• 자원환경지질
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.417-424
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• 2000

We applied SP monitoring and resistivity surveys using the pole-pole electrode array to seawater leakage problems in the Youngsan estuary dam and the Eoeun embankment to estimate and detect the zone of seawater leakage. The embankment is generally affected by tidal variation and has low resistivity characteristics due to the high saturation of seawater. For this reason, SP monitoring and the pole-pole array resistivity surveys, which are relatively more effective to the conductive media, were carried out to delineate the leakage zones of sea water through the embankment. We checked out electrical conductivity (EC) and temperature variations along the inner part of Youngsan estuary dam to detect the zone of seawater leakage and found that the measured EC value agreed to that of seawater in the leakage zone and the temperature was lower than that of the vicinity of leakage zone. SP monitoring results were coincided with tidal variations at each embankment. At the leakage zones in the Youngsan estuary dam and the Eoeun embankment, SP anomalies are in the range of -60~-85 mV and -20~-50 mV, respectively, and true resistivity values obtained by 2-D inversion are 3~15 ohm-m and below 0.3 ohm-m, respectively. Both SP monitoring and the pole-pole array resistivity method are found to be quite effective for investigation of seawater leakage zones in the embankment.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2008년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.918-927
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• 2008

The problems associated with constructing high-speed concrete track embankments over soft compressible soil has lead to the development and/or extensive use of many of the ground improvement techniques used today. Drains, surcharge loading, and geosynthetic reinforcement, have all been used to solve the settlement and embankment stability issues associated with construction on soft soils. Geosynthetic-reinforced embankment supporting piles method consist of vertical columns that are designed to transfer the load of the embankment through the soft compressible soil layer to a firm foundation and one or more layers of geosynthetic reinforcement placed between the top of the columns and the bottom of the embankment. In the paper, the evaluations of a seismic performance of geosynthetic-reinforced embankment piles for a ultra soft ground during earthquake were studied. the equivalent linear analysis was performed by SHAKE for soft ground. A seismic performance analysis of Piles was performed by GROUP PILE and PLAXIS for geosynthetic-reinforced embankment piles. Guidelines is required for pile displacement during earthquake. Conclusions of the studies come up with a idea for soil stiffness, conditions of pile cap, pile length and span.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.353-367
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• 2023

The construction of a protective embankment is a suitable strategy to stop and control high-energy rock blocks' impacts during the rockfall phenomenon. In this paper, based on the discrete element numerical method, by modeling an existing embankment reinforced with geogrid, its stability status under the impact of a rock block with two types of low and high kinetic energy, namely 2402 and 4180 kJ, respectively, has been investigated. The modeling results show that the use of geogrid has caused the displacement in the front and back of the embankment to decrease by more than 30%. In this case, the reinforced embankment has stopped the rock block earlier. The displacements obtained from the DEM modeling are compared with the displacements measured from an actual practical experiment to evaluate the results' validity. Comparison between the results shows that the displacement values are close together, while the maximum percentage error in previous studies by an analytical method and the finite element method was 76.4% and 36.6%, respectively. Therefore, the obtained results indicate the discrete numerical method's high ability compared to other numerical and analytical methods to simulate and design the geogrid-reinforced soil embankment under natural disasters such as rockfall with a minor error.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.319-328
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• 2022

Ensuring the integrity of a country's infrastructure is necessary to protect surrounding communities in case of disaster. Embankment dam systems across the US are an essential component of infrastructure, referred to as lifeline structures. Embankment dams are crucial to the survival of life and if these structures were to fail, it is imperative that states be prepared. Southern California is particularly concerned with the stability of embankment dams due to the frequent seismic activity that occurs in the state. The purpose of this study was to create a numerical model of an existing embankment dam simulated under seismic loads using previously recorded data. The embankment dam that was studied in Los Angeles, California was outfitted with accelerometers provided by the California Strong Motion Instrumentation Program that have recorded strong motion data for decades and was processed by the Center for Engineering Strong Motion Data to be used in future engineering applications. The accelerometer data was then used to verify the numerical model that was created using finite element modeling software RS2. The results from this study showed Puddingstone Dam's simulated response was consistent with that experienced during previous earthquakes and therefore validated the predicted behavior from the numerical model. The study also identified areas of weakness and instability on the dam that posed the greatest risk for its failure. Following this study, the numerical model can now be used to predict the dam's response to future earthquakes, develop plans for its remediation, and for emergency response in case of disaster.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.157-166
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• 2024

Generally, the rubble mound installed on the slope embankment of the open-type wharf is designed based on the impact of wave force, with no consideration for the impact of seismic force. Therefore, in this study, dynamic centrifuge model test results were analyzed to examine the acceleration amplification of embankment reinforced with rubble mound under seismic conditions. The experimental results show that when rubble mounds were installed on the ground surface of the embankment, acceleration response of embankment decreased by approximately 22%, and imbalance in ground settlement decreased significantly from eight to two times. Furthermore, based on the experimental results, one-dimensional site response (1DSR) analyses were conducted. The analysis results indicated that reinforcing the embankment with rubble mound can decrease the peak ground acceleration (PGA) and short period response (below 0.6 seconds) of the ground surface by approximately 28%. However, no significant impact on the long period response (above 0.6 seconds) was observed. Additionally, in ground with lower relative density, a significant decrease in response and wide range of reduced periods were observed. Considering that the reduced short period range corresponds to the critical periods in the design response spectrum, reinforcing the loose ground with rubble mound can effectively decrease the acceleration response of the ground surface.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제22권12호
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• pp.65-70
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• 2021

우리나라 제방 중 내부침식에 의한 붕괴는 약 10% 이상을 차지하고 있다. 내부침식 뿐만 아니라 월류, 제체 불안정 등으로 인한 제방의 붕괴를 사전에 방지하고 최소한의 피해를 위하여 다양한 연구들이 시도되고 있고, 그 중 하나가 바이오폴리머 적용에 관한 연구이다. 바이오폴리머의 적용 분야에는 강도, 식생, 내침식성으로 나뉘며 본 연구에서는 내침식성에 대한 내용을 다룰 것이다. 본 연구의 목적은 모형제방의 다짐도 및 내부침식 유도로에 따른 붕괴양상을 검토하고 적합한 조건을 선정하여 바이오폴리머 혼합토 제방의 효과를 검증하기 위한 실규모 실험 기초자료를 확보하는 것이다. 모형제방의 다짐도를 상, 중, 하로 나누어 각각의 유도로 조건에 따른 침식양상을 검토하여 가장 적합한 실험 조건을 선정하였으며, 바이오폴리머 혼합토 처리 유무에 따른 효과를 확인하였다. 실험결과, 바이오폴리머 혼합토를 적용한 제방에서의 내부침식률이 크게 감소하였으며, 실제 제방에 적용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 본 연구에서는 스케일을 축소시킨 모형제방에 바이오폴리머 혼합토를 적용하여 실제 적용 가능한지 여부를 연구하였다. 따라서, 실제 현장적용성 평가를 위해서는 실규모 제방실험이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.29-33
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• 1974

신라(新羅) 진여왕대(眞與王代)(522년경(年頃)) 우륵(于勒) 선생(先生)이의(義) 임지(林池)를 시축(施築)하여 1,400여년(餘年)이 경과(徑過)되어 동양(東洋)에서 가장 오래된 인공저수지(人工貯水池)가 되었던이 1972년(年) 8월(月) 19일(日) 호우(豪雨) (462mm)로 인(因)하여 만수(滿水)가 되므로 제방(堤防)이 붕괴(崩壞)의 우려(憂慮)가 있어 인공적(人工的)으로 배수(排水)시킨데 기인(起因)하여 제방(堤防)이 무너지게 되고 고대축조기술(古代築造技術)의 신비성(神秘性)을 연구(硏究)한 결과(結果)는 대략(大略) 다음과 같다. 1. 의림지인근(義林池隣近)에서 흔히 볼수있는 화강암(花崗岩) 풍화토(風化土)인 사양토(砂壤土)를 이용(利用)하여 축제(築堤)하되 직경(直徑) 30~50cm의 큰 나무를 횡(橫)으로 묻어가며 축조(築造)하였다. 2. 수종(樹種)은 소나무 6본(本) 상수리 3본(本) 굴참나무 1본(本) 황철나무 1본(本) 계(計)11본(本) 직경(直徑)(30~50cm)을 확인(確認)한 것으로 보아 축조당시(築造當時)에 주위(周圍) 임상(林相)은 소나무외(外)에 참나무류와 활철나무가 상당수(相當數)가 있었던 것으로 인정(認定)된다. 3) 제방(堤防) 축조(築造)는 토사정지각(土砂靜止角)을 이용(利用)하여 축조(築造)하고 토(土)위에 점토(粘土)(20~30cm)를 2중(重)으로 덮고 다진다음 20~40cm의 신선(新鮮)한 낙엽층(落葉層)으로 완전(完全) 피복(被覆)하고 낙엽층(落葉層) 위는 다시 점토(粘土)를 넣었으며 그 위에 직경(直徑) 10~30cm의 석력(石礫)을 포함(包含)한 점토층(粘土層)(황토층(黃土層))을 만들어 축조(築造)하였다. 4. 제방(堤防)의 하단부(下端部)는 점토(粘土)의 두께를 두껍게 하고 위로 올라갈수록 엷게 피복하였으며 각(各) 점토층(粘土層)위마다 다지고 불을질러 태웠다. 축제(築堤)가 완성(完成)된 표면(表面)은 중점토(重粘土)로서 균등(均等)하게 피복하고 그 위를 일반토양(一般土壤)으로 피복(被覆)하였다. 5. 제방(堤防) 사면(斜面) 안벽 점토층(粘土層)은 gray화(化)가 진행(進行)되고 낙엽층(落葉層)은 조부식층(粗腐植層)의 판을 형소(形所)하고 있으며 점토층(粘土層)은 마치 수중(水中)에서 생고무와 같은 역할(役割)을 하며 조부식층(粗腐植層)은 수분침투(水分侵透)를 방지(防止)하고 있어 매우 견고(堅固)한 제방(堤防)이 형성(形成)되었다. 6. 고대축조기술(古代築造技術)은 인근(隣近)흙으로 토사정지각(土砂靜止角)을 이용(利用)하여 일반축조(一般築造)된 위에 점토(粘土)와 낙엽층(落葉層)을 넣어 수압(水壓)에 견디도록 탄력성(彈力性)있게 축조(築造)되었다. 7. 현대(現代)의 사력(砂礫)댐과는 달리 최소한(最小限)의 인력(人力)을 동원(動員)하여 최대한(最大限)의 효과(效果)를 발휘(發揮)할 수 있도록 역학적(力學的)으로 축조(築造)되었다고 할 수 있다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.12-22
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to evaluate visual preferences of the methods for river embankment based on seasonal changes and to reveal the relationship between visual preference and effective factors, which are the physical and esthetic elements inside the river. For this research seven river embankment methods including concrete block, concrete wall, gabion, and vegetated concrete block were selected in Dongchon of Gwangyang. Twenty-eight pictures by the four pictures of each embankment method based on seasonal changes, the winter and summer of the first and second years after construction were used for a photo-questionnaire by 49 participants. In the analysis of the relationship between visual preference and effective factors, the independent variables included eight factors: form of the material, harmony with the surroundings, the cleanness of river floor, the green area of embankment methods, the water area in river floor, the stone and sand area in river floor, the planting area in river floor, and the area of embankment itself. The result of this study are as follows. First, visual preference in summer was higher than in winter, and the summer landscape of the second you scored the highest value for visual preference. Second, similarly to the way the vegetated concrete block produced a green effect, cobblestone and gabion embankments made of natural materials scored higher than others, whereas the concrete retaining wall scored the lowest of all methods because of it's artificiality. Third, the seven independent variables, except form of the material, are proved statistically significant at the 5% level. The water area in river floor, harmony with the surroundings, the planting area in river floor, and the cleanness of the river floor were revealed as more effective factors influencing visual preference. The research results suggest that the riverscape has to be controlled in terms of seasonal change and embankment methods. Natural materials and green effects in embankment methods are more important for increasing landscape preference, and the landscape factors inside a river should also be considered important variables. It is recommended that advanced study on other factors affecting visual preference of the riverscape be carried out to support this research.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제30권12호
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• pp.63-72
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• 2014

측방유동 지반 속에 설치된 매설관의 측방이동과 이에 대한 성토지지말뚝의 방지효과를 관찰하기 위하여 일련의 현장 실험시공을 시행하였다. 매립중인 서해안 연약지반에 지하매설관(H.P:400mm)를 부설하고 인접 위치에 성토를 3단계로 시행하여 침하판과 지중경사계를 이용하여 지하매설관의 수직변위(침하)와 수평변위를 확인하였다. 성토에 따른 측방유동 억지대책으로는 성토지지말뚝을 설치하였다. 실험시공 결과 성토도중에는 매설관이 미미하게 융기하는 현상이 발생하였고 추후 침하하다 점차 수렴하는 거동으로 나타났다. 성토지지말뚝 보강 효과는 약 2.0배로 확인되었다. 또한, 침하와 변위는 상부지반에서는 크고 하부지반에서는 적게 침하가 발생하였고 변위는 비례하여 발생하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국지반신소재학회논문집
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.9-18
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• 2010

토목섬유보강 성토지지말뚝시스템에서의 하중전이 특성을 규명하기 위하여 일련의 모형실험을 실시하였다. 모형토조에 단독캡 말뚝을 설치하고, 토목섬유를 포설한 후 성토를 실시하였다. 연약지반 대체재료로서 스펀지고무를 사용하였다. 실험결과 성토지지말뚝시스템의 효율은 일정한 말뚝간격비에서는 성토고가 증가할수록 비선형적으로 증가하여 이후 일정한 값에 수렴하는 경향을 나타내었다. 또한 성토고가 일정한 조건에서는 말뚝간격비가 증가할수록 효율의 크기는 감소하였다. 토목섬유를 보강한 경우, 무보강시와 비교하여 말뚝으로 전이되는 하중이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 토목섬유의 보강이 연약지반의 거동을 억지하는데 효과가 있음을 나타내는 것이다. 결국 토목섬유보강 성토지지말뚝시스템에서의 하중전이 특성은 말뚝캡 설치간격, 성토고, 지반의 강도정수 및 토목섬유 강성 등에 복합적으로 영향을 받음을 알 수 있다.