Browse > Article

Effect of Phytoncide on Porphyromonas gingivalis  

Kim, Sun-Q (Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University)
Shin, Mi-Kyoung (Institute of Oral biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University)
Auh, Q-Schick (Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University)
Lee, Jin-Yong (Institute of Oral biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University)
Hong, Jung-Pyo (Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University)
Chun, Yang-Hyun (Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University)
Publication Information
Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain / v.32, no.2, 2007 , pp. 137-150 More about this Journal
Abstract
Trees emit phytoncide into atmosphere to protect them from predation. Phytoncide from different trees has its own unique fragrance that is referred to as forest bath. Phytoncide, which is essential oil of trees, has microbicidal, insecticidal, acaricidal, and deodorizing effect. The present study was performed to examine the effect of phytoncide on Porphyromonas gingivalis, which is one of the most important causative agents of periodontitis and halitosis. P. gingivalis 2561 was incubated with or without phytoncide extracted from Hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa Sieb. et Zucc.; Japanese cypress) and then changes were observed in its cell viability, antibiotic sensitivity, morphology, and biochemical/molecular biological pattern. The results were as follows: 1. The phytoncide appeared to have a strong antibacterial effect on P. gingivalis. MIC of phytoncide for the bacterium was determined to be 0.008%. The antibacterial effect was attributed to bactericidal activity against P. gingivalis. It almost completely suppressed the bacterial cell viability (>99.9%) at the concentration of 0.01%, which is the MBC for the bacterium. 2. The phytoncide failed to enhance the bacterial susceptibility to ampicillin, cefotaxime, penicillin, and tetracycline but did increase the susceptibility to amoxicillin. 3. Numbers of electron dense granules, ghost cell, and vesicles increased with increasing concentration of the phytoncide, 4. RT-PCR analysis revealed that expression of superoxide dismutase was increased in the bacterium incubated with the phytoncide. 5. No distinct difference in protein profile between the bacterium incubated with or without the phytoncide was observed as determined by SDS-PAGE and immunoblot. Overall results suggest that the phytoncide is a strong antibacterial agent that has a bactericidal action against P. gingivalis. The phytoncide does not seem to affect much the profile of the major outer membrane proteins but interferes with antioxidant activity of the bacterium. Along with this, yet unknown mechanism may cause changes in cell morphology and eventually cell death.
Keywords
Phytoncide; Antibacterial effect; Malodor; P. gingivalis; Oral pathogenic bacteria;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Tanner AA, Socransky SS, Goodson JM. Microbiota of periodontal pockets losing crestal alveolar bone. J Periodontal Res 1984;11:279-291
2 Tamai R, Asai Y, Ogawa T. Requirement for intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and caveolae in invasion of human oral epithelial cells by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Infect Immun 2005;73:6290-6298   DOI   ScienceOn
3 DeCarlo AA Jr, Windsor LJ, Bodden MK et al. Activation and novel processing of matrix metalloproteinases by a thiol-proteinase from the oral anaerobe Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Dent Res, 1997;76:1260-1270   DOI   ScienceOn
4 Bosy A. Oral Malodor: philosophical and practical aspects. J Can Dent Assoc 1997;63:196-201
5 Nakano Y, Yoshimura M, Koga T. Correlation between oral malodor and periodontal bacteria. Microbes Infect 2002;4:679-683   DOI   ScienceOn
6 Muller CH. Allelopathy as a factor in ecological processes. Vegetation 1969;18:348-357   DOI
7 Takarada K, Kimizuka R, Takahashi N et al. A comparison of the antibacterial efficacies of essential oils against oral pathogens. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2004;19:61-64   DOI   ScienceOn
8 Schnaubelt K. Advanced aromatherapy. Vermont, 1995, Healing Arts Press, pp. 255-286
9 Cowan MM. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Rev 1999;12:564-582
10 Mayrand D, Holt SC. Biology of asaccharolytic black-pigmented Bacteroides species. Microbiol Rev 1988;52:134-152
11 Nakayama KJ. Rapid viability loss on exposure to air in a superoxide dismutase-deficient mutant of Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Bacteriol 1994;176: 1939-1943   DOI
12 Welsh C. Complementary therapies in hospice care: touch with oils- a pertinent part of holistic care. Am J hospice Palliat Care 1997;14:42-44   DOI   ScienceOn
13 Oussalah M, Caillet S, Lacroix M. Mechanism of action of Spanish oregano, Chinese cinnamon, and savory essential oils against cell membranes and walls of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes. J Food Prot 2006;69:1046-1055   DOI
14 Gharbia SE, Shah HN. Interactions between blackpigmented Gram-negative anaerobes and other species which may be important in disease development. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 1993;6:173-178   DOI   ScienceOn
15 Cox SD, Mann CM, Markham JL et al. The mode of antimicrobial action of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil). J Appl Microbiol 2000;88: 170-175   DOI   ScienceOn
16 Whittaker RH, Feeny PP. Alleochemics: chemical interactions between species. Science 1971;171:757-770   DOI
17 Shapiro S, Meier A, Guggenheim B. The antimicrobial activity of essential oils and essential oil components towards oral bacteria. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1994;9:202-208   DOI   ScienceOn
18 강하영, 오종환. 침엽수 침엽 정유의 방향성 이용적성. 임업연보 1994;49:177-179
19 이현옥, 백승화, 한동민. 편백정유의 항균효과. Kor J Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2001;29:253-257
20 최인식, 박병래, 김홍렬 등. Porphyromonas gingivalis 에 대한 polyphosphate의 항균효과. 대한미생물학회지 1999;34:285-301
21 Nakayama K. The superoxide dismutase-encoding gene of the obligately anaerobic bacterium Bacteroides gingivalis. Gene 1990;96:149-150   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Lis-Balchin M. Essential oils and aromatherapy: their modern role in healing. J R Soc Health 1977;117: 324-329   DOI
23 Fine DH, Furgang D, Lieb R et al. Effects of sublethal exposure to an antiseptic mouthrinse on representative plaque bacteria. J Clin Periodontol 1996;23:444-451   DOI   ScienceOn
24 Schoenknecht FD, Sabath LD, Thornsberry C. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 4th ed. Washington DC, 1985, American Society for Microbiology, pp. 1000-1008
25 Lamont RJ, Jenkinson HF. Life below the gum line: pathogenic mechanisms of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1998;62:1244-1263
26 Nelson KE, Fleischmann RD, DeBoy RT et al. Complete genome sequence of the oral pathogenic Bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis strain W83. J Bacteriol 2003;185:5591-5601   DOI   ScienceOn
27 Rao NN, Kornberg A. Inorganic polyphosphate supports resistance and survival of stationary-phase Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1996;178:1394-1400   DOI
28 Murakami Y, Masuda T, Imai M et al. Analysis of major virulence factors in Porphyromonas gingivalis under various culture temperatures using specific antibodies. Microbiol Immunol 2004;48:561-569   DOI
29 Masuda T, Murakami Y, Noguchi T, Yoshimura F. Effects of various growth conditions in a chemostat on expression of virulence factors in Porphyromonas gingivalis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006;72:3458-3467   DOI   ScienceOn
30 Ximenez-Fyvie LA, Haffajee, AD, Socransky SS. Comparison of the microbiota of supra- and subgingival plaque in health and periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2000;27:648-657   DOI   ScienceOn
31 강하영, 이성숙, 최인규. 침엽수 수엽 정유의 항균성에 관한 연구. 한국임산에너지학회지 1993;13:71-79
32 Xajigeorgiou C, Sakellari D, Slini T et al. Clinical and microbiological effects of different antimicrobials on generalized aggressive periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2006;33:254-264   DOI   ScienceOn
33 Ding Y, Haapasalo M, Kerosuo E et al. Release and activation of human neutrophil matrix metallo- and serine proteinases during phagocytosis of Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola. J Clin Periodontol 1997;24: 237-248   DOI   ScienceOn
34 Dickinson DP, Kubiniec MA, Yoshimura F, Genco RJ. Molecular cloning and sequencing of the gene encoding the fimbrial subunit protein of Bacteroides gingivalis. J Bacteriol 1988;170:1658-1665   DOI
35 Vaara M, Jaakkola J. Sodium hexametaphosphate sensitizes Pseudomonas aeruginosa, several other species of Pseudomonas, and Escherichia coli to hydrophobic drugs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989;33:1741-1747   DOI   ScienceOn
36 Christersson LA, Rosling BG, Dunford RG et al. monitoring of subgingival Bacteroides gingivalis and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in the management of advanced periodontitis. Adv Dent Res 1988;2:382-388   DOI
37 Ayres H, Furr JR, Russell AD. A rapid method of evaluating permeabilizing activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Lett Appl Microbiol 1993;17: 149-151   DOI   ScienceOn
38 Nguefack J, Budde BB, Jakobsen M. Five essential oils from aromatic plants of Cameroon: their antibacterial activity and ability to permeabilize the cytoplasmic membrane of Listeria innocua examined by flow cytometry. Lett Appl Microbiol 2004;39: 395-400   DOI   ScienceOn
39 Carson CF, Mee BJ, Riley TV. Mechanism of action of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil on Staphylococcus aureus determined by time-kill, lysis, leakage, and salt tolerance assay and electron microscopy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:1914-1920   DOI   ScienceOn
40 Tonzetich J. Production and origin of oral malodor. A review of mechanisms and methods of analysis. J Periodontol 1997;48:13-20   DOI