• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.87-91
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• 2008

In this study, three different sizes of cerium oxide ($CeO_2$) nanoparticles were synthesized and exposed to Caenorhabditis elegans to investigate the potential harmful effect of $CeO_2$ nanoparticles on the environment. The effects of the $CeO_2$ nanoparticles on C. elegans were assessed at multiple levels, such as with respect to stress response gene expression, growth, reproduction and mortality. Moreover, to test the ecotoxicological relevance of $CeO_2$-induced gene expression. The overall results suggest that $CeO_2$ nanoparticles may provoke ecotoxicity in C. elegans especially with respect to gene expression, reproduction and survival, which can comprise an important contribution to knowledge on the ecotoxicity of $CeO_2$ nanoparticles, about which little data are available. This is particularly valuable in the biomarker research on ecotoxicology, as ecological relevance is a crucial criterion for the applicability of the biomarker in field biomonitoring and ecological risk assessment.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.15-24
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• 2014

Soil pollution has been recognized as a serious problem because it causes groundwater pollution through medium contacts. Although concentration of individual chemical could be more easily measured by physico-chemical analysis, it is not easy to consider the bioavailability of edaphic receptors living in soil or groundwater. To measure the toxicity of soil, the soil extracts (soil elutriates or soil suspensions in the other words) are often used due to the difficulties of extracting soil pore water. In this study, we reviewed 15 toxicity test methods found in literature to analyze the detail of each extraction method and to recommend the most frequently used extraction methods. The identified most commonly used extraction methods are as following: The 1 : 4 soil:water ratio, 24 hours shaking time, room temperature, dark, and separation of supernatant using a $0.45{\mu}m$ pore size filter.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제20권9호
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• pp.1087-1093
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• 2011

The mixotrophic marine ciliate Mesodinium rubrum possesses a highly modified algal endosymbiont as a nutrition source for the species. Accordingly, we assumed that the species can reflect the ecotoxicity on marine producer (as phytoplankton) and consumer (as zooplankton) both. A series of experiments were conducted to identify the potential of the species as a standard test species for marine ecotoxicological study. The comparison of species sensitivity on reference toxic materials was made using potassium dichromate for phytoplankton and copper chloride for zooplankton. The ciliate revealed the highest sensitivity on both reference materials among the seven test species including phytoplankton, benthic copepod and rotifer species. The toxicity end point of the species was 72hr-$EC_{50}$=1.52 mg/L (as potassium dichromate) estimated by population growth inhibition (PGI), which is more sensitive than the most sensitive phytoplankton Skeletonema costatum (72hr-$EC_{50}$=3.05 mg/L). As comparison to rotifer, it also revealed higher sensitivity on copper chloride; 72hr-$EC_{50}$=0.38 mg/L for ciliate and 48hr-$EC_{50}$=0.48 mg/L for rotifer. Also, the elutriate toxicity test of various ocean disposal wastes were conducted to identify the potential of ciliate toxicity test application using industrial waste sludges. The toxicity of leather processing waste sludge was highest on the ciliate, followed by dyeing waste sludge and dye production waste sludge as an increasing order of toxicity. 72h-$EC_{50}$ of ciliate PGI test was 1.83% and that of S. costatum 3.84% for leather waste sludge which showed highest toxicity. The toxicity test results also revealed that the highest sensitivity was observed on ciliate species on ocean disposed sludge wastes. Also, ciliate toxicity test well discriminated the degree of toxicity between sludge sources; 72h-$EC_{50}$ values were 1.83% for leather processing waste sludge, 16.75% for dye production waste sludge and 27.75% for textile production waste sludge. Even the laboratory culture methods of the species were not generally established yet, the species has high potential as the standard test species for marine toxicity test in terms of the dual reflection of phyto- and zooplankton toxicity from single test, sensitivity and test replicability.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제15권8호
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• pp.5-11
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• 2014

구제역 가축 매몰지 침출수(이하 구제역침출수)의 생태계 위해성 평가 기법을 개발하기 위한 기초자료를 도출하고자 구제역 가축 매몰지의 유공관 또는 관측정에서 채취한 시료에 대하여 이화학적 분석과 생태독성시험을 수행하였다. 이화학적 분석은 환경부 기준 구제역침출수 유출판별지표 항목 중 염소이온($Cl^-$)과 암모니아성질소($NH{_4}{^+}-N$)농도, 그리고 한국원자력연구원에서 제안한 구제역침출수 유출판별지표인 NRN(Ninhydrin-Reactive Nitrogen)농도를 분석하였고, 생태독성시험은 발광박테리아(V. fischeri), 담수미세녹조류(P. subcapitata), 그리고 물벼룩(D. magna)을 생물종으로 이용하여 수행하였다. 이화학적 분석 결과와 V. fischeri에 대한 독성영향과의 상관관계를 분석하여 상관도가 높은 구제역침출수 유출판별기준 인자를 도출하였고 회귀분석식을 이용하여 반수독성을 유발하는 지표항목의 농도를 산출하였으며 생태독성영향과 구제역침출수의 수계유출관리법과의 연계성을 평가하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 구제역 가축 매몰지에 의한 생태계 위해성을 평가하고 향후 관리 기준을 설정하는데 활용될 수 있을 것으로 예측한다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.313-319
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• 2012

Various nanomaterials may flow into the aquatic ecosystem via production, use, and treatment processes. Especially, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were categorized as manufactured nanomaterials presented by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Working Party on Manufactured Nanomaterials (OECD WPMN) in 2010. AuNPs have been used in medical area, however, they were reported to induce cytotoxicity and oxidative DNA damage, as well as down-regulation of the DNA repair gene in mice and human cell lines. In this study, the aquatic toxicity data of AuNPs and gold ions were collected, with the specific test methods analyzed with respect to the form and size of AuNPs, test species, exposure duration, and endpoints. Currently, aquatic toxicity data of AuNPs and gold ions have been presented in 14 studies including 4 fish, 6 crustacean, 2 green algae, and 2 macrophytes studies, as well as a further 8 studies including 4 fish, 4 crustacean, 1 platyhelminthes, and 1 green algae, respectively. The AuNPs were 0.8-100 nm in size, as gold nanoparticles, gold nanorod, glycodendrimer-coated gold nanoparticles, and amine-coated gold nanoparticles. The tested endpoints were the individual toxicities, such as mortality, malformation, reproduction inhibition, growth inhibition and genetic toxicity such as oxidative stress, gene expression, and reactive oxygen species formation. The accumulation of AuNPs was also confirmed in the various receptor organs. These results are expected to be useful in understanding the aquatic toxicity of AuNPs and gold ions, as well as being applicable to future toxicity studies on AuNPs.

• 한국환경생물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경생물학회 2004년도 학술대회
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• pp.127-131
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• 2004

The toxicity of 54 selected process effluents of 16 industry classifications in Korea was evaluated by bioassay test using fish Oryzias latipes, invertebrate Daphnia magna, algae Selenastrum capricornutum and bacteria Vibrio fischeri. Our results demonstrate that the toxicity assessment, such as bioassay test, is effective and of practical use for industrial wastewater management in 54 selected effluents with the limitation of the physico-chemical permit. Among 54 effluents, 4 sample failed physico-chemical permit limitation and 50 passed it. The physcio-chemical measurement items and permit concentrations on the present Water Quality Conservation Act are low related a ecotoxicity.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.123-133
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• 2023

이차전지 생산공정에서 발생한 폐수에는 리튬과 고농도의 황산염을 포함하고 있으며 최근에는 에너지 밀도가 높은 High Ni 계열의 전구체 수요가 급증하면서 니켈의 배출도 우려되는 상황이다. 리튬과 황산염의 경우 현재 수질오염물질 배출허용기준에 포함되어 있지 않으므로, 이들이 적절하게 처리되지 못하고 배출되었을 경우 향후 환경에 대한 부정적 영향이 클 수 있을 것으로 예상된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 물벼룩(Daphnia magna)과 발광박테리아(Aliivibrio fischeri)를 이용하여 이차전지 생산공정 배출수에 포함되어 배출될 수 있는 잠재오염물질인 리튬과 니켈 및 황산염의 생태독성을 평가하였다. 생태독성평가 결과, 물벼룩 24시간, 48시간 리튬 EC₅₀ 값은 18.2mg/L, 14.5mg/L, 니켈의 경우 7.2mg/L와 5.4mg/L, 황산염 EC₅₀ 값은 4,605.5mg/L, 4,345.0mg/L로 나타나, 물벼룩의 경우 물질 및 반응시간(24시간, 48시간)에 따른 생태독성 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 리튬, 니켈, 황산염에 대한 물벼룩의 EC₅₀을 비교하면, 니켈의 24h 및 48h EC₅₀은 리튬에 비해 39.6-37.2%, 황산염에 비해서는 0.1-0.2% 수준으로 세 물질 중 가장 독성이 강한 것으로 나타났다. 그 차이는 노출시간과 상관없이 유사한 수준으로 나타났다. 반면, 황산염의 EC₅₀은 리튬과 니켈에 비해 각각 253.0-299.7%, 639.5-804.6% 수준으로 세물질 중 독성이 가장 약한 것으로 나타났다. 발광박테리아의 리튬에 대한 30분 EC₅₀ 값은 2,755.8mg/L, 니켈은 7.4mg/L, 황산염 EC₅₀ 값은 66,047.3mg/L로 니켈과는 달리 리튬과 황산염에 대한 물벼룩과 발광박테리아 생물 종별 민감도 차이도 있음을 확인하였다. 이차전지 배출수 관리를 위해 향후 이들 물질에 대한 복합 독성에 관한 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• 환경생물
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.212-215
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• 2016

국내 토착종을 이용한 생태독성평가시험법 개발을 위해 동양하루살이 알을 이용하여 다양한 종류의 공장 폐수를 대상으로 생태독성평가를 수행하였다. 산업폐수는 2006년 6월에 농약, 도금, PCB, 피혁1, 피혁2의 총 5가지 제조업체로부터 원수 및 배출수를 각각 채취하였으며, 원수와 배출수는 각각 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.3, 3.1, 0%의 7가지 농도가 되도록 증류수로 희석하여 시험용액을 준비했다. 동양하루살이 알을 각 시험용액에 20개 씩 분주하여 $20^{\circ}C$, 광도 2,000 lux 이상의 16L : 8D 광주기로 설정된 인큐베이터 내에서 14일간 노출을 진행하였고 반복수는 4회였다. 폐수 종류별로 반수 부화농도인 EHC50 값은 Probit 분석으로 추정하였다. 각 폐수별 원수의 EHC50은 PCB를 제외한 모든 종류의 폐수에서 3.1% 미만으로 생태독성이 매우 높게 나왔으며, 배출수의 EHC50은 피혁2가 7.3%로 독성이 가장 높은 반면 농약이 58%로 독성이 가장 낮게 나왔다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제34권8호
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• pp.528-532
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• 2012

국내에서 발생되는 인산석고를 매립성토재로 활용 가능성과 수중생물인 담수조류, 해조류 및 물벼룩에 미치는 생물독성을 평가하였다. 인산석고 혼합에 따라 담수조류의 비성장속도는 대체적으로 해조류에 비해 높았으며, PG30 조건에서는 담수조류 성장이 1.7배 정도 컸다. 물벼룩의 경우는 PG50에서는 다소의 영향이 있는 것으로 나타났으나, 평균 독성값(TU)값이 0.3으로 독성기준치 1 이하로 나타나 인산석고에서 발생하는 침출수의 영향이 거의 없는 것으로 여겨진다. 본 연구를 통하여 인산석고를 일반토사와 혼합할 경우, 환경학적으로 폐기물 재활용기준을 만족하고 있는 것으로 나타났으며 3가지 생물의 독성 실험결과 PG30 조건에서 매립성토재로 사용할 경우 생물독성의 영향이 미미할 것으로 판단된다.

• Ocean Science Journal
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.91-100
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• 2005

Bioassay using the marine bacteria, Vibrio fischeri and rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis, and chemical analyses were conducted to assess the toxicity of the various sewage sludges, one of the major ocean dumped materials in the Yellow Sea of Korea. Sludge elutriates extracted by filtered seawater were used to estimate the ecotoxicity of the sludge. Chemical characterization included the analyses of organic contents, heavy metals, and persistent organic pollutants in sludge. Bacterial bioluminescent inhibition (15 min), rotifer mortality (24 hr) and rotifer population growth inhibition (48 hr) assay were conducted to estimate the sludge toxicity. EC50 15 min (inhibition concentration of bioluminescence after 15 minutes exposed) values by Microtox(R) bioassay clearly revealed different toxicity levels depending on the sludge sources. Highest toxicity for the bacteria was found with the sludge extract from dyeing waste and followed by industrial waste, livestock waste, and leather processing waste. Clear toxic effects on the bacteria were not found in the sludge extract from filtration bed sludge and rural sewage sludge. Consistent with Microtox(R) results, rotifer neonate mortality and population growth inhibition test also showed highest toxicity in dyeing waste and low in filtration bed and rural sewage sludge. High concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and heavy metals were measured in the samples from the industrial wastes, leather processing plant waste sludge, and urban sewage sludge. However, there was no significant correlation between pollutant concentration levels and the toxicity values of the sludge. This suggests that the ecotoxicity in addition to the chemical analyses of various sludge samples must be estimated before release of potential harmful waste in the natural environment as part of an ecological risk assessment.