• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.58
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• pp.237-263
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• 2013

Traditionally, a L/C (letter of credit) has been known as a relatively low risk method of payment. This is why L/C has been used in international trade. However, L/C has a number of weak points such as high cost, long processing time, and complicated documents. Using an electronic L/C is one way to solve those weak points. In Korea, there are two types of electronic L/C. One is the EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) based L/C and the other one is the XML (Extensible Markup Language) based L/C. The former, established in 1990's, is sent from banks to the beneficiary solely through VAN (Value Added Network, KTNET) operators. On the other hand the latter, started in 2005, is sent from banks to KFTC (Korea Financial Telecommunications & Clearings Institute) for management of the L/C balance, as well as to KTNET. So far, paper L/C and EDI based L/C have been used overwhelmingly instead of XML based L/C in spite of the aforesaid disadvantages. In this paper, the authors examined empirically why the users of electronic L/C were reluctant to use XML based L/C. The results are as follows. First, the users of paper L/C were more dissatisfied than the users of electronic L/C due to many factors such as cost, the time required, and information reuse. Second, the users who have more experience with XML based L/C wanted to adopt integrated management with EDI based L/C more than the users who had not experienced XML based L/C. Third, the users who had used more than one form of L/C wanted to adopt integrated management to EDI and XML based L/C more than the users who had only used one form of L/C. Therefore, the authority for electronic L/C should consider a change of the policy from the XML based electronic L/C oriented to integrated management of the various types of L/C.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.233-257
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• 2009

The 21st century is witnessing the explosive increase in the usage of internet and international electronic transactions. Due to the unique characteristics of the electronic information, substantial part of such transaction can and do take the form of cross-border transactions. However, there have not been settled appropriate set of rules applicable to the international electronic transactions. Currently, in respect to e-L/C transactions in international trade, there are laws such as Electronic Transaction Basic Act in our country, E-Trade Promotion Act, E-Signature Law, Act on Promotion of Information and Communication Network Utilization and Information Protection and Marine Charter 5 in the Commercial Law. Nevertheless, a complete legislation, that is a uniform rule for e L/C which could support e L/C transactions fully hasn't been established yet. Accordingly, those laws concerned need to improve to regulate e-L/C transactions. The purpose of this paper is to look into the national status for law readjustment to prepare for a new electronic environment and to use appropriately the e-L/C issued by electronic means, and to conduct a comparative analysis on the related regulations to introduce a pertinent laws and propose related regulations to contribute to the making of effective laws to regulate e-L/C.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.19
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• pp.119-138
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• 2003

ICC(International Chamber of Commerce) developed new rule on the presentation of electronic record in L/C transactions. This rule named as the e-UCP. The gists of this article are on the application of e-UCP in practice and it's some problems. The e-UCP is the supplement of current exisiting UCP but is superior to UCP under some circumstances. The e-UCP is only apply to the presentation of electronic record regardless of type of L/C(for example, traditional paper L/C or electronic L/C). The presentation of electronic record has some problems which has not seen in the presentation of paper document. These peblems are Time, Place of presentation, and format of electronic record and so on. The e-UCP provided on the basis of these problems. However, the e-UCP has some obscure provisions on the examination of electronic record and the corruption of electronic record. Who is responsible for the corruption of electronic record by the virus on the system of bank ? The current e-UCP is not clear on this matter. We have to note followings in case of presenting the documents electronically and applying the e-UCP. First, Beneficiary has additional duty to notice of completion of presentation. Second, It will be increasing the clean NEGO through prompt feedback of the descrepancy at the presenting time. Third, It is no use of L/G(Letter of Guarantee).

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.585-610
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• 2012

There have been various attempt to offer commercial service of electronic payment. Actually, however, there has been few electronic payment model that are being used commercial service. Among them, it is estimated that only TSU(Trade Service Utility) of SWIFT will be succeed in providing commercial service possibility. In Korea e-L/C Distribution & Management System was constructed and become the first e-L/C service on a global basis via e-Trade Facilitation 3 Years Project and then started offering the world first e-L/C service. Some scholars have insisted the opinion that SWIFT L/C means e-L/C, but such opinion may be wrong because SWIFT L/C means the L/C advised by SWIFT(Society for Worldwid Interbank Financial Telecommunication) under the condition that a series of procedure from the issuance of L/C to the advice is done by SWIFT system. Because perfect e-L/C should be organically connected by SWIFT network and also, the e-L/C business between overseas banks and their customers should be organically linked with each other. The purpose of this paper is contribute to the commercialization of e-L/C distribution system by studying the current status of infrastructure concerned with domestic and overseas electronic payment and future e-payment infrastructure, seeking to be introduced internationally by doing things.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 2010

Generally, there are Chua's Circuit, Lorenz Circuit and Duffing circuit in the chaos circuit. Among these chaos circuits, Chua's circuit is well known to make the electronic parts easily. Chua's circuit is the constitute of the linearelements. These are constitute of Resistor component(R), inductor component(L), capacitor(C), and nonlinear element which is constitute of nonlinear resistor. However, L element have a difficult problem to implement real hardware by using commercial parts. Due to this, it has a saturation characteristic. In this paper, we analyzed the simplified Chua's circuit which is replace L to C by PSPICE program. Because L element has a difficult problem to make a real hardware, L has a saturation characteristic and we also confirm this analysis as the result.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.59
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• pp.137-157
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• 2013

The Electronic Trade Finance not only has with the trait which is simple procedures, low cost but also easier access to using statistics compare to formerly paper based system. In Korea, all of trade finance system will be changed to electronic base by February 2014. The purpose of this research finds the using status and problems of the electronic local L/C and electronic purchase certificate, and suggests several improvements. First, the whole trade finance system should improve in terms of simple procedures, especially small and medium companies can use the system sufficient maximum limit. Second, the organizers, KTNET, KITA etc, need to the new electronic trade finance system promote to customers and training program for early settlement. It also has to manage at an unified system between IT and tex authorities. Third, small and medium size companies still think the charge for using high, so it need to make a resonable charge for using the electronic system to persuasive extent reasonable about it.

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 1998.08a
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• pp.120.2-120
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• 1998

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.59-64
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• 2023

In this paper, It is proposed through the empirical design of a Conducted EMI filter for noise reduction of power used in electronic devices. For the proposed structure, A-type, B-type, C-type, and D-type structures were designed, and conductive noise reduction was confirmed by using an LC network with various X-capacitors, Y-capacitors, and Air-inductors. 10 [μH] was used for L1 and L2, and 4.7 [nF] was used for C1 and C2. L3 for common mode used 13[μH], and C5, C6, C7 were designed using 10[nF]. The measured insertion loss values of the designed EMI filter were -74.4[dB] at 3.2MHz, -75.4[dB] at 4MHz, and -75.3[dB] at 13.56MHz. Therefore, the proposed EMI filter will be able to reduce power supply noise used in various electronic devices.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.13
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• pp.1033-1055
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• 2000

Almost business enterprises have recently used electronic commerce to conduct their business. Electronic commerce has come to encompass the Internet as well as EDI on private networks begun in the 1960s. The Internet is already changing the way that many companies conduct their business. Domestic electronic commerce has rapidly enhanced, while Int'l electronic commerce has gone steady. There are four issues for developing of Int'l Electronic Commerce. Firstly, The EDI Standardization is to be uniformed and prevailed over the world in UN/EDIFACT authorized by ISO. Secondly, There are two useful systems on Electronic Document Transmission, so called, Bolero project system and Trade Card System. It is thought that Bolero system will be more useful for large trading enterprises, especially, who need a Letter of Credit and electronic B/L, while T/C system is proper to small trade companies who do not need those. Successful results of Bolero system is very important for Int'l electronic commerce enterprises. Thirdly, to secure electronic signature, Int'l Certification Authority is essential for the users of Int'l electronic commerce. Trusted way of distributing public keys is to use a Int'l Certification Authority. The Int'l Certification Authority will accept user's public key, along with some proof of identity and serve as a depository of digital certificates. Both governments and the International business community must involve archiving keys with trusted third parties. Finally, It is important that all the nations and UNCITRAL continue efforts to make legal bases in Int'l electronic commerce concerned, including electronic signature, certification etc.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2005.07a
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• pp.146-148
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• 2005

The number of wind generation installations are growing substantially in Jeju, Korea. Many of these installations are significant in size and directly connected to the distribution system. In these distributed applications, it is not uncommon for the turbines to be connected near the end of a long rural distribution feeder from which end-users are served. Therefore, utility grid interconnection standards for interconnecting non-utility distributed generation systems are essential to both power system company and generation company. In this paper, it is investigated the power quality of Sungsan substation bus connected to Hangwon wind power generation farm.