• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.194-209
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• 2024

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: High levels of plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol are an important determinant of atherosclerotic lesion formation. The disruption of cholesterol efflux or reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) in peripheral tissues and macrophages may promote atherogenesis. The aim of the current study was to examine whether bioactive ellagic acid, a functional food component, improved RCT functionality and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) function in diet-induced atherogenesis of apolipoproteins E (apoE) knockout (KO) mice. MATERIALS/METHODS: Wild type mice and apoE KO mice were fed a high-cholesterol Paigen diet for 10 weeks to induce hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis, and concomitantly received 10 mg/kg ellagic acid via gavage. RESULTS: Supplying ellagic acid enhanced induction of apoE and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter G1 in oxidized LDL-exposed macrophages, facilitating cholesterol efflux associated with RCT. Oral administration of ellagic acid to apoE KO mice fed on Paigen diet improved hypercholesterolemia with reduced atherogenic index. This compound enhanced the expression of ABC transporters in peritoneal macrophages isolated from apoE KO mice fed on Paigen diet, indicating increased cholesterol efflux. Plasma levels of cholesterol ester transport protein and phospholipid transport protein involved in RCT were elevated in mice lack of apoE gene, which was substantially reduced by supplementing ellagic acid to Paigen diet-fed mice. In addition, ellagic acid attenuated hepatic lipid accumulation in apoE KO mice, evidenced by staining of hematoxylin and eosin and oil red O. Furthermore, the supplementation of 10 mg/kg ellagic acid favorably influenced the transcriptional levels of hepatic LDL receptor and scavenger receptor-B1 in Paigen diet-fed apoE KO mice. CONCLUSION: Ellagic acid may be an athero-protective dietary compound encumbering diet-induced atherogenesis though improving the RCT functionality.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.273-276
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• 2014

Ellagic acid has been shown to inhibit tumor cell growth. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, our aim was to investigate whether ellagic acid inhibits the proliferation of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells via regulation of the TGF-${\beta}$/Smad3 signaling pathway. MCF-7 breast cancer cells were transfected with pEGFP-C3 or pEGFP-C3/Smad3 plasmids, and treated with ellagic acid alone or in combination with SIS3, a specific inhibitor of Smad3 phosphorylation. Cell proliferation was assessed by MTT assay and the cell cycle was detected by flow cytometry. Moreover, gene expression was detected by RT-PCR, real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. The MTT assay showed that SIS3 attenuated the inhibitory activity of ellagic acid on the proliferation of MCF-7 cells. Flow cytometry revealed that ellagic acid induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest which was mitigated by SIS3. Moreover, SIS3 reversed the effects of ellagic acid on the expression of downstream targets of the TGF-${\beta}$/Smad3 pathway. In conclusion, ellagic acid leads to decreased phosphorylation of RB proteins mainly through modulation of the TGF-${\beta}$/Smad3 pathway, and thereby inhibits the proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.29-33
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• 1998

The effect of ellagic acid (EA) on hepatocarcinogenesis induced by diethylnitrosamine (DEN), and promoted by phenobarbital (PB), and hepatectomized partially was investigated in male Wi star rats. All rats were injected 200 mg of DEN intraperitoneally, received 0.05 % of PB in drinking water at week 2, and hepatectomized 2/3 of liver at week 3. Rats of group 2, 3 and 4 were fed diet containing 400ppm EA for 1 week before DEN administration, for 9 weeks from beginning of experiment to sacrifice and for 6 weeks from PB treatment to sacrifice respectively. Rats of group 5, 6 and 7 were fed 800 ppm EA in the same manner as group 2, 3 and 4. Animals were killed at 8 weeks after DEN administration. The number and area of preneoplastic lesions were quantified the glutathione-S-transferase placental-form (GST-P) positive foci using immunohistochemical method. Decrease of number and area of the positive foci was observed in the rats fed 400 ppm EA for 9 weeks. In addition, the reduction of the foci can examine in all group fed 800 ppm EA. In conclusion, EA inhibited the hepatocarcinogenesis induced by DEN when it was administrated 800 ppm.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.420-432
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• 2020

Random copolymers made of both 'polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM-1)' and Ellagic acid were prepared for the first time by a facile one-step polycondensation reaction. By combining the highly porous and contorted structure of PIM (polymers with intrinsic microporosity) and flat-type hydrophilic ellagic acid, the membranes obtained from these random copolymers [(PIM-co-EA)-x] showed high CO2 permeability (> 4516 Barrer) with high CO2/N2 (> 23~26) and CO2/CH4 (> 18~19) selectivity, that surpassed the Robeson upper bound (2008) for both pairs of the gas mixture. Incorporation of flat-type ellagic acid into the PIM-1 not only enhances the gas permeability by disturbing the kinked structure of PIM-1 but also increases the selectivity of CO2 over N2 and CH4, due to an increase of rigidity and polarity in the resultant copolymer membranes.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.127-134
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• 1997

Two new dimeric phenolic conjugates, 2,3-di-O-dehydrodigallicmonocarboxyl-$({\alpha},{\beta})$-$^4C_1$-glucopyranose and ellagic acid 3,3'-dimethylether-4-0-$SO_3K$ were isolated from the debarked heart wood of Tamarix tetragyna (Tamaricaceae) along with the known phenolic compounds, isoferulic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, gallic acid 4-methyl ether, syringic acid, ellagic acid 3,3'-dimethyl ether and ellagic acid. All structures were determined mostly by ESI-MS, ID and 2D-NMR spectroscopy.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.80-84
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• 2008

The effect of gellan (GE), xanthan (XA), and $\lambda$-carrageenan (LC) on the viscosity, sedimentation, ellagic acid content, and turbidity of grape 'Campbell Early' juice (CEJ) was investigated. CEJ samples with 0.15% each of GE, XA, and LC were tested for the above variables after 0, 5, 10, and 20 days of storage. The samples containing GE (0.15%) showed the least amount of sediment formation, the lowest ellagic acid content and turbidity, and a rise in viscosity. Sedimentation in CEJ decreased with increased viscosity due to the addition of gums which also limited the ellagic acid content and turbidity. GE was the most effective additive for the stabilization of CEJ.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.1114-1119
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• 2004

This paper describes the quantitative determination of flavonoids, tannins and ellagic acid in the leaves from wild and cultivated variations of Rubus L. species (Rosaceae): raspberry (2 wild and 13 cultivars) and blackberry (3 wild and 3 cultivars). The content of flavonoids was analyzed using spectrophotometric (the Christ-M llers method) and HPLC analysis after acid hydrolysis. The content of tannins was determined by the weight method, with hide powder, described by German Pharmacopoeia 10 (DAB 10). Ellagic acid content was examined using the HPLC method after acid hydrolysis. Flavonoid content, determined using the Christ-Muller's method was higher for the blackberry leaves than for the raspberry leaves and varied between 0.46% and 1.05%. Quercetin and kaempferol were predominant in all samples analyzed using the HPLC method. The highest flavonoid content was found in the leaves of R. nessensis (1.06%); with results in all of the examined samples varying between 0.27% and 1.06%. The concentration of ellagic acid in all species was determined after acid hydrolysis and ranged from 2.06% to 6.89%. The leaves of raspberries are characterized by greater amounts of tannins (varying between 2.62% and 6.87%) than the leaves of other species. The results from this study indicate that the analyzed species are a rich source of flavonoids, ellagic acid and tannins, which may be used for the quality assessment of Rubus L. species leaves.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.177-185
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to compare the chemical properties of the bokbunja distributed in Korea with the content of the bioactive substance ellagic acid. The bokbunja was Rubus coreanus group and Rubus occidentalis group were compared, domestic bokbunja and import bokbunja were compared. In bokbunja, free sugar was 30.89 ± 0.7 mg/g of Rubus coreanus and 29.05 ± 0.87 mg/g of Rubus occidentalis. and 27.28 ± 7.4 mg/g of domestic bokbunja and 21.58 ± 6.73 mg/g of import bokbunja. The free amino acids was 4.50 ± 0.08 mg/g of Rubus coreanus and 5.05 ± 0.08 mg/g of Rubus occidentalis. and 4.13 ± 1.09 mg/g of domestic bokbunja and 3.75 ± 0.31 mg/g of import bokbunja. Validation of the ellagic acid method was confirmed by comparing the retention time and spectrum of the standard and extract using HPLC. The calibration curve (R²) showed linearity of 0.9999. As a result of analyzing the ellagic acid content of each extraction solvent, DMSO and methanol mixture extracts were high, and Rubus coreanus was 2.56 mg/g and Rubus occidentalis was 3.16 mg/g, which was not significantly different (p < 0.05) In addition, the ellagic acid content of domestic bokbunja and import bokbunja was 2.83 mg/g and 2.99 mg/g, which was not significantly different (p < 0.05).

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.342-351
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• 2015

In this study, we performed quantitative determination of the three marker compounds such as gallic acid, ellagic acid, and quercetin in the 70% ethanol extracts of non-processed Sanguisorbae Radix and processed Sanguisorbae Radix using a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detector. The analytical column for separation of the three compounds was used a Gemini $C_{18}$ column ($5{\mu}m$, $4.6{\times}250mm$) by the gradient elution with distilled water and acetonitrile containing 1.0% (v/v) acetic acid as mobile phase. The flow rate and injection volume were $1.0{\mu}L/min$ and $10{\mu}L$. The concentrations of gallic acid, ellagic acid, and quercetin in non-processed Sanguisorbae Radix were 0.25, 0.26, and 0.007%, respectively, while the concentrations of gallic acid, ellagic acid, and quercetin in non-processed Sanguisorbae Radix 0.14-0.55, 0.27-2.03, and 0.001-0.007%, respectively. Among the three components, the amount of the ellagic acid was increased after processing in Sanguisorbae Radix.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.121-128
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• 2020

Purpose: The Rubus coreanus fruit (RF) is an important traditional medicinal herb having antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulatory properties. These activities are known to change dramatically, depending on maturity of the RF. It is presumed that change of functional components, such as flavonoids, tannins, phenolic acids, triterpenoids and organic acids in RF, affect the various bioactivities. This study aimed to confirm changes in the anti-melanogenic effects of RF based on maturity, and to identify the bioactive compounds responsible. Methods: The cell viability of mature RF (MRF) and immature RF (IRF) extracts was investigated using B16F10 cells. To compare the anti-melanogenic effect of MRF and IRF extracts, we first assessed the melanin content. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis was performed to evaluate changes in the level of ellagic acid according to maturity of the RF. In addition, tyrosinase inhibitory activity of both extracts was examined. Results: MRF and IRF extracts (50-200 ㎍/mL) do not affect the cell viability of B16F10 melanoma cells. IRF extract more effectively inhibited melanin synthesis than MRF extract. The content of ellagic acid in IRF extract was higher than that obtained in MRF extract. Furthermore, greater inhibition of tyrosinase activity was observed after exposure to IRF extract than MRF extract. A positive correlation was determined between ellagic acid content and tyrosinase inhibitory activity, and a negative correlation was obtained between ellagic acid content and melanin content. Taken together, our results indicate that ellagic acid is one of the major bioactive compounds of RF that imparts a whitening effect. Conclusion: Our results indicate that ellagic acid in MRF and IRF extracts affect the anti-melanogenesis effect through inhibition of tyrosinase activity. Therefore, the ellagic acid rich IRF has greater potential for application as a natural and functional cosmetic material.