• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.788-801
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• 2020

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of diets containing different wet rice distillers' by-product (RDP) levels on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles and gut microbiome of weaned piglets. Methods: A total of 48 weaned castrated male crossbred pigs, initial body weight 7.54±0.97 kg, and age about 4 wks, were used in this experiment. The piglets were randomly allocated into three iso-nitrogenous diet groups that were fed either a control diet, a diet with 15% RDP, or a diet with 30% RDP for a total of 35 days. Chromium oxide was used for apparent digestibility measurements. On d 14 and d 35, half of the piglets were randomly selected for hemato-biochemical and gut microbiota evaluations. Results: Increasing inclusion levels of RDP tended to linearly increase (p≤0.07) average daily gain on d 14 and d 35, and decreased (p = 0.08) feed conversion ratio on d 35. Empty stomach weight increased (p = 0.03) on d 35 while digestibility of diet components decreased. Serum globulin concentration decreased on d 14 (p = 0.003) and red blood cell count tended to decrease (p = 0.06) on d 35, parallel to increase RDP levels. Gene amplicon profiling of 16S rRNA revealed that the colonic microbiota composition of weaned pigs changed by inclusion of RDP over the period. On d 14, decreased proportions of Lachnospiraceae_ge, Ruminococcaceae_ge, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005, and Bacteroidales_ge, and increased proportions of Prevotellaceae_ge, Prevotella_2, and Prevotella_9 were found with inclusion of RDP, whereas opposite effect was found on d 35. Additionally, the proportion of Lachnospiraceae_ge, Ruminococcaceae_ge, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005, and Bacteroidales_ge in RDP diets decreased over periods in control diet but increased largely in diet with 30% RDP. Conclusion: These results indicate that RDP in a favorable way modulate gastrointestinal microbiota composition and improve piglet performance despite a negative impact on digestibility of lipids and gross energy.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.343-349
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• 1987

This study was executed to investigate proper storage conditions for freshness of lunch-box and prevention of lunch-box borne illness. When boiled rice was put into the empty lunch-box without cooling, temperature of the lunch-box was $70^{\circ}C$ to be able to destroy vegetative cell of microoganism in the lunch-box. Temperature of the side-dish canister that is placed on the hot lunch-box was increased from $15^{\circ}C$ to $53^{\circ}C$. The use of the insulator(one to two layer) between the lunch-box and side-dish canister was effective in insulation of the heat that is conducted from the hot lunch-box to the side-dish canister. The insulation layer(asbestos) was also effective to inhibit the decrease of pH value and growth of microoganisms in the toiled rice and side-dish during storage of the lunch-box. The number of microoganisms in the lunch-box covered without cooling was less than in the case of lunch-box covered after cooling; however, the amount of generation in condensed water that is responsible for swelling of boiled rice in the lunch-box occurred much more in the one than in the other, and was a little generated in the case of high temperature storage, insulator use, and when covering the lunch-box after cooling, and pre-evaporation by stirring boiled rice in the cooking pot before filling it. In addition, inserting the heat insulators on and bottom of the lunch-box the boiled rice can be eaten without coldness in winter season.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.857-863
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• 2017

The FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (FosB) gene is located at chromosome 19, and encodes 43 Kda protein. Functionally, the FosB gene is important for differentiation, development, and pathogenesis. Furthermore, the FosB gene is suggested as possible biomarker for tracing disease prognosis. In this study, we constructed plasmid containing a FosB promoter region and evaluate its promoter activity. We analyzed the putative promoter region in FosB genomic DNA using bioinformatics program, and we found important regulatory elements in 1 Kb upstream from transcription start site (TSS). Therefore, we performed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification on region from-1,555 upstream to +73 of the FosB genomic DNA, and PCR product was inserted into TA vector to create the $TA-1^{st}FosBp$ plasmid. We then prepared the primer sets, which contain a restriction enzyme site for Kpn1 and Nhe1, in order to reinsert into the TA vector to prepare $TA-2^{nd}FosBp$ plasmid. It was finally subcloned into pGL3-luc vector after enzyme cutting. To evaluate whether the cloned plasmid is useful in cell based experiment, we performed luciferase assay with pGL3-FosBp-luctransfection. FosB promoter activity was increased compared to empty vector, and this activity was significantly increased by treatment of doxorubicin and taxol. We obtained consistent data on regulation of FosB gene expression after anticancer drug treatment using Western blot analysis. The results suggest that promoter cloning of the human FosB gene is very useful for studying gene expression and analyzing biomarkers.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 2007

This paper presented an adaptive pipeline architecture for a high-performance and low-power asynchronous processor. The proposed pipeline architecture employed a stage-skipping and a stage-combining scheme. The stage-skipping scheme can skip the operation of a bubble stage that is not used pipeline stage in an instruction execution. In the stage-combining scheme, two consecutive stages can be joined to form one stage if the latter stage is empty. The proposed pipeline architecture could reduce the processing time and power consumption. The proposed architecture supports multi-processing in the EX stage that executes parallel 4 instructions. We designed an asynchronous microprocessor to estimate the efficiency of the proposed pipeline architecture that was synthesized to a gate level design using a $0.35-{\mu}m$ CMOS standard cell library. We evaluated the performance of the target processor using SPEC2000 benchmark programs. The proposed architecture showed about 2.3 times higher speed than the asynchronous counterpart, AMULET3i. As a result, the proposed pipeline schemes and architecture can be used for asynchronous high-speed processor design

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.1674-1680
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• 2000

A study was conducted to compare the feeding value of urea treated and untreated mustard straw (MS) for sheep. Treated MS was prepared by adding urea-N at 1.84% and followed by packing in a pit silo for 21 days. Two groups of six empty Avikaline ewes were fed untreated (UTMS) and treated (TMS) mustard straw along with 200 g concentrate per head daily for 90 days. Untreated MS had 0.41% N and the urea treatment increased its N value to 1.58 %. The cell wall constituents were decreased in the TMS except for cellulose which remained unaffected. Dry matter intake of TMS was consistently higher than that of UTMS. Digestibility of DM, OM and fibre fractions of MS improved by the urea treatment. Ewes in both groups were in positive N balance while % N retention was lower in UTMS (26.30%) than in TMS (52.14%). The TMS fed group on average consumed 30.2 g DM, 2.9 g digestible crude protein and $0.2MJ\;DE\;per\;kg\;BW\;day^{-1}$ and maintained their weight whereas, the UTMS fed ewes lost weight. The VFA concentration in rumen liquor was higher in TMS than in UTMS. Total-N, ammonia-N and TCA-precipitable-N were also higher in TMS fed ewes. Blood glucose concentrations in the two groups were similar at initiation of the study. However the glucose concentration of UTMS fed group was significantly (p<0.01) lower than those fed UTMS at the termination of the study. Urea-N concentration was also higher in TMS fed group after 90 days of feeding period. It is concluded that urea treatment of MS improved N value of MS from 0.41% to 1.58% along with sizable improvement in nutritive value and in conjunction with 200 g concentrate, TMS can serve as maintenance ration for sheep. ($ME_{lakt}/ME_{m}=1.46$).

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.152-163
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• 2010

This study investigated the changes in gene expression when mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) was applied in vitro to human dental pulp cells (HDPCs). MTA in a teflon tube (diameter 10 mm, height 2 mm) was applied to HDPCs. Empty tube-applied HDPCs were used as negative control. For microarray analysis, total RNA was extracted at 6, 24, and 72 hrs after MTA application. The results were confirmed selectively by performing reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for genes that showed changes of more than two-fold or less than half. Of the 24,546 genes, 109 genes were up-regulated greater than twofold (e.g., FOSB, THBS1, BHLHB2, EDN1, IL11, FN1, COL10A1, and TUFT1) and 69 genes were down-regulated below 50% (e.g., SMAD6 and DCN). These results suggest that MTA, rather than being a bio-inert material, may have potential to affect the proliferation and differentiation of pulp cells in various ways.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.373-381
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• 1990

Endocrine cells in the cardiac and fundic regions of the Korean hedgehog were studied ultrastructurally. Five types of endocrine cells classified as EC, ECL, $D_1$. G and A-like cells were identified in these regions. EC cells contained pleomorphic granules, 170~500nm in diameter, with high electron density and highly dense bodies in a dense matrix. ECL cells were characterized by the presence of round or oval granules, 220~450nm in diameter, with high electron density. Some granules of ECL cells showed a small amounts of contents or empty. $D_1$ cells contained round and relatively small granules, 140~400nm in diameter, with low to moderate electron density. G cells were characterized by the presence of round or oval granules, 200~400nm in diameter, with moderate electron density. Some granules of these cells showed a narrow halo between the limiting membrane and the granular matrix. A-like cells contained round granules, 170~260nm in diameter, With high electron density. The granules of these cells showed homogeneous matrix surrounded by the tight membrane.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.85-94
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• 2011

Present study aimed to investigate the effect of zinc accumulation on the tissues of Carassius auratus with various rearing condition. Heavy metal, Zn, was accumulated in the gill, bone and muscle increased for exposure period of 40 days. Moreover, the accumulated concentration of Zn in the gill showed relatively higher than that in other tissues. Also, activities of antioxidant enzymes in the gill, kidney, liver and muscle tissues after exposure to Zn were increased in the manner of exposure period. Antioxidant enzyme activities were shown higher in the gill and muscle than those in the kidney and liver tissues. The gill of C. auratus showed abnormal shapes in its secondary lamellae by long time exposure condition and determined the increased numbers of mucous cells in gill exposed to Zn. In addition, the edema, the exfoliation of epithelial cell was shown in the gill and membrane damages were observed in mitochondria and nucleus. In the kidney, we observed not only the atrophied glomerulus, but the expansion of empty space in Bowman's capsule. Based on the above results, it is considered that the exposure to the high level of Zn for long period possibly involves in the decrease of respiratory and excretory rates, giving rise to secondary lesion of tissues.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.789-795
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• 2016

A lymph node (LN) is one of the secondary lymphoid organs. An LN consists of a complicated 3 dimensional frame structure and several stromal cells. Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRC) are distributed in the T zone for interaction with T cells. FRC secrete homing chemokines such as CCL19 and CCL21. Moreover, FRC play a pivotal role in the production of extracellular matrix (ECM) into LN for ECM reorganization against pathogen infections. However, not much is known about the involvement of the immune reaction of FRC. The present report is for the characterization of FRC on immune response. For this, FRC were positioned in several infected situations such as co-culture with macrophage, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and TNFα stimulation. When a co-culture between FRC and macrophage was performed, a morphological change in FRC was observed, and empty space between FRCs was created by this change. The soluble ICAM-1 protein level was up-regulated by co-culturing with Raw264.7 and the treatment of the ROCK inhibitor Y27632. The activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) was up-regulated by LPS onto FRC. Furthermore, the inflammatory cytokine TNFα regulated the expression of ECM in FRC by a gene chip assay. Collectively, it suggests that FRC are involved in immune reactions.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.73-80
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• 2008

Present study aims to investigate the effect of muddy water on the gill and the kidney tissues of Zacco koreanus under high turbidity rearing condition. The gill of Z. koreanus showed abnormal shapes in its secondary lamellae and a rough surface with impure debris in the high level of turbidity and the longer raising period condition. In addition, the gills showed the edema, the exfoliation of epithelial cell, and the fusion of the secondary lamellae. In case of kidney tissue, the atrophied glomerulus was observed, and the empty space in Bowman's capsule was wider. The SOD activities in both gill and kidney tissues were increased in proportion to the high level of turbidity. On the while, CAT and GPX activities were shown constant level in the gill, but were increased in the kidney in the high turbid muddy water. These results indicate that the harmful radicals which generate by high level of turbidity could be removed partly by antioxidant enzymes in the kidney. The concentrations of micro heavy metal ions accumulated in the gill increased drastically at the 1,000 NTU. Based on the above results, it is considered that the exposure to the high level of turbidity for long period may affect on the structures of tissues, and change the enzymatic balance in Z. koreanus, causing the fatal disease.