health centers in the country, one hundred and five centers were sampled non proportionally, according to the geopolitical distribution. Out of 105, 73 health centers responded to mailed questionnaire. The health centers were the unit of the study, and a various statistical analysis techniques were used: Reliability analysis(Cronbach's Alpha) for 4 measurement tools; Shapiro-Wilk statistic for normality test of measured scores of 6 variables: ANOVA, Pearson Correlaion analysis, regressional analysis, and canonical correlation analysis for the test of the relationships and differences between the variables. The results were. as follows : 1. No significant differences between forma lization, decision-making authority and environmental complexity were found(F=1.383, P=.24 ; F=.801, P=.37). 2. Negative relationships between formalization and decision-making authority for both urban and rural health centers were found(r=-.470, P=.002 ; r=-.348, P=.46). 3. No significant relationship between formalization and job satisfaction for both urban and rural health centers were found (r=-.242, P=.132, r=-.060, P=.739). 4. Significant positive relationship between decision - making authority and job satisfaction were found in urban health centers (r=.504, P=.0009), but no such relationship was observed in rural health centers. Regression coefficient between them was statistically significant($\beta=1.535$, P=.0002), and accuracy of regression line was accepted (W=.975, P= .420). 5. No significant relationships among formalization and family planning services, maternal health services, and tuberculosis control services for both urban and rural health centers were found. 6. Among decision-making authority and family planning services, maternal health services, and tuberculosis control services, significant positive relationship was found between de cision-making authority and family planning services(r=.286, P=.73). 7. A significant difference was found in maternal health services by the type of health centers (F=5.13, P=.026) but no difference was found in tuberculosis control services by the type of health centers, formalization, and decision-making authority. 8. A significant positive relationships were found between family planning services and maternal health services and tuberculosis control services, and between maternal health services and tuberculosis control services (r=-.499, P=.001 ; r=.457, P=.004 ; r=.495, P=.002) in case of urban health centers. In case of rural health centers, relationships between family planning services and tuberculosis control services, and between maternal health services and tuberculosis control services were statistically significant (r=.534, P=.002 ; r=.389, P=.027). No significant relationship was found between family planning and maternal health services. 9. A significant positive canonical correlation was found between the group of independent variables consisted of formalization and de cision-making authority and the group of dependent variables consisted of family planning services, maternal health services and tuberculosis control services(Rc=.455, P=.02). In case of urban health centers, no significant canonical correlation was found between them, but significant canoncial correlation was found in rural health centers(Rc=.578, P=.069), 10. Relationships between job satisfaction and health care productivity was not found significant. Through these results, the assumed relationship between environment and organizational structure was not supported in health centers. Therefore, the relationship between the organizational effectiveness and the congruence between environment and organizational structure that contingency theory proposes to exist was not able to be tested. However decision-making authority was found as an important variable of organizational structure affecting family planning services and job satisfaction in urban health centers. Thus it was suggested that decentralized decision making among health professionals would be a valuable strategy for improvement of organizational effectiveness in public health centers. It is also recommended that further studies to test contingency theory would use variability and uncertainty to define environment of public health centers instead of complexity.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.458-465
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• 2010

가축분 퇴비 시용 수준에 따른 수수${\times}$수단그라스 ($S{\times}S$ hybrid)의 수량 및 양분 (N, P)흡수 변이를 조사하기 위해 전남대학교 부속 농장 초지에서 3반복 난괴법으로 실험을 실시하였다. 6개 처리 (무비구, 화학비료관행구, 퇴비 1, 2, 4, 6 수준)를 두었는데, 화학비료관행구의 비료 처리량은 질소 20 g N $m^{-2}$과 인산 20 g $P_2O_5\;m^{-2}$이고, 가축분 퇴비는 6 수준을 기준시비량 (20.2 g N $m^{-2}$과 21.6 g $P_2O_5\;m^{-2}$)으로 두고 퇴비 1, 2, 4 수준은 그 비율대로 감비하였다. 처리 90일 후 최종 지상부 건물중과 양분 (N, P) 흡수량을 조사하였다. 화학비료 처리구의 건물중 (2.4 kg $m^{-2}$)과 질소 (38.3 g N $m^{-2}$) 및 인산 (15.3 g $P_2O^5\;m^{-2}$) 흡수량이 가장 높았으며, 퇴비 시용량이 증가함에 따라 건물중과 양분 흡수량이 증가하는 경향을 보였다 (P<0.01). 하지만, 퇴비 4와 6 수준의 건물중은 각각 1.9 kg $m^{-2}$과 1.8 kg $m^{-2}$으로 차이가 없었다. 따라서, 가축분 퇴비 단독 시비로는 화학비료와 대등한 건물 생산이 어려울 것으로 판단되었다. 양분흡수효율 분석 결과에 의하면 퇴비의 인산흡수 효율이 화학비료보다 높았기 때문에, 퇴비를 인산 급원으로 시용하고 부족한 질소는 농가의 비료자원 수급 가능성과 목표 수량을 고려하여 액비, 화학비료, 녹비 등으로 공급하는 것이 적절한 시비 전략으로 판단된다.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.40-52
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• 2009

Franchising is one of the fastest growing types of business. It is already popular and well-known in the U.S., and has been growing in many other countries including Korea. Furthermore, many Korean franchising companies have expanded their business overseas actively. According to the data by the Ministry of Industry and Resource, 82 companies out of a sample of 500 franchising companies are already operating in many foreign countries and 48% of them have started their foreign business since 2006. This clearly indicates the fast growing current trend of foreign operation by Korean franchising companies. In spite of the fast growing trend of foreign expansion in the industry, academic research on internationalization of franchising companies is extremely difficult to find. Accordingly, academic research on the issue is necessary and urgent in Korea. Among the various research questions on internationalization of franchising business, this study intends to investigate the difference in organizational factors between the franchising companies doing foreign operation and those doing business only domestically. More specifically, this research has the following purposes. First, considering the lack of theoretical basis of previous studies, resource-based theory and agency theory are employed as the theoretical bases. Second, this study explains the difference in internationalization based on organizational factors such as company size, history and growth rate. Third, the five hypotheses regarding the difference in organizational factors are presented and tested empirically, which is the first attempt in the area of this topic. Finally, the study attempts to clarify the conflicting implications among theories regarding some organizational factos such as growth rate. As the theoretical background, resource-based theory and agency theory are discussed. According to resource-based theory, a firm can grow continuously when it has competence and resource, and also the ability to develop them. The competence and resource can include capital, human resource, management skill, market information, ability to manage risk, etc. Meanwhile, agency theory views the relationship between franchisor and franchisee as an agency relationship. In agency theory, bonding capability and monitoring capability are the two key factors which promote internationalization of franchising companies. Based on the two theories, a conceptual model is designed. The model consists of two groups of variables. One is organizational factors including size, history, growth rate, price bonding and geographic dispersion. The other is whether a franchising company is operating overseas or not. We developed the following five research hypotheses basically describing the relationship between organizational factors and internationalization of franchising companies. H1: The size of franchising companies operating overseas is larger than that of franchising companies operating domestically. H2: The history of franchising companies operating overseas is longer than that of franchising companies operating domestically. H3: The growth rate of franchising companies operating overseas is higher than that of franchising companies operating domestically. H4: The price bonding of franchising companies operating overseas is higher than that of franchising companies operating domestically. H5: The geographic dispersion of franchising companies operating overseas is wider than that of franchising companies operating domestically. Data for the analyses are obtained from 2005 Korea Franchise Survey data co-generated by Ministry of Industry and Resource, GS1 Korea, and Korea Franchise Association. Out of 2,804 population companies, 2,489 companies are excluded for various reasons and 315 companies are selected as the final sample. Prior to hypotheses tests, validity and reliability of the measures of size, history, growth rate and price bonding are examined for further analyses. Geographic dispersion is not validated since it is measured using nominal data. A series of independent sample T-tests is used to find out whether there exists any significant difference between the companies internationalized and those operating only domestically for each organizational factor. Among the five factors, size and geographic dispersion show significant difference, growth rate and price bonding do not reveal any difference and, finally, history factor shows conflicting results in the difference depending on how to measure it.