• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.529-536
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• 2011

In this study, we confirmed that the SWRO(Sea Water Reverse Osmosis) production water has more hard corrosiveness than the tap water by fundamental experiment. According to the result, the target of this study was aimed at developing maintenance and anti-corrosion method. In the early stages of the research, batch tests using mild steel coupons and electrochemical experiments were applied to compare the corrosiveness between SWRO production water and the tap water. After then, two corrosion control methods for SWRO production water were applied. Liquid lime($Ca(OH)_2$) and Carbon Dioxide($CO_2$) were inserted and compared with the combination of liquid lime with phosphate corrosion inhibitor and carbon dioxide. The water qualities were evaluated through LSI(Langelier Saturation Index) and proper injection ratio was deduced by the result. Since then, simulated loop system test were performed to evaluate anti-corrosion effect depending on corrosion inhibitors. Subsequently, carbon steel pipes equipped at the loop system were detached for SEM, EDX and XRD analysis to acquire quantitative and qualitative data of the major corrosion products inside the pipes. In conclusion, the controled groups with anti-corrosion techniques applied were effective by appearing 97.4% and 90.9% of improvements in both case of liquid lime and the liquid lime with a phosphate corrosion Inhibitor. furthermore, major components of scale were iron oxides, on the other hand, protective effect of film formation by calcium carbonate($CaCO_3$) could be confirmed.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.270-276
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• 1994

To evaluate the effect of a new topical anesthetic cream (EMLA: Eutectic mixture of local anesthetics) on reducing pain associated with DPT vaccination, we conducted a clinical observation on eighty infants who were brought to well baby clinic of Yeungnam University Hospital for DPT vaccination. 80 Infants, who were between 2 months and 8 months in age, were divided into two groups. EMLA treated group and control group. Male to femle sex ratio was 1.4 to 1. EMLA cream was applied 60 minutes before DPT vaccination, the effect of reducing pain was assessed by using McGrath's face scale, Oucher pain scale and modified behavioral pain scale (MBPS) and also evaluated by measuring the duration and time of crying (the time of the first crying after injection, duration of the first crying, total duration of crying). The scores of those scales were lower in EMLA treated group than in control group significantly (P(0.01 in McGrath's face scale, MBPS and p<0.05 in Oucher pain scale). There was no difference in the time of the first crying after vaccination in both groups. The duration of the first crying was shorter in EMLA treated group than control group of crying was also shorter in EMLA treated group (EMLA treated group $9.0{\pm}6.0$ sec, control group $21.9{\pm}12.5$ sec, p<0.05). Transient skin erythema was noted in 5 infants after EMLA application, but no other adverse effects were observed. We conclude that the application of EMLA cream before vaccination seems to be an effective and safe way to reduce the pain from vaccination, but it takes usually 60 minutes to get the anesthetic effect of EMLA and it is expensive, so EMLA cream can not be recommended in routine vaccination in infants now.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.2465-2472
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• 2014

Background: The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) published a new staging system ($7^{th}$ edition) in 2009. In our study, we evaluated the survival results and prognostic factors among T4 local advanced non-small cell lung cancer (LA-NSCLC) patients in a large heterogeneous group, in accordance with this new system. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the files of 122 T4 N0-3 M0 LA-NSCLC patients, identified according to the new staging system, treated at two centers between November 2003 and June 2012. Variables correlating with univariate survival at p<0.20 were later included in multivariate Cox regression analysis. Here, selection of relevant predictors of survival was carried out in accordance with the likelihood ratio formula with p<0.05 regarded as significant. Results: The median age was 60 and the median follow-up period was 17.4 months. Median overall survival (OS) was 18.3 months, the 1 year overall survival (OS) rate was 72%, and the 5 year OS rate was 28%. Statistically significant predictors of survival were (p<0.20) ECOG-PS (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status), age, T4 factor subgroup, stage and primary treatment in OS univariate analysis. On multivariate analysis for OS ECOG-PS (p=0.001), diagnostic stage (p=0.021), and primary treatment (p=0.004) were significant. In the group receiving non-curative treatment, the median OS was 11.0 months, while it was 19.0 months in the definitive RT group and 26.6 months in the curative treatment group. There was a significant difference between the non-curative group and the groups which had definitive RT and curative operations (respectively p<0.001 and p=0.001) in terms of OS, but not between the groups which had definitive RT and curative operations. The median event free survival (EFS) rate was 9.9 months, with rates of 46% and 19% at 3 and 5 years, respectively. On univariate analysis of EFS rate with ECOG-PS, weight loss and staging, statistical significance was found only for thorax computerized tomography (CT)+18F-fluorodeoxy-glucose positron emission tomography-CT (PET-CT) use, stage and primary treatment (p<0.20). In multivariate analysis with EFS, only the primary treatment was statistically significant (p=0.001). In the group receiving non-curative treatment, the median EFS was 10.5 months while in the curative operation group it was 14.7 months. When all the primary treatment groups were taken into consideration, grade III/IV side effect swas observed in 57 patients (46.6%). Esophagitis was most prominent among those that received definitive radiotherapy. Conclusions: Independent prognostic factors among these 122 heterogeneous LA-NSCLC T4 N0-3 M0 patients were age at diagnosis, ECOG-PS, stage and primary treatment, the last also being a significant prognostic indicator of EFS. Our findings point to the importance of appropriate staging and a multidisciplinary approach with modern imaging methods in this patient group. In those with T4 lesions, treatment selection and the effective use of curative potential should be the most important goal of clinical care.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.99-104
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• 1976

Experiments were carried out to establish the effects of acids in neutralization after alkaline treatment of rice straw, with which cellulosic single cell protein can be produced by cellulose utilizing bacteria, Cellulomonas flavigena KIST 321, previously isolated by authors. Following results were obtained. 1. Rice straw as carbon source was pretreated with 10 volumes of 1 normality of NH$_4$OH or NaOH(NaOH/substrate：40％, and then washed with water or neutralized with H$_3$PO$_4$, H$_2$SO$_4$, HCl and CH$_3$COOH. Among the above mentioned methods, neutralization with H$_3$PO$_4$after alkaline treatment was proved to be the most effective on its digestibility and SCP production. Dry cell 12.28g/$\ell$ and 78％ digestibility were obtained. 2. When rice straw was treated with NaOH solution, the result suggested that the productibity of cell-mass was attained on treatment of rice straw with 6％ of NaOH (NaOH/substrate ratio) for 15～24hrs at room temperature. 3. When rice straw was treated with NaOH, a volume of water to substrate is adequate by two or three fold and the amount of NaOH can be economized up to 5％ for the weight of rice straw. 4. The steaming of rice straw at 121$^{\circ}C$ for 30min. in alkaline treatment of rice straw gave the similiar effectiveness to that at room temperature for 15～24hrs. and accelerated the sterilization of the substrate. 5. Finally, the level of inorganic phosphate in a medium was investigated. 11.2g of dry cell was produced at the concentration of 0.2％, phosphate (phosphorous level 0.04％) in medium even though treated rice straw was neutralized with HCI instead of H$_3$PO$_4$, and 12.2g/$\ell$ at the concentration of 0.3％ phosphate (phosphorous 0.04％) on neutralization with H$_2$SO$_4$.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.217-223
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• 2003

Purpose : Every year, there is a remarkable increase in the prevalence of children with excess body fat. The aim of this study is to find a useful screening method in assessing adolescent, obesity and to specify the predictable risk factors that are related to adult cardiovascular disease according to BMI and obesity index. Methods : From July to November in 2001, a total of 2,814(male : female=2,011 : 803) mid to high school students who were in the obesity range according to obesity index(>20%) were evaluated according to height, weight, body mass index(BMI), obesity index, and serum lipid levels. Results : Among the obese students over 20% by obesity index, 86.6% were over the range of 95 percentile by BMI. Among students defined as obese by BMI, 21.0% of males and 21.4% of females students had hypercholesterolemia; by obesity index, the ratio was 20.7% male and 19.0% female. The frequency of hypertriglyceremia in male students was 15.0% in group I(overweight group, 85P97p); in female students 11.8%, 20.7% and 28.2% respectively. Conclusion : In this study, using BMI alone to test the serum lipid level in adolescent obesity had a limit of 10.0-17.0% omission. Therefore using obesity index as a screening method to find the adult cardiovascular disease would rather reduce the omission rate. The risk factor of cardiovascular disease according to BMI was the increasing level of triglyceride in both male and female students. We think that using the obesity index has more rationale rather than BMI in assessing lipid profiles.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.236-241
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• 2003

Purpose : This study was performed to know the clinical profile and effectiveness of colonoscopic polypectomy in patients with solitary juvenile polyp. Methods : This study included 19 children, aged 1.8 to 11.4 years, who underwent colonoscopic polypectomy and histologically proven solitary juvenile polyps between March 1998 and August 2002. We analyzed their detailed history, clinical manifestations, colonoscopic examination, method of anesthesia and results of colonoscopic polypectomy. Results : The mean age of the 19 cases was $4.7{\pm}2.8year$. The male to female ratio was 1 : 1.1. Hematochezia, the main indication of colonoscopy, was present in all cases. Combined symptoms were mucoid stool or diarrhea(42%), abdominal pain(26%), constipation(11%) and anal fissure(11%). Anemia(Hb <10 g/dL) in four cases recovered spontaneously after polypectomy. Complications associated with premedication, sedation and colonoscopy itself did not occur. Bleeding developed in two cases(11%) after polypectomy. One of them was controlled with hemoclipping. The main site of polyps was the rectosigmoid colon in 15 cases(79%). The size of the polyps ranged from 0.5 to 3.5 cm. The interval between the onset of symptoms and polypectomy was from 0.1 to 42 months. Conclusion : Juvenile polyps are a common cause of benign, chronic and recurrent rectal bleeding. Colonoscopic polypectomy is a simple, safe and effective therapeutic method. So earlier colonoscopy might avoid uneffective treatment and prevent untoward problems such as fear of parents and anemia.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.401-408
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• 2008

Purpose : Transcatheter closure of atrial septal defects (ASD) is currently established therapy as an alternative to surgery. But rarely, complications are reported in some studies. We report early and intermediate term complications associated with transcatheter closure of atrial septal defects using the Amplatzer septal occluder (ASO). Methods : From June 2003 to May 2006, 64 patients underwent transcatheter closure of secundum ASD or patent foramen ovale using the ASO. The ratio of male to female was 1:2.4, the median age was 17 years (range: 2.6-64 years) and their median weight was 47.5 kg (range: 2.6-64 kg). Results : The median diameter of ASD measured with transthoracic or transesophageal echocardiography was 15 mm (range: 6-28 mm), the median balloon stretched diameter was 18 mm (range: 6.5-34 mm), and the median size of device was 19.5 mm (range: 6-36 mm), was little difference with balloon stretched diameter. There were 10 cases of complications: arrhythmia (2), device malformation (2), aorta to right atrial fistula (1), hemolytic anemia (1), mitral valve encroachment (1), malposition (1), residual shunt (1), and inferior vena cava perforation (1). Conclusion : Transcatheter closure of ASD using ASO is effective and safe therapy. However, significant complications such as aorta to atrial fistula, atrial erosion, or device embolization can happen, so an appropriate selection of patient and device in relevance to size and anatomy of ASD is important for successful closure.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2007

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of a simple and practical shielding device to reduce the fetal dose for a pregnant patient undergoing radiation therapy of brain metastasis. Materials and Methods: The dose to the fetus was evaluated by simulating the treatments using the anthropomorphic phantom. The prescription dose at mid-brain is $300cGy{\times}10$ fractions with 6 MV photon with $18{\times}22cm^2$ field size. The additional shielding devices to reduce the fetal dose are a shielding wall, cerrobend plates and lead (Pb) sheets over acrylic bridge. Various points of measurement with off-field distance were detected by using ion-chamber (30, 40, 50, and 60 cm) with and without the shielding devices and TLD (30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 cm) only with the shielding devices. Results: The doses to the fetus without shielding were 3.20, 3.21, 1.44, 0.90 cGy at the distances of 30, 40, 50, and 60 cm from the treatment field edge. With shielding, the doses were reduced to 0.88, 0.60, 0.35, 0.25 cGy, and the ratio of the shielding effect varied from 70% to 80%. TLD results were 1.8, 1.2, 0.8, 1.2, and 0.8 cGy (70 cm). The total dose to the fetus was expected to be under 1 cGy during the entire treatment. Conclusion: The essential point during radiation therapy of pregnant patient would be minimizing the fetal dose. 10 cGy to 20 cGy is the threshold dose for fetal radiation effects. Our newly developed device reduced the fetal dose far below the safe level. Therefore, our additional shielding devices are useful and effective to reduce the fetal dose.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.261-275
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• 2013

This study was designed to investigate the relationships of depressed mood with obesity, blood and urinary compositions, and dietary habits in Koreans at the age of 40, a critical transition to the middle adulthood stage. A total of 27,684 people who have taken the Life Transition Period Health Examination at the Korea Association of Health Promotion in 2011 were divided into two groups; the depressed mood group (DG) and the non-depressed group (NG) according to results of the primary questionnaire for mental health. The results were analyzed using the health examination criteria of the National Health Insurance Corporation. Women and medicaid recipients showed higher incidence of depressed mood than men and health insurance subscribers. People with underweight in BMI or abdominal obesity showed correlation with depressed mood, while there was no significant relationship with metabolic syndrome. Regarding blood and urinary compositions, DG was related to a higher level of hemoglobin and lower levels of HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride, although the relationships diminished after adjustment for other confounder effects. According to dietary habits, more people in DG were categorized as a group for "Needs Much Improvement", and the odds ratio of the depressed mood showed a significant increase. Significant difference regarding the frequency of food items such as milk products, animal proteins, Kimchi, and fruits was observed between DG and NG. In addition, a higher portion of subjects in DG did not consume regular meals and various kinds of food. In conclusion, the depressed mood of 40 year-old adults was significantly related to underweight, higher waist measurement, and undesirable dietary habits. Results of our study can be applicable as a basic resource for development of effective nutrition counseling and education programs for improvement of mental health promotion during the critical transition to the middle adulthood stage.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.33-41
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• 2010

In the age of globalization, effective and efficient corporate management is becoming more important as domestic and international business circumstances changes. In the middle of endless changes in business circumstances, fast reaction to customers and market, and offering customized goods and service became essential. In this respect, CRM designed to utilize customer information scientifically and systematically, has become an essential system and marketing strategy to enhance corporate competitiveness. CRM has placed the importance of customers in the front of marketing and has focused every process and business minds on customers. Recent change in the market and the trend of establishing and introducing CRM system has lead us to concentrate on the introduction of CRM in the financial institutions. This study searched for several views about CRM in academic and industrial papers. Through theoretical approach on CRM, the background of the introduction of CRM, the purpose of CRM, the characteristic and application of CRM, and the expected effect of CRM will be discussed. This study is focused on financial institutions where CRM is widely used. And through documents about examples of the introduction of CRM, the status of the establishment of domestic CRM and the necessity and trend of CRM will be discussed. Also the problem of CRM in the financial institutions and the improvement of CRM in domestic banks will be analyzed. When discussing CRM in the financial area, customers are the main source of corporate profit and through relationship management with the customers enhancing loyalty and maximizing profit can be obtained. Especially in CRM in financial institutions, maintaining existing customers makes higher profit ratio, so repurchasing and cross selling becomes important for obtaining lifetime value of existing customers who contribute to most of the profit of corporations. As a result, CRM should be completely customer oriented. CRM in financial institutions is not merely marketing work, but organizational competence which is made up of standardized work process through total process integration inside the corporation. Corporations which plan to introduce CRM should analyze the characteristics and conditions of corporations and establish purpose and strategy of CRM. And they need long term view to find out the factors which best fit for the introduction of CRM. To enable this, strategy composed of daily marketing activity and CRM concept is necessary. Also continued improvement through drill and training for operating organization should be followed to maintain CRM well. And corporate culture must settle customer as the center of corporate value. The race for introducing and improving CRM has already begun. CRM should not be regarded as a choice. It should be accepted as something essential. In this reality financial institutions should solve subdivision problem of customers and necessity of customers with the mind of 'customer's profit is my profit'. Customer focused management should not be emphasized only by words. Efforts like viewing from the customer's point must be nurtured to provide methods to help customers. That is, we should not just follow what is done in foreign countries. We should solve the problem of our customers according to the situation of our country, our industry, our corporation. Then we can gain the trust of customers, and the value derived from the customers will become the background of CRM which will lead the corporation to success.