• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.81-90
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• 2021

EMSCT (Electrical Muscle Stimulation Conductive Textile) is an electrical muscle stimulation pad that can compensate for ease of use and comfort, which are disadvantages of conventional hydrogel pads used in electrical muscle stimulation (EMS). With the concentration with SWCNT (Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube) and the number of impregnation processes, EMSCT was tested by giving conductivity to five fabrics (radirons, neoprene, spandex cushions, poly100%, and vergamo). The padding process with SWCNT was performed, and the alternating current measurement indicated that the most similar alternating current with hydrogel was the Vergamo fabric of SWCNT:=2:1. Furthermore, the usability evaluation of convenience, usability, and psychological satisfaction results in increased usability of EMSCT compared with conventional hydrogel pads.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.43-54
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• 2021

This study deals with the changes in negative emotions a player feels upon defeat according to the intensity of randomness. By changing the interface related to randomness, we checked how the interaction between the user and the game affects the user's experience. The subjects of this study were 30 students of the Dept. of Game Engineering. The research tool used randomness and negative emotion measurement tools. For the experiment, a board game called "12Janggi" was used, and randomness was added to the 'board' and 'piece' of the game. The analysis shows that proper randomness reduces negative emotions, but excessive randomness increases negative emotions. Although randomness can reduce the negative emotion of defeat, it can be seen that it should be applied to the context of the game.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.334-342
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• 2022

Nowadays, as we can notice on social media, most users choose to use more than one language in their online postings. Thus, social media analytics needs reviewing as code-switching analytics instead of traditional analytics. This paper aims to present evidence comparable to the accuracy of code-switching analytics techniques in analysing the mood state of social media users. We conducted a systematic literature review (SLR) to study the social media analytics that examined the effectiveness of code-switching analytics techniques. One primary question and three sub-questions have been raised for this purpose. The study investigates the computational models used to detect and measures emotional well-being. The study primarily focuses on online postings text, including the extended text analysis, analysing and predicting using past experiences, and classifying the mood upon analysis. We used thirty-two (32) papers for our evidence synthesis and identified four main task classifications that can be used potentially in code-switching analytics. The tasks include determining analytics algorithms, classification techniques, mood classes, and analytics flow. Results showed that CNN-BiLSTM was the machine learning algorithm that affected code-switching analytics accuracy the most with 83.21%. In addition, the analytics accuracy when using the code-mixing emotion corpus could enhance by about 20% compared to when performing with one language. Our meta-analyses showed that code-mixing emotion corpus was effective in improving the mood analytics accuracy level. This SLR result has pointed to two apparent gaps in the research field: i) lack of studies that focus on Malay-English code-mixing analytics and ii) lack of studies investigating various mood classes via the code-mixing approach.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.41-50
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• 2023

This study aims to develop electromyography (EMG) textile electrodes and assess their performance and signal stability by examining variations in layer count and fabric types. We fabricated the electrodes through layering and pressing techniques, focusing on configurations with different layer counts (Layer-0, Layer-1, and Layer-2). Our findings indicate that layer presence significantly influences muscle activation measurements, with enhanced performance correlated with increased layer numbers. Subsequently, we created electrodes from five distinct fabrics (neoprene, spandex cushion, 100% polyester, nylon spandex, and cotton canvas), each maintaining a Layer-2 structure. In performance tests, nylon spandex fabric, particularly heavier variants, outperformed others, while the spandex cushion electrodes showed superior stability in muscle activation signal acquisition. This research elucidates the connection between electrode performance and factors like layer number and electrode-skin contact area. It suggests a novel approach to electrode design, focusing on layer properties and targeted pressure application on specific sensor areas, rather than uniformly increasing sleeve pressure.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.25-32
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• 2020

An analysis of emotional English utterances with 7 emotions (calm, happy, sad, angry, fearful, disgust, surprised) was conducted using the measurement of prosodic distance between 672 emotional and 48 neutral utterances. Applying the technique proposed in the automatic evaluation model of English pronunciation to the present study on emotional utterances, Euclidean distance measurement of 3 prosodic elements such as F0, intensity and duration extracted from emotional and neutral utterances was utilized. This paper, furthermore, extended the analytical methods to include Euclidean distance normalization, z-score and z-score normalization resulting in 4 groups of measurement schemes (sqrF0, sqrINT, sqrDUR; norsqrF0, norsqrINT, norsqrDUR; sqrzF0, sqrzINT, sqrzDUR; norsqrzF0, norsqrzINT, norsqrzDUR). All of the results from perceptual analysis and acoustical analysis of emotional utteances consistently indicated the greater effectiveness of norsqrF0, norsqrINT and norsqrDUR, among 4 groups of measurement schemes, which normalized the Euclidean measurement. The greatest acoustical change of prosodic information influenced by emotion was shown in the values of F0 followed by duration and intensity in descending order according to the effect size based on the estimation of distance between emotional utterances and neutral counterparts. Tukey Post Hoc test revealed 4 homogeneous subsets (calm

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.299-306
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• 2009

In this study, pulse waves were measured at radial artery using non-invasive tonometric pulse pressure measurement system, SphygmoCor(AtCor, Australia), according to subject's posture. Then it was analysed whether the pulse wave parameters, which contain heart activities, change among three different postures (upright stand, sit, and supine). And it was also verified that the pulse wave parameters change among blood pressure level groups(hypotensive, normotensive, and hypertensive). As a results, posture effects were verified in time information of pulse wave rather than amplitude. But some parameters calculated by ratio of two amplitude, such as augmented index(AI) and ratio of central aortic pulse and radial artery pulse, showed significant difference according to postures. In post hoc test, time to the $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$ pulse peak(P_$T_1$, and P_$T_2$), ED(ejection duration), and HR(heart rate) showed significant difference among posture groups with each other. In comparison of blood pressure groups, it was verified that the parameters related to amplitude of pulse wave showed significant difference rather than time information.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.553-564
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• 2008

Generalizability theory was employed to examine how the reliability of polygraph test is affected by the number of relevant questions, the number of repeated tests (the number of of charts), and the number of raters(scorers). The data consisted of the results of the polygraph tests administered to 31 crime suspects. The sample was drawn from the real polygraph tests based on Backster ZCT and archived by the Prosecutor's Office of the Republic of Korea. The numerical scores assigned by thirteen raters to the test charts were analyzed to determine the generalizability of the scores. The largest variance component was accounted for by the examinee factor(43.97%) and the residual variance component was 16.84% of the total variance. The variance component due to the interaction between the examinee and the chart factors was 12.17% and the variance component due to the three way interaction of the examinee, the repeated test, and the relevant question factors was 10.31%. The generalizability coefficient for the current measurement procedure as practiced by the Korean Prosecutor's Office was 0.74 which suggests that the current procedure is acceptable. However, measurement procedures with the combination of more than two relevant questions, more than three repeated tests, and more than two raters were generally found to yield generalizability coefficients larger than 0.80. Therefore, such procedures need to be considered seriously in order to significantly improve the reliability of polygraph test.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.27-38
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• 2015

Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is a compensatory response of the extraocular muscles generated by vestibular signals to stabilize images on the retina during head/body movements. It has been reported that mismatches between retinal and vestibular information, which cause motion sickness or cybersickness, modify VOR. To investigate the characteristic changes of VOR in subjects experiencing cybersickness, we developed a low-cost, multi-purpose VOR measurement system using LabVIEW and Arduino. To test the applicability of the system, we performed two experiments. In Experiment 1, horizontal and vertical VORs of four participants were measured using a vestibular autorotation task. In Experiment 2, eight participants were exposed to a virtual navigation to measure changes of VORs as an index of cybersickness. We observed significantly greater head rotations and eye movements while the participants were exposed to the virtual navigation than to a static image. The results suggest that the present system can help understand the psychophysiological mechanisms of cybersickness symptoms.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.81-88
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• 2016

The purpose of this research was to analyze several factors that can affect the respiration rate measurement using the Creative Senz3D depth camera. Depth error and noise of the depth camera were considered as affecting factors. Ambient light was also considered. The result of this study showed that the depth error was increased with an increase of the distance between subject and depth camera. The result also showed depth asymmetry in the depth image. The depth values measured in right region of the depth image was higher than real distance and depth values measured in left of the depth image was lower than real distance. The difference error of the depth was influenced by the orientation of the depth camera. The noise created by the depth camera was increased as the distance between subject and depth camera was increased and it decreased as the window size was increased which was used to calculate noise level. Ambient light seems to have no influence on the depth value. In real environment, we measured respiration rate. Participants were asked to breathe 20 times. We could find that the respiration rate which was measured from depth camera shows excellent agreement with that of participants.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.95-101
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• 2005

This study is based on previous information regarding reduced cardiac vagal activity in patients with coronary artery disease(CAD), on reduced variance(SDNN : standard deviation of all normal RR intervals), low-frequency power(LF), and the complexity of heart rate variability(HRV) in patients with chronic heart failure(CHF), and on the normalized high-frequency power of HRV is the highest in the right lateral decubitus position among 3 recumbent postures in patients with CAD, However, nothing is known about the nonlinear dynamics of HRV for the 3 recumbent postures in patients with CAD. To investigate the linear and non-linear characteristics of HRV in patients with CAD, 29 patients as CAD group and 23 patients as control group were studied. Electrocardiogram(ECG) with lead II channel was measured on these patients for 3 recumbent postures in random order. The HRV from ECG was analyzed with linear method(for time and frequency domains) and nonlinear method. The lower the high-frequency power in normalized unit(nHF) in the supine or left lateral decubitous position, the higher the increase in nHF when the position was changed from supine or left lateral decubitous to right lateral decubitous. Among the 3 recumbent postures in patients with severe CAD, the right lateral decubitus position was observed to induce the highest vagal modulation, the lowest sympathetic modulation, and the highest complexity of human physiology system.