• 한국가금학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.71-77
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• 1998

This study was investigated to study split diets on laying performance and eggshell quality with Hy-Line brown layers 43 weeks old for 12 weeks Layers fed a conventional diet and split diets were divided into morning and afternoon diet. The conventional diet contained 3.4 % Ca was given constant nutrients all day. Hens of the split diets fed morning diets contained 0.5 % Ca constantly and afternoon diets contained 5.9, 8.0, and 10.0 % Ca in T1to T3. Split diets were given morning diets from 04:00 to 15:00 and afternoon diets 15:00 to 21 :00 alternately. Egg production, egg weight, and egg mass were not significantly different among diets. Abnormal eggs decreased in T1 and T2, but no significantly differed(P>0.05). Feed intake decreased in all of split diets compared to control diets (P <0.05). So, feed conversion ratio also improved in split diets(P<0.05). ME and CP intake decreased in T2 and T3, and Ca intake increased in proportion to Ca content of diets(P<0.05). ME and CP requirements per kg eggs decreased in the split diets, and that of Ca increased. Although there were not different significantly, egg shell strength and thickness improved slightly in T2 at 12 week. Yolk color, haugh unit and yolk index were not different among diets. Therefore, we concluded that split diet feeding to layer could improve feed and economic efficiency with normal egg production.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.67-72
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• 2005

관행적인 산란계 사료와 관행적 산란계 사료에서 칼슘 공급제를 배제한 저 칼슘사료의 2가지 배합사료를 급여하면서 각각 오후 3$\~$4시에 일반적인 관행사료의 칼슘 공급제 배합량의 1$\~$3배의 칼슘 공급제(석회석)를 추가로 공급할 경우 산란능력과 사료섭취량, 사료효율 및 난각질에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 480수의 갈색산란계를 공시하여 10주간 사양시험을 실시한 결과 산란율은 처리간에 유의적인 차이가 없었으며, 평균난중은 처리간에 유의성은 인정되었으나(P<0.05)처리 간에 일정한 경향은 보이지 않았다. 칼슘공급제가 들어있지 않은 배합사료의 1일 1수당 섭취량은 2가지 배합사료에서 모두 칼슘공급제의 추가공급량이 증가할수록 유의적으로 감소하였으나(P<0.05), 칼슘공급제를 포함한 사료의 섭취량은 칼슘공급제의 추가공급량이 증가할수록 유의적으로 증가하였다(P<0.05). 칼슘공급제가 들어있지 않은 배합사료의 산란 kg당 요구율은 2가지 배합사료에서 모두 칼슘공급제의 추가공급량이 증가할수록 감소하는 경향을 보였으나, 칼슘공급제를 포함한 사료의 산란 kg당 요구율은 칼슘공급제의 추가공급량이 증가할수록 유의적으로 증가하였다(P<0.05).계란의 비중은2가지 배합사료에서 모두 칼슘공급제의 추가공급량이 증가할수록 유의적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였고(P<0.05), 난각 파괴강도와 난각 후도는 모두 처리간에 유의성은 인정되지 않았으나 칼슘 공급제 추가공급량이 증가할수록 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 결론적으로 고칼슘의 관행산란계사료를 계속 급여하는 대신 관행산란계 사료에서 칼슘 공급제를 배제한 저칼슘의 사료를 급여하면서 칼슘 요구량이 증가하는 오후 3$\~$4시 이후에 충분한 칼슘 공급제를 추가 공급하면 사료섭취 량과 사료요구율을 감소시키고 난각질을 개선할 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권10호
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• pp.1478-1483
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• 2006

This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of supplementation of L-carnitine and humic substances alone or in combination in laying hen diets on performance, egg traits and blood parameters. A total of 180 IGH type brown laying hens aged 22 weeks were employed in a completely randomized block design with one control group and three treatment groups. Each group was divided into five replicates as subgroups, each comprising 9 hens. The diets of the first, second and third treatment groups were supplemented with 0.1 g/kg L-carnitine, 1.5 g/kg humic substances (Farmagulator$^{(R)}$ Dry Plus) and 0.1 g/kg L-carnitine+1.5 g/kg humic substances, respectively. The experimental period lasted 18 weeks. Feeding supplemental carnitine, humic substances or carnitine+humic substances resulted in increases in body weight gain (p<0.05). Dietary treatments did not significantly affect daily feed intake, daily metabolizable energy intake, egg production, egg weight, feed efficiency, mortality, egg shape index, egg breaking strength, egg shell thickness, egg albumen index, egg yolk index, egg Haugh unit and the percentages of egg shell, albumen and yolk. Supplementation of humic substances reduced egg yolk cholesterol as mg per g yolk and mg per yolk (p<0.05). Blood serum parameters were not affected by the supplementation of carnitine, humic substances or carnitine+humic substances. The results in this study demonstrated that humic substances supplementation reduced egg cholesterol without adverse effects on performance, egg traits and blood parameters of laying hens. It was concluded that the usage of L-carnitine alone or in combination with humic substances in diets had no beneficial effects in laying hens.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.15-21
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• 1986

산란계에서 인의 생리적인 요구에 맞추어 인 수준이 다른 사료를 서로 다른 시간에 급여하였을 때 산란율, 사료섭취량, 사료효율, 인, 섭취량, 산란시각, 계란의 비중, 란중에 미치는 영향과 란중과 산란시각, 계란의 비중과 산란시각, 계란의 비중과 란중의 관계를 조사하기 위하여 108수의 Manina Brown 산란계를 공시하여 14일간 시험한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 0.7% 인 수준의 사료를 계속 급여한 대조구(처리 1)와 오전 6시부터 10시까지 2.54%의 인 수준의 사료를 급여하고 나머지 시간에 0.33% 인 수준의 사료를 급여한 처리 2와 2.54% 인 수준의 사료를 산란직후 4시간 동안 급여하고 나머지 시간에는 0.33% 인 수준의 사료를 급여한 처리 3과 사이에 산란율, 사료효율은 차이가 없었으나 (p〈0.01) 인 섭취량은 처리 1에 비하여 처리 2와 3에서 높았다(P〈0.01). 2. 산란시각은 처리3이 제일 빨랐으며 처리 1(P〈0.05) 및 처리 2(P〈0.01)와 유의차가 있었다. 3. 평균 란중은 사료의 인 수준을 달리하여 급여시 처리간에 별 다른 차이를 보이지 않았다. 4. 계란의 비중은 처리 3에서 처리1이나 2에 비하여 높았으나 (P〈0.01) 처리 1과 처리 2 사이에는 유의차가 없었다. 5. 산란시각과 란중의 관계는 부(-)의 상관관계를 보였는데, 아침 일찍 산란한 계란은 오후에 산란한 계란보다 무거웠음을 나타내었다. (P〈0.01). 6. 산란시각과 계란의 비중사이에는 2차 회귀관계가 인정되었으며, 늦게 산란한 계란일수록 비중은 높았다. (P〈0.01). 7.계란의 비중과 란중의 관계는 부(-)의 상관관계를 보였으며, 란중이 커질수록 계란의 비중은 저하되는 경향을 나타내었다. (P〈0.01).

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.245-251
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• 2017

A dose-response experiment was conducted to determine the lysine requirement for broiler breeder hens during pre-peak production. Totally, one hundred and twenty-six flock 23-week-old Ross 308 broiler breeder hens with similar body weight were selected ($2,188{\pm}32g$) for a 6-week experiment. Hens were fed with a basal diet of corn-wheat-soybean meal formulated to achieve the Ross 308 breeder nutrient specifications (2016), except for lysine. The 7 graded, daily lysine intake levels used in this experiment were 732, 785, 838, 891, 944, 997, and 1,050 mg, and hens were restricted to 133 g of feed throughout this experiment. Pen based egg production were recorded once a day and all eggs were weighed daily. Age at sexual maturity was determined when the hens attained age at 25% production. Body weight at 23~29 weeks of age was not affected (P>0.05) by lysine levels. By fitting a linear-plateau model, the daily lysine requirements for feed conversion ratio, total produced egg weight, and age at sexual maturity at 23~29 weeks of age were estimated as 865, 907, and 891 mg, respectively. Using a quadratic-plateau model, the daily lysine requirement at 23~29 weeks of age were estimated as 974, 964, and 950 mg for feed conversion ratio, total produced egg weight, and age at sexual maturity, respectively. These results suggested that the daily lysine requirement for modern broiler breeder hens according to the National Research Council (1994) are insufficient for higher total produced egg weight, sexual maturity, and feed efficiency, and 120% of the NRC recommendation level would improve hen productivity when data are fitted under linear- and quadratic-plateau models.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권12호
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• pp.1726-1730
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• 2000

High fibre (CF, 242 g/kg) sunflower seed meal (SSM) was incorporated in standard grower and layer quail diets at 0, 50, 75 or 100 g/kg replacing part of the soybean meal (SBM) and deoiled rice bran (DORB). Each grower diet was offered to 30 quails housed in battery cages from day one to 5 weeks of age. At the end of the growing period, Twelve female quails from each of the four respective dietary groups were transferred to the individual laying cages and their laying performance from 7 to 20 weeks of age were evaluated on diets containing SSM at similar levels as that during the growing period. The results of growth bioassay revealed that the live weight gain, feed intake, nutrient retention and carcass characteristics of quails in different dietary groups did not vary significantly (p>0.05), although the quails fed SSM based diets utilized the feed less (p<0.05) efficiently than those fed the control diet. During the laying period, the egg production and egg quality traits remained unaffected due to dietary treatments but feed required per unit egg production increased (p<0.05) as the level of SSM in diet was increased to 100 g/kg. Although, the cost of feed per kg decreased due to the incorporation of SSM in diet but the same was not reflected in feed cost per unit gain, meat or egg production as such parameters were comparable on all the diets. It could thus be concluded that the SSM can be incorporated in quail diets upto 100 g/kg for part of SBM, an item usually expensive and also in short supply in developing countries including India.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권7호
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• pp.1085-1089
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• 1999

Energy requirement of Rhode Island Red (RIR) hens was studied by comparative slaughter technique. Seventeen hens above 72 weeks of age were slaughtered in batches. Batch I consisted of 5 hens which were slaughtered initially. Batch II comprised of six hens, which were fed ad libitum broken rice (BR)-based diet for 18 days. Record of feed intake, number of eggs laid and egg weight during the period was kept. These hens were slaughtered and body energy content was determined. Egg energy was consisted as energy deposited. Batch III consisting of six hens which were fed varying quantity of diet for 15 days, were slaughtered similarly as hens of batch II. Regression equation (body weight to body energy) developed on batch I was applied to batch II and developed on batch II was applied to batch III hens, to find out initial body energy content of hens. Egg energy (EE) was calculated according to formula: EE (kcal) = -19.7 + 1.81 egg weight (g). Regressing metabolisable energy (ME) intake on energy balance (body energy change + egg energy), maintenance ME requirement of hens was found to be $119.8kcal/kg\;W^{0.75}/d$. Multiple regression of ME required for production on energy retained as protein and fat (body plus egg energy) indicated that RIR hens synthesize proteins with an efficiency of 85.5 and fat with an efficiency exceeding 100 percent on BR based diet.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.243-254
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• 2000

The effect of supplemental microbial phytase and non - phytate phosphorus(NPP) levels on layer productivity and nutrient digestibility were conducted in 640 21 weeks - old HyLine brown layer for 12 weeks. Supplemented phytase levels were 0, 300, 500 and 1,000 DPU/kg diet. NPP levels were adjusted with tricalcium phosphate(TCP), which were 0(0.11% NPP), 0.5(0.20), 1.0(0.29) and 1.5%(0.38). ME, CP and Ca levels were maintained at 2,800㎉/kg diet, 16% and 3.5%, respectively. Egg production was increased with phytase compared to without phytase(P〈0.05). Increasement of egg production was higher latter of experimental period. Egg production was not different to phytase levels. Egg production in TCP levels were increased in above 0.5% compared to 0% TCP. Difference of egg production by TCP was higher after 6 week. Especially, egg production to supplemental phytase was higher in 0% TCP. Egg weight was not different to phytase and TCP levels. Egg mass was increased with phytase compared to without phytase, but not difference significantly. There was similar to phytase levels. Egg mass in TCP group was increased in TCP supplementation(P〈0.05). Feed intake was not different in phytase levels, and greater with increasing TCP levels(P〈0.05). Feed conversion was improved with phytase(P〈0.05), and not difference in TCP levels. All of nutrients digestibility tended to improve with phytase, P(P〈0.05), especially. There were not different among phytase levels. The effect of adding phytase was higher in low phosphorus diets compared normal levels. Eggshell breaking strength and eggshell thickness also improved in added phytase(P〈0.05). Tibial ash and P content were slightly increased with phytase, and Ca content also was higher(P〈0.05) compared without phytase. We concluded that supplemental phytase in low phosphorus diet was showed to increase laying performance, feed efficiency, nutrients digestibility, egg quality, and bone development. Phytase supplementation was able to compensate for low NPP diet. We also thought optimum phytase level is 300 DPU, and can decrease NPP supplementation adding phytase in later diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.980-983
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• 2004

A 16 week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacement of soybean meal (SM) by extracted cottonseed meal (CSM) on laying performance and haemoglobin levels in practical diets for breeder Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). One hundred ninety two quails (6 weeks old) were divided randomly into eight groups. The diets were isocaloric containing 2,900 kcal/kg of ME and isonitrogenous (% 20 crude protein) as fed basis. SM was replaced by 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5, 15.0 and 17.5% of CSM, respectively. Average egg production (quail day, %; quail house, %), egg weight (g), daily feed intake (g/bird), feed efficiency ratio (g feed/g egg) data indicated no significant differences among the treatments; while, blood haemoglobin levels (% g Hb) of 7th (15.0% CSM) and 8th (17.5% CSM) group were lower than the control (0% CSM) diet (p<0.05). This experiment indicated that 17.5% CSM could replace SM (providing 44% of SM protein) in practical diets of breeder Japanese quails without any significant impairment on laying performance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.91-95
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• 1992

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of broilers and layers fed locally produced fish waste meal (LFWM) in Western Samoa. LFWM, which was produced by mincing and oven drying of rejects from filleted fish, was included in both broiler and layer diets at the complete expense of imported meat and bone meal (MBM). The experiments were of a completely randomised design. In experiment 1, 120 day-old Strabro broiler chicks were raised to 49 days of ages. In experiment 2, 80 Shaver 288 pullets, 20 weeks of age, were housed in pairs in cages and raised up to 72 weeks of age. There were no differences (p > 0.05) in performance of broilers as measured in terms of final bodyweights, feed intake, feed efficiency and carcass yield between the two diets. Similarly, no differences (p > 0.05) existed in egg production, egg weight and feed required per kilogramme of eggs. It is concluded that LFWM is nutritionally as good as imported MBM and could be used to completely replace MBM in broiler and layer diets.