• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.139-156
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• 2022

This study aimed to examine the cause and consequence of emotional labor strategies based on the emotional labor framework. To investigate the boundary condition of the current research model, the study proposed that job autonomy would moderate the effects of emotional labor on employees' well-being. To achieve the purpose of the study, it was first tested whether neuroticism and extroversion of employees predicted the focal outcomes (i.e., burnout and work engagement) via distinct emotional labor strategies. Second, the moderation effects of job autonomy were tested for each emotional labor strategy in predicting the focal outcomes. Third, the conditional indirect effects of job autonomy on the mediation process were examined. The results revealed that surface acting partially mediated the relationship between neuroticism and burnout, whereas deep acting fully mediated the relationship between extraversion and work engagement. Regarding the moderating effects of job autonomy, it significantly moderated the relationship between surface acting and burnout and between deep acting and work engagement. In addition, from the moderated mediation effects, the conditional indirect effects of job autonomy were significant. Finally, theoretical and practical implications are discussed and limitations and future research directions were suggested.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.387-406
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• 2015

Recently emotional labor is an essential situation for hospital employees in relation to surface and deep acting as the core of emotional labor strategies. This study empirically examines the relation between hospital employees' emotional intelligence and emotional labor strategies in the context of emotional labor. For empirical experiments, we conducted a questionnaire survey targeting hospital employees, and we employed the method of Partial Least Squares (PLS) for data analysis. Major findings are as follows. Hospital employees' emotional intelligence including self emotion appraisal, others' emotion appraisal, regulation of emotion, and use of emotion, have a significantly positive effect on hospital employees' deep acting. And hospital employees' deep acting has a significantly positive effect on hospital employees' organizational attachment, knowledge sharing intentions, and innovative activities.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Health Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.256-267
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• 2015

Purpose. The objective of this study was to investigate factors influencing turnover intention index of work environment, emotional labor by hospital nurses Methods. A survey was conducted with 290 nurses who were working hospital. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression with SPSS window 18.0 program. Result. Findings revealed that; 1) The mean scores were 2.81 [range : 1-5] for work environment, 3.24 [range : 1-5] for emotional labor, 3.43 [range : 1-5] for turnover intention. 2) Pearson's correlation revealed work environment was negatively correlated with turnover intention but emotional labor positively correlated with the turnover intention. 3) Hrarchical multiple regression analysis showed work environment, ages, assign ward, period in current hospital, emotional labor significantly influenced turnover intention in hospital nurses. Conclusion. These findings can be utilized to development of strategies to improving the work environment, managing the emotional labor for decreasing turnover intention of hospital nurses so that can be long time.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.158-167
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• 2012

Purpose: To determine the mediating as well as moderating effect on both the emotional labor and burnout of professional self-concept perspective organ transplantation coordinators (OTC)'. Method: A self-report questionnaire was collected from 86 OTCs nationwide. The data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe' test, Pearson' Correlation Coefficients, AMOS 20.0, and multiple regression. Results: For effects of professional self-concept on emotional labor and burnout, higher emotional labor was related to higher burnout. When professional self-concept was mediated, emotional labor had a greater effect on burnout however, a partial mediating effect was detected. From the regression analysis with the independent variables of emotional labor (A) and professional self-concept (B), adding relation of both variables ($A{\times}B$) increased the explained variance to 56.3% ($p$<.05). It was confirmed that professional self-concept had a moderating effect on emotional labor and burnout. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that, when professional self-concept was mediated emotional labor of an OTC decreased, and burnout decreased when professional self-concept was high. Also, by controlling professional self-concept, emotional labor and burnout decreased. Therefore, it's necessary to map out the environment and develop strategies to reduce emotional labor and burnout in organ transplantation coordinators.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.307-316
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• 2019

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the influence of emotional expressivity, emotional intelligence, affectivity, job autonomy, social support, and emotional labor on clinical nurses' individual well-being and to provide guidelines for interventions and strategies for its improvement. Methods: The sample consisted of 207 nurses recruited from a general hospital in Korea. The participants completed a structured self-report questionnaire comprising measures of emotional expressivity, emotional intelligence, positive affectivity, negative affectivity, job autonomy, supervisor support, coworker support, deep acting, surface acting, emotional exhaustion, and job satisfaction. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistics 22.0 and AMOS 22.0. Results: The final model was a good fit for the data based on the model fit indices. In the path analysis, surface acting, negative affectivity, supervisor support, and coworker support had statistically significant effects on emotional exhaustion, explaining 29.0% of the variance. Deep acting, emotional exhaustion, positive affectivity, and emotional intelligence had statistically significant effects on job satisfaction, explaining 43.0% of the variance. Conclusion: Effective strategies to improve clinical nurses' individual well-being should focus on surface acting, deep acting, affectivity, social support, and emotional intelligence. The results of this study can be utilized as base data to manage emotional labor and improve clinical nurses' individual well-being.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.271-280
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of social support and emotional intelligence in the relationship between emotional labor and burnout among clinical nurses. Methods: The sample for this study consisted of 382 nurses from four hospitals located in Seoul or Gyunggi Province. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Scheff$\acute{e}$ test, Pearson Correlation, Hierarchical Multiple Regression, and Path Analysis. Results: It was found that: (a) emotional labor had a positive effect on burnout, while social support and emotional intelligence had negative effects on burnout; (b) social support and emotional intelligence moderated the relationship between emotional labor and burnout, and (c) social support mediated the relationship between emotional labor and burnout, whereas emotional intelligence did not. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that high levels of support had a buffering effect and mitigated the negative effects of the emotional labor on burnout. Therefore, strategies to enhance social support for nurses are needed and further research needs to be done to refine this study.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.83-93
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• 2006

Purpose: This study purposed on investigating how the emotional labor affects the physical uncomfortable feeling of the workers in the department store. Method: The method of data collection was used of questionnaire for 574 workers of one department store located in Seoul. The period of data collection was done from November 1, 2004 to November 30 for about one month. The working career of the participants was over one month at that department. Result: The degree of emotional labor for participants, men were $3.21{\pm}0.53$ for the total point of 5.0 point, and the degree of the physical uncomfortable feeling was $3.07{\pm}0.48$ for total of 5.0 point. The degree of emotional labor for participants, women were $3.22{\pm}0.42$ for the total point of 5.0 point, and the degree of the physical uncomfortable feeling was $3.13{\pm}0.42$ for total of 5.0 point. In order to analyze the factors that affected the emotional labor and physical uncomfortable feeling, the multi-level reflecting analysis was used. As a result, men were insecurity of job influenced the emotional labor feeling in remarkable degree, women were the responsibility of job influenced the emotional labor. Men were insecurity and responsibility of job influenced physical uncomfortable feeling in remarkable degree, women were responsibility of job and emotional labor influenced the physical uncomfortable feeling in remarkable degree. Conclusion: The results of this study show that various strategies to remove the factors of job insecurity in order to reduce the level of emotional labor of the workers at the department store should be devised. In addition, the special way to minimize the physical insecurity should be contrived and carried out. Since the workers of the department stores had higher emotional labor, the factors of stress need to be analyzed and should be removed.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.65-73
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of emotional labor, compassion fatigue and occupational stress on the somatization of nurses in hemodialysis units. Methods: The sample consisted of 139 nurses in hemodialysis units from a tertiary hospital, a general hospital, a dialysis clinic, and a care hospital in G province. Data were analyzed using frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations, t-test, ANOVA, Duncan test, Pearson's correlation and hierarchical multiple regression. Results: There were significant correlations of the experience of emotional labor, compassion fatigue and occupational stress with the somatization of nurses in hemodialysis units. Factors influencing somatization intention were 'emotional labor' (${\beta}=.37$, p<.001), which explained 28% of the variance (F=10.00, p<.001). Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the factor influencing the somatization of nurses in hemodialysis units was emotional labor. Therefore, strategies to decrease emotional labor of nurses in hemodialysis units are required.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.236-243
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• 2015

Purpose: In this study self-efficacy, emotional labor, pediatric nurse-parent partnership and job stress of pediatric nurses were examined. Factors affecting job stress of pediatric nurses were also investigated. Methods: The study was done between June and September 2014, with a convenience sample of 145 nurses from 3 advanced general hospitals, 5 general hospitals and 2 children's hospitals. Research data were collected via questionnaires and analysed using SPSS version 18.0. Results: Average levels of self-efficacy, emotional labor and job stress were similar to other general nurses and the average level of pediatric nurse-parent partnership was also similar to other pediatric nurses. Job stress of pediatric nurses showed a positive correlation with emotional labor and negative correlations with self-efficacy and pediatric nurse-parent partnership. The most significant factor affecting job stress in pediatric nurses was emotional labor (${\beta}=0.372$, p<.001). The combination of emotional labor, pediatric nurse-parent partnership and self-efficacy accounted for 25.4% of job stress in pediatric nurses. Conclusion: These results suggest that nursing management strategies to decrease emotional labor and improve pediatric nurse-parent partnerships and self-efficacy are critical to decrease job stress for pediatric nurses. Continued development of nursing management interventions to decrease job stress in pediatric nurses is suggested.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.322-331
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify factors influencing job satisfaction in hospice nurses. The focus was on emotional labor and burnout. Methods: Between September 30 and October 18, 2013, hospice nurses (n=63) in 5 hospitals in 4 cities completed measures of emotional labor, burnout, and job satisfaction. Data were collected using questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple regression with the SPSS/Win 21.0 program. Results: The mean score per item for emotional labor was 3.0, the mean of burnout score was 2.7, and the mean job satisfaction score was 3.4. Emotional labor showed a positive correlation with burnout (r=.61), and a negative correlation with job satisfaction (r=-.52). Burnout showed a negative correlation with job satisfaction (r=-.64). The factors influencing job satisfaction were burnout (${\beta}$=-.65, p<.001) and clinical experience (${\beta}$=.25, p=.007). Burnout and clinical experience explained 57.0% of the variance in hospice nurses' job satisfaction. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate a need to develop strategies to prevent burnout and control emotional labor in order to increase job satisfaction for hospice nurses.