• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.235-245
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• 2000

This study was peformed to elucidate the effects of antler, red ginseng, safflower seed, ipriflavone and estrogen on ovariectomized rats. The rats were fed with Ca and P deficient diet for five weeks to induce osteoporosis. After this period, these animals were fed with normal for and treated every other day with antler(600mg/kg, PO), red ginseng(200mg/kg, PO), safflower(200mg/kg, PO), ipriflavone(80mg/kg, PO) and estrogene(400$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg, IM) for S weeks. During the treatment, the rats were examined for body, organ, femur and femur ash weights. And electron-microscopical examinations were also performed on femora. The results are summarized as follows : 1. The body weights of the antler, red ginseng, safflower, ipriflavone and estrogen-treated groups after five weeks of treatment, were 303.0$\pm$3.0g, 273.3$\pm$4.4g, 288.3$\pm$5.1g, 300.5$\pm$5.2g, 320.5$\pm$4.2g, respectively. They, except the red ginseng-treated group, were significantly higher than 278.4$\pm$2.7g of normal control group(P<0.05). And the body weight of non-treatment group was 29it.2$\pm$5.5g which was higher than that of control group, too. 2. The weights of left femur after five weeks of treatment were showed 0.83$\pm$0.2g by antler, 0.89$\pm$0.2g by red ginseng, 0.87$\pm$0.2g by safflower 0.83$\pm$0.1g by ipriflavone and 0.78$\pm$0.1g by estrogen-treated group. They were a little lower than 0.97$\pm$0.1g of normal control group. Non-treatment group showed 0.83$\pm$0.1g which was lower than that of control group but not significant. 3. The weights of ashed left femora after five weeks of treatment were showed 0.36$\pm$0.01g by antler, 0.40$\pm$0.01g by red ginseng, 0.41$\pm$0.01g by safflower, 0.36$\pm$0.01g by ipriflavone and 0.35$\pm$0.01g by estrogen-treated group. Those results were significantly lower than 0.43$\pm$0.01g of normal control group. And non-treatment group showed 0.29$\pm$0.01g of femoral ash which was significantly lower than that showed by control group(p<0.05). 4. The femoral Ca contents of the antler, red ginseng, safflower, ipriflavone and estrogen-treated rats were 19.6$\pm$0.7%, 17.8$\pm$1.1%, 18.8$\pm$0.9%, 18.0$\pm$1.1%, 15.3$\pm$1.1%, respectively, after five weeks of treatment. The femoral Ca contents of antler and safflower-treated groups were higher than that of control group which showed 18.2$\pm$0.9% of Ca The non-treatment group, showing 15.3$\pm$0.7%, had significantly lower content of Ca than normal group(p<0.05). 5. The weights of liver, spleen, and kidney in the osteoporosis-induced rats during the treatment with antler, red ginseng, safflower, jpriflavone and estrogen showed not significant changes. 6. The connections among the trabeculae of control group were maintained well, showing no bone loss. However, the connections among the trabeculae of non-treatment group were thinner than those of control group and were almost disconnected and the lacunae were found to be broadened. Antler and safflower-treated group showed only slight changes. The recovery rates were prominent in antler, safflower, estrogen-treated groups but they were insignificant in red ginseng and ipriflavone-treated groups.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.531-537
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• 2007

Antioxidant anticancer activities and nitric oxide (NO) production of Vietnamese and Thai yonganyook (Euphoria longana) fermented with lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus subtilis were investigated. Total organic acid contents (TAC) of Thai raw yonganyook (473.49 mg/g, 89.2% of TAC) were higher 3.2 tims than those of Vietnamese raw yonganyook (148.48 mg/g, 86.8% of TAC) and major organic acids of two materials were formic acid and malic acid. Total free sugars contents of Vietnamese raw yonganyook (434.63 mg/g) were higher 1.2 times than those of Thai raw yonganyook (378.77 mg/g) and major free sugar of two materials welt sucrose, glucose and fructose. NO production of RAW264.7 cell treated with methanol extract of Vietnamese fermented yonganyook was shown to be a lower level than that of Thai fermented yonganyook. It's production by fermented yonganyook was strongly exhibited in low dose (0.2 mg/mL) than in high dose (1.0 mg/mL) as compared with raw yonganyook Electron-donating ability (EDA) of Vietnamese raw yonganyook ($41.72{\pm}3.59%$) at $600\;{\mu}g/assay$ was higher 1.4 times than that of Thai yonganyook ($30.20{\pm}4.8%$). EDA of Vietnamese yonganyook fermented with B. subtilis at $600\;{\mu}g/assay$ was $43.57{\pm}2.07%$ which was the highest level of all samples tested. Anticancer activity of raw yonganyook on human HeLa cell was similar to between Vietnamese and Thai yonganyook. In inhibitory effect of HepG2 cell growth, methanol extract of Thai yonganyook ($46.13{\pm}4.80%$) was higher than that of Vietnamese yonganyook ($33.07{\pm}0.92%$). Inhibitory activity of fermented yonganyook on HeLa and HepG2 cell growth were $39.21{\pm}1.46%$ and $48.07{\pm}1.63%$ when $200\;{\mu}g/assay$ of methanol extract of Vietnamese and Thai yonganyook fermented with B. subtilis were used, respectively.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.276-285
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to develop a new fermented product (named as Cheonggeumjang) using Sigumjang, Cheonggukjang and Oak mushroom. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Sigumjang, Cheonggukjang, and Cheonggeumjang, which were mixed in a different ratio as A (Sigumjang: Cheonggukjang = 1:2), B (Sigumjang: Cheonggukjang = 1:1) and C (Sigumjang: Cheonggukjang = 2 : 1). Then, the functions and physicochemical properties of products were investigated. We found that the crude protein content in Cheonggeumjang was higher than in Sigumjang whereas fat and calories content was less than that of Cheonggukjang. Free sugar content in Cheonggeumjang C 5.8681 g/100g was the highest. Moroever, Cheonggeumjang C and Sigumjang has an antioxidant activities. The electron donating capacity, SOD like activity and the inhibitory effect on xanthine oxidase of these two were significantly high than other group. Fat rancidity is promoted in the presence of metal ion, Cheonggeumjang group has higher inhibitory effect on $Fe^{2+}$ion than on $Cu^{2+}$ ion. The rancidity of fat is also increased by reactive oxygens species, Cheonggeumjang group inhibited $H_2O_2$ in higher extent than $KO_2$. Also, ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibition activity of Cheonggeumjang C in all of the concentrations (300 ppm, 500 ppm and 700 ppm) is higher than other groups. In sensory evaluation, Cheonggeumjang C groups is ranked significantly higher than the other groups while considering color, flavor, taste and the overall acceptability. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that Cheonggeumjang is best ingredient for increasing the consumer acceptability and functionality.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.557-561
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• 2002

The changes in some chemical and physical properties of fresh or rancid soybean oil by the treatment with sweet potato, potato, burdock, and carrot were investigated. The results of the study were as follows: The specific gravity of the soybean oil increased by heating and decreased by the addition of sweet potato, burdock and carrot into the oil. The chromaticity of soybean oil increased by heating and treatment with above vegetables having antioxidant activity. To investigate the antioxidant effects of above vegetables during heating, anisidine value (AV) and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) electron donating ability were measured. The AV of oil decreased by heating with sweet potato in fresh or rancid oil. The DPPH value decreased by heating with sweet potato and carrot, of which the antioxidant activity were similar to that of 0.02 ∼ 0.05 mg of dl-${\alpha}$ -tocopherol.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.137-144
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• 2002

Pork loins that retailed in market were used as experimental samples. Some pork samples in raw state were packaged with PVDC in either aerobic or vacuum condition. The other pork samples were cooked until core temperature reached at 70$\^{C}$ and then packaged immediately in the same way with the raw samples. After these samples were irradiated by electron beam 6 kGy, the samples were stored in a refrigerator (2∼4$\^{C}$). Identification and quantification of cholesterol oxides were performed at 0 and 7 days. The results were following. During the early stage of storage, cholesterol oxides were not produced from the raw meat samples, but with the passage of storage time,7 $\alpha$-hydroxycholesterol, 7$\beta$-hydroxycholesterol, 7-ketocholesterol, 20 $\alpha$-hydroxycholesterol, $\beta$-epoxide and $\alpha$-epoxide, which were not produced during the early stage of storage, were produced. The production of cholesterol and lipid oxidation products were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the meats with aerobic packaging than those with vacuum packaging, Cooked meat after irradiation showed 7 $\alpha$-hydroxycholesterol, 7 $\beta$-hydroxycholesterol, $\alpha$-epoxide and cholestanetriol on the 7th day of storage, although those chemicals were not produced during the early stage of storage. Production of cholesterol oxides was significantly increased (P<0.05) with the passage of storage time for all treatments, and showed significantly lower value (P<0.05) with the vacuum packaging than these for aerobic packaging. Species of cholesterol oxides from irradiated meat after cooking were similar to those from cooked meat after irradiation. Collectively, it was found that the production of cholesterol oxides was more easily affected by packaging condition than irradiation.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.31 no.1 s.84
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• pp.137-147
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• 2001

Acidic primer is the bonding agent which combines the conditioning and priming agent into the single solution and was originally developed for the dentin bonding system. It is less harmful to the tooth structure and more convenient to manipulate than the traditional etching procedure. The Purpose of this study is to evaluate the shear bond strength of various bonding materials when the enamel is treated with acidic primer for the bracket bonding procedure. Fifty recently extracted human premolars were randomly separated into five groups -Group I using Clearfil Liner Bond 2 adhesive system to the enamel treated with acidic primer, Group II using Transbond XT adhesive system to the enamel treated with acidic primer, Group III using panavia 21 adhesive system to the enamel treated with acidic primer, Group IV using Fuji-Ortho LC adhesive system to the enamel treated with acidic primer, Group V using Transbond XT adhesive system to the enamel treated with 37$\%$ phosphoric acid. The shear bond strength was measured with Instron universal testing machine after storing in $37^{\circ}C$ water bath for 48 hours. After debonding, the teeth and brackets were examined under scanning electron microscope (SEM) and assessed with the adhesive remnant index (ARI). The results were as follows : 1. There were no significant differences in shear bond strength between group III ($8.69{\pm}2.72MPa$), group IV (9.7 ± 3.16 MPa), and group V ($10.48{\pm}2.60MPa$) (p>0.05). 2. The shear bond strength of group III and group IV was significantly higher than that of group I ($1.09{\pm}0.53MPa$), and Group II ($2.70{\pm}1.46MPa$) (p<0.05). 3. The ARI of group IV ($2.1{\pm}1.1$) and group V ($2.9{\pm}0.3$) was significantly higher than that of group I ($0.2{\pm}0.4$), group II ($0.3{\pm}0.9$) and group III ($0.2{\pm}0.4$) (p<0.05). 4. There were no significant difference between the ARI of group IV and group V (p>0.05). This result suggests that the combination of acidic primer and some bonding adhesive can provide sufficient shear bond strength for clinical orthodontics.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.2 s.55
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• pp.163-174
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of bisphosphonate and indomethacin, blockers of bone resorption with different mechanisms, on alveolar bone remodeling. Male rats were divided into control, bisphosphonate and indomethacin groups, and then each group was divided info an experimental side and a control side according to the force application. Bisphosphonate(6.3mg/kg,$2.52x10^{-2}mol/L$) and indomethacin (9mg/kg, $2.52x10^{-2}mol/L$) were injected 6 hours and 1 hour before or 24 hours after the force application. The rats were killed 72 hours after the force application and histologic examination was perfomed. The values of serum acid phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase were also measured in the control md experimental groups treated with bisphosphonate or indomethacin 1 hour before the force application. In the experimental side, the least number of osteoclasts was noted in the groups treated 1 hour before the force application with indomethacin or bisphosphonate, while there were no differences between the control and the groups treated with drugs 6 hours before or 24 hours after the force application. In the control side, the number of osteoclasts was not inecreased with no differences among the groups. Histologic examination revealed a severe alveolar bone resorption in the control group and the groups treated with indomethacin 6 hours before or 24 hours after the force application. Indomethacin treatment 1 hour before the force application and bisphosphonate treatment at any time significantly attenuated the bone resorption. Electron microscopically, ruffled border and clear zone of osteoclasts were observed in the control and indomethacin groups, while some osteoclasts were detached from the bone surface and exhibited dull cellular projections in the bisphosphonate groups. The bisphosphonate and indomethacin groups showed lower values of acid phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase than the control group. The acid phosphatase value in the bisphosphonate group was lower than that in the indomethacin group, whereas there was no difference in the lactate dehydrogenase value between the groups. These results suggest that bisphosphonate reduces the activity of osteoclasts as well as the number of osteoclasts and that indomethacin reduces the number of osteoclasts without affecting the activity of osteoclasts. Bisphosphonate has a larger inhibitory effect on bone resorption md thus less limitation in the application time than indomethacin.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.2 s.55
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• pp.175-186
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of mechanical and thermal fatigue on the shear bond strength(SBS) of stainless steel mesh brackets bonded to human premolar teeth with 3 no-mix adhesives. The stainless steel mesh bracket was Ormesh(Ormco, .022 slot) and three types of no-mix adhesives were Ortho-one(Bisco), $Monolok^2$(RMO), $System\;1^+$(Ormco). The $10^6$ loadcycles of $17.4{\times}10^2sin2{\pi}ftlg{\cdot}cm$ and the 1,000 thermocycles of 15 second dwell time in each bath of $5^{\circ}C\;and\;55^{\circ}C$ were acturated as mechanical and thermal fatigue stress, and SBS were measured after each fatigue test. The fracture sites were analyzed by stereoscope and scanning electron microscope. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. Before thermocycles, $Monolok^2$ showed the highest Knoop hardness number(KHN, $64.03kg/mm^2$) and $System\;1^+$ showed the lowest value($31.60kg/mm^2$). After thermocycling, $Monolok^2$ also showed the highest KHN($38.03kg/mm^2$) and $system\;1^+$ showed the minimum($20.87kg/mm^2$). The KHN of Ortho-one, $Monolok^2,\;System\;1^+$ significantly decreased after thermocycling (P<0.01). 2. In static shear bond test, three adhesives had no significant differences in the SBS(P>0.01). 3. After thermocycling test, $Monolok^2$ showed the maximum SBS($19.34{\pm}2.75MPa$) and Ortho-one showed the minimum SBS($13.66{\pm}2.23MPa$). The SBS of Ortho-one(P<0.01) and $System\;1^+$(P<0.05) significantly decreased after $10^3$ thermocycles. 4. The SBS of three adhesives after $10^6$ loadcycles were similar and were not significantly decreased compared with static group(P>0.01). 5. The failure sites were usually bracket/resin interface in all groups irrespective of experimental conditions.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.137-150
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• 2007

Trees emit phytoncide into atmosphere to protect them from predation. Phytoncide from different trees has its own unique fragrance that is referred to as forest bath. Phytoncide, which is essential oil of trees, has microbicidal, insecticidal, acaricidal, and deodorizing effect. The present study was performed to examine the effect of phytoncide on Porphyromonas gingivalis, which is one of the most important causative agents of periodontitis and halitosis. P. gingivalis 2561 was incubated with or without phytoncide extracted from Hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa Sieb. et Zucc.; Japanese cypress) and then changes were observed in its cell viability, antibiotic sensitivity, morphology, and biochemical/molecular biological pattern. The results were as follows: 1. The phytoncide appeared to have a strong antibacterial effect on P. gingivalis. MIC of phytoncide for the bacterium was determined to be 0.008%. The antibacterial effect was attributed to bactericidal activity against P. gingivalis. It almost completely suppressed the bacterial cell viability (>99.9%) at the concentration of 0.01%, which is the MBC for the bacterium. 2. The phytoncide failed to enhance the bacterial susceptibility to ampicillin, cefotaxime, penicillin, and tetracycline but did increase the susceptibility to amoxicillin. 3. Numbers of electron dense granules, ghost cell, and vesicles increased with increasing concentration of the phytoncide, 4. RT-PCR analysis revealed that expression of superoxide dismutase was increased in the bacterium incubated with the phytoncide. 5. No distinct difference in protein profile between the bacterium incubated with or without the phytoncide was observed as determined by SDS-PAGE and immunoblot. Overall results suggest that the phytoncide is a strong antibacterial agent that has a bactericidal action against P. gingivalis. The phytoncide does not seem to affect much the profile of the major outer membrane proteins but interferes with antioxidant activity of the bacterium. Along with this, yet unknown mechanism may cause changes in cell morphology and eventually cell death.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.424-434
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• 2009

Statement of problem: Problems such as loosening and fractures of retained screws and fracture of implant fixture have been frequently reported in implant prosthesis. Purpose: Implant has weak mechanical properties against lateral loading compared to vertical occlusal loading, and therefore, stress analysis of implant fixture depending on its material and geometric features is needed. Material and methods: Total 28 of external hexed implants were divided into 7 of 4 groups; Group A (3i, FULL $OSSEOTITE^{(R)}$Implant), Group B (Nobelbiocare, $Br{\aa}nemark$ $System^{(R)}$Mk III Groovy RP), Group C (Neobiotec, $SinusQuick^{TM}$ EB), Group D (Osstem, US-II). The type III gold alloy prostheses were fabricated using adequate UCLA gold abutments. Fixture, abutment screw, and abutment were connected and cross-sectioned vertically. Hardness test was conducted using MXT-$\alpha$. For fatigue fracture test, with MTS 810, the specimens were loaded to the extent of 60-600 N until fracture occurred. The fracture pattern of abutment screw and fixture was observed under scanning electron microscope. A comparative study of stress distribution and fracture area of abutment screw and fixture was carried out through finite element analysis Results: 1. In Vicker's hardness test of abutment screw, the highest value was measured in group A and lowest value was measured in group D. 2. In all implant groups, implant fixture fractures occurred mainly at the 3-4th fixture thread valley where tensile stress was concentrated. When the fatigue life was compared, significant difference was found between the group A, B, C and D (P<.05). 3. The fracture patterns of group B and group D showed complex failure type, a fracture behavior including transverse and longitudinal failure patterns in both fixture and abutment screw. In Group A and C, however, the transverse failure of fixture was only observed. 4. The finite element analysis infers that a fatigue crack started at the fixture surface. Conclusion: The maximum tensile stress was found in the implant fixture at the level of cortical bone. The fatigue fracture occurred when the dead space of implant fixture coincides with jig surface where the maximum tensile stress was generated. To increase implant durability, prevention of surrounding bone resorption is important. However, if the bone resorption progresses to the level of dead space, the frequency of implant fracture would increase. Thus, proper management is needed.