• 제목/요약/키워드: Economic regulation

검색결과 572건 처리시간 0.034초

Transcriptome Analysis of Antrodia cinnamomea Mycelia from Different Wood Substrates

  • Jiao-Jiao Chen;Zhang Zhang;Yi Wang;Xiao-Long Yuan;Juan Wang;Yu-Ming Yang;Yuan Zheng
    • Mycobiology
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    • 제51권1호
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    • pp.49-59
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    • 2023
  • Antrodia cinnamomea, an edible and medicinal fungus with significant economic value and application prospects, is rich in terpenoids, benzenoids, lignans, polysaccharides, and benzoquinone, succinic and maleic derivatives. In this study, the transcriptome of A. cinnamomea cultured on the wood substrates of Cinnamomum glanduliferum (YZM), C. camphora (XZM), and C. kanehirae (NZM) was sequenced using the high-throughput sequencing technology Illumina HiSeq 2000, and the data were assembled by de novo strategy to obtain 78,729 Unigenes with an N50 of 4,463 bp. Compared with public databases, about 11,435, 6,947, and 5,994 Unigenes were annotated to the Non-Redundant (NR), Gene Ontology (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG), respectively. The comprehensive analysis of the mycelium terpene biosynthesis-related genes in A. cinnamomea revealed that the expression of acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase (AACT), acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase (MVD), and isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase (IDI) was significantly higher on NZM compared to the other two wood substrates. Similarly, the expression of geranylgeranyltransferase (GGT) was significantly higher on YZM compared to NZM and XZM, and the expression of farnesyl transferase (FTase) was significantly higher on XZM. Furthermore, the expressions of 2,3-oxidized squalene cyclase (OCS), squalene synthase (SQS), and squalene epoxidase (SE) were significantly higher on NZM. Overall, this study provides a potential approach to explore the molecular regulation mechanism of terpenoid biosynthesis in A. cinnamomea.

Prenatal and Perinatal Antibiotic Exposure and Long-Term Outcome

  • Thomas Gestels;Yvan Vandenplas
    • Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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    • 제26권3호
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    • pp.135-145
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    • 2023
  • Antibiotics are frequently administered during pregnancy. Although necessary to address acute infections, their use facilitates antibiotic resistance. Other associations have also been found with the use of antibiotics, such as perturbations of gut bacteria, delays in microbial maturation, and increased risks of allergic and inflammatory diseases. Little is known about how the prenatal and perinatal administration of antibiotics to mothers affects the clinical outcomes of their offspring. A literature search was conducted of the Cochrane, Embase, and PubMed engines. The retrieved articles were reviewed by two authors and verified for relevance. The primary outcome was the effect of pre- and perinatal maternal antibiotic use on clinical outcomes. Thirty-one relevant studies were included in the meta-analysis. Various aspects are discussed, including infections, allergies, obesity, and psychosocial factors. In animal studies, antibiotic intake during pregnancy has been suggested to cause long-term alterations in immune regulation. In humans, associations have been found between antibiotic intake during pregnancy and different types of infections and an increased risk of pediatric infection-related hospitalization. A dose-dependent positive association between pre- and perinatal antibiotic use and asthma severity has been reported in animal and human studies, while positive associations with atopic dermatitis and eczema were reported by human studies. Multiple associations were identified between antibiotic intake and psychological problems in animal studies; however, relevant data from human studies are limited. However, one study reported a positive association with autism spectrum disorders. Multiple animal and human studies reported a positive association between pre- and perinatal antibiotic use by mothers and diseases in their offspring. Our findings have potentially significant clinical relevance, particularly considering the implications for health during infancy and later in life as well as the related economic burden.

해양오염방제 자재·약제 형식승인 및 검정 개선방안에 대한 연구 (Proposed Improvements for Type Approval and Inspection Systems of Marine Pollution Prevention Materials and Chemicals)

  • 장판길;송영구;이희진
    • 해양환경안전학회지
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    • 제29권1호
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    • pp.15-23
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    • 2023
  • 정부는 행정규제기본법 개정('19.07.17)을 통하여 경제활력 제고를 위하여 규제를 최소화하고 포괄적 네거티브 규제원칙을 적용하였다. 사전규제에서 우선허용-사후규제로의 정책환경이 변화하였다. 하지만 해양오염방제 자재·약제는 법적의무인증제도가 적용되어 제품을 판매할 때마다 검정을 실시하여 제조업체의 자율성을 억제하여 왔다. 또한 방제자재·약제 생산업체는 대부분 영세하여 구입자가 주문 의뢰 시마다 제품을 소량 생산하는 방식을 취하고 있다. 이에 해양오염방제 자재·약제 형식승인, 성능시험, 검정제도도 시대의 흐름에 맞춰 시장 및 업계의 자율성을 보장하고 효율성 향상을 위해 규제완화의 필요성이 제기되었다. 본 연구에서는 현 제도의 문제점을 파악하고 국내·외 제도를 비교·분석을 통한 개선방안을 제안하였다

Assessing the Contributions of Non-bank Financial Institutions (NBFI) and ELS Issuance to Systemic Risk in Korea

  • JONG SOO HONG
    • KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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    • 제46권1호
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    • pp.21-51
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    • 2024
  • Since the Global Financial Crisis of 2008-2009, the importance of nonbank financial institutions in macroprudential management has increased significantly. Consequently, major countries and international financial institutions have been actively discussing and implementing macroprudential supervision and regulation for non-bank financial institutions (NBFI). In this context, this paper analyzes the systemic risk of both banks and non-bank sectors (securities firms and insurance companies) in South Korea over different time periods. Using the widely recognized ΔCoVaR methodology for measuring systemic risk, the analysis reveals that systemic risk increased substantially across all three sectors (banks, securities firms, and insurance companies) during the Global Financial Crisis, the European Sovereign Debt Crisis, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the banking sector exhibited relatively high systemic risk compared to the securities and insurance sectors, the relative differences in systemic risk varied across the different crisis periods. Notably, during the margin call crisis in March of 2020, the gap in systemic risk between the banking and securities sectors decreased significantly compared to that during both the Global Financial Crisis and the European Sovereign Debt Crisis, indicating that securities firms had a more substantial impact on risk in the overall financial system during this period. Furthermore, I analyze the impact of the issuance of equity-linked securities (ELS) by financial institutions on systemic risk, as measured by ΔCoVaR, finding that an increase in the outstanding balance of ELS issuance by financial institutions had an impact on increasing ΔCoVaR during the three crisis periods. These findings underscore the growing importance of non-bank financial institutions in relation to South Korea's macroprudential management and supervision. To address this evolving landscape, enhanced monitoring and regulatory measures focusing on non-bank systemic risk are essential components of maintaining financial stability in the country.

영국의 민간경비 의무적 자격증 및 인증계약자 제도에 관한 연구 (Insights from the Compulsory Licensing and the Approved Contractor Scheme of the UK Private Security)

  • 이성기;김학경
    • 시큐리티연구
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    • 제30호
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    • pp.85-115
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    • 2012
  • 세계적으로 민간경비산업은 경제발전과 비례하여 성장해 왔다. 기존의 국가기관에 의한 치안서비스로는 다양한 경제주체와 국민들의 보다 질 좋은 경비서비스에 대한 욕구를 충족해주지 못하였기 때문이다. 따라서 현대의 민간경비업체에 의한 치안서비스는, 기본적으로 시장의 원리에 의한 자율경쟁 하에서 제공되는 서비스의 질과 가격, 그리고 고객의 수요에 따라 결정된다고 할 수 있다. 그렇지만 경비서비스의 공공재적 성격상 국가가 해당 경비업체의 자격과 서비스 질을 평가하고 관리하는 세련된 관리시스템도 필수적이다. 그러나 우리나라의 경우 민간경비산업의 비약적 성장에도 불구하고 경비서비스의 질을 담보할 수 있는 경비원 자격, 훈련 및 경비업체에 대한 국가적 관리시스템은 뒤떨어져 있다는 비판이 꾸준히 제기되어왔다. 본 논문에서는 민간경비산업에 대한 국가적 규제정책이 체계화되어 있으면서도 경비업체의 자율성을 중시, 경비서비스의 질을 높이기 위한 민 관의 협력적 체제가 잘 구축된 영국의 경비원 의무적 자격증제도 및 인증계약자 제도를 자세히 검토하고 우리나라의 경비 산업 규제정책에 주는 시사점을 살펴본다. 영국의 민간산업정책의 가장 큰 특징은 독립된 민간경비산업위원회를 두어, 민간경비 규제업무의 전문화와 품질향상 효과를 높임으로써 민간경비산업의 자율적인 발전을 이끌고 있다는 점이다. 또한 매우 구체적이고 세부적인 규정과 기준을 마련하면서도 자발적인 인증계약 제도를 도입하여, 경비업체의 재무구조의 투명성, 양질의 경비원 충원 등을 통해 경비서비스의 질을 향상시키고 있다. 뿐만 아니라 민간경비산업위원회에서 다양한 설문과 여론조사를 통해 민간경비서비스 제공자와 고객의 인식과 수요를 판단, 민간경비산업 정책에 대한 전문성을 높여가고 있다. 본 논문은 이러한 검토를 통해 우리나라에서도 경찰청 위주의 비전문적 민간경비관리시스템에서 벗어나 영국과 같은 전문적인 국가기관의 민간경비관리기관을 설치하고, 경비원 의무적 자격증제, 인증계약자제도를 도입할 것을 제안한다.

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황산화물(SOx) 배출 저감 규제에 대한 국적선사의 인식과 대응 전략에 관한 연구 (A study on Perception and Response Strategy of Korean Ship Owners on Global Sulphur Cap 2020)

  • 이충호;김현중;박근식
    • 한국항만경제학회지
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    • 제34권4호
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    • pp.141-160
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    • 2018
  • 본 논문에서는 황산화물(SOx) 배출저감 규제에 대한 국적선사의 인식과 대응 전략을 분석하기 위해 국제해사기구(IMO)의 환경규제 현황과 선박으로부터의 대기오염방지를 위한 규칙인 국제해양오염방지협약(MARPOL) 부속서 VI, 황산화물(SOx) 배출저감 기술적 방안, 해운산업과 국적선사의 경영현황을 살펴 보았다. 그리고 국적선사들 대상으로 설문을 진행하여 국적선사의 규제와 영향에 대한 인식과 대응 전략을 분석하였다. 평가요인의 선정 작업을 거쳐 국적선사를 대상으로 설문을 실시하였다. 빈도 및 교차 분석을 진행하여 규모별, 주력선종별 선사의 인식과 대응 전략의 차이, 국적선사의 대응 전략의 방향성을 알아보았다. 관련 선행연구 및 문헌들을 검토하면서 그 동안 국내외에서 다양한 관점으로 황산화물(SOx) 배출저감에 관한 여러 연구들이 시행되어왔음을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서도 규제 대응을 위한 기술적 방안들과 경제성 분석 관련 기존 연구들을 고찰하여 평가요인을 선정하였다. 분석 결과 대형선사가 중소 벌크선사에 비해 규제 대응의 준비가 원활히 실행되고 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 선사 규모와 주력선종별 선사의 규제에 따르는 환경적인 영향에 대한 인식이나 대응 전략에 대한 방향성은 비슷한 것으로 나타났다. 규제의 시행까지 약 2년이 남은 상황에서 정부와 관련기관의 지원 정책과 선사별 체계적인 분석과 계획을 바탕으로 적절한 대응 방안을 모색할 필요가 있다. 본 연구를 통해 국적선사들을 대상으로 주력선종별 선사들의 인식과 대응 전략의 차이를 파악하였지만 구체적인 대응 전략이나 기업의 데이터 수집의 한계가 존재하였다. 향후 연구에서는 본 연구의 한계점을 극복하여 보다 심도 있는 연구가 진행되어야 할 것으로 사료된다. 해운산업 관계자들이 황산화물(SOx) 배출저감 규제 대응 준비에 대한 중요성을 인식하고 국가적으로 중요한 해운산업의 경쟁력을 확보하기 위하여 최적의 대응 전략이 수립되기를 기대한다.

기업특성과 호스트국가 환경이 해외시장 관여도에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구 (Influences of Firm Characteristics and the Host Country Environment on the Degree of Foreign Market Involvement)

  • Maktoba, Omar;Nwankwo, Sonny
    • 마케팅과학연구
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    • 제19권2호
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    • pp.5-16
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    • 2009
  • Against the backdrop of the increasing trend towards economic globalisation, many international firms are indicating that decisions on how to enter foreign markets remains one of the key strategic challenges confronting them. Despite the rich body of literature on the topic, the fact that these challenges have continued to dominate global marketing strategy discourses point to someevident lacunae. Accordingly, this paper considers the variables, categorised in terms of firm contexts (standardisation, market research, competition, structure, competitive advantage) and host country-contexts (economic development, cultural differences, regulation and political risk), which influence the degree of involvement of UK companies in overseas markets. Following hypotheses were drawn from literature review: H1: The greater the level of competition, the higher the degree of involvement in the overseas market. H2: The more centralised the firm's organisation structure, the higher the degree of involvement in the overseas market. H3a: The adoption of a low cost-approach to competitive advantage will lead to a higher degree of involvement. H3b: The adoption of an innovation-approach to competitive advantage will lead to a higher degree of involvement. H3c: The adoption of a market research approach to competitive advantages will lead to a higher degree of involvement. H3d: The adoption of a breadth of strategic target-approach to competitive advantage will lead to a lower degree of involvement. H4: The higher the degree of standardisation of the international marketing mix the higher the degree of involvement. H5: The greater the degree of economic development in the host market, the higher the degree of involvement. H6: The greater the cultural differences between home and host countries, the lower the degree of involvement. H7: The greater the difference in regulations between the home country and the host country, the lower the degree of involvement. H8: The higher the political risk in the host country, the lower the degree of involvement. A questionnaire instrument was constructed using, wherever possible, validated measures of the concepts to serve the aims of this study. Following two sets of mailings, 112 usable completed questionnaires were returned. Correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were used to analyze data. Statistically, the paper suggests that factors relating to the level of competition, competitive advantages and economic development are strong in influencing foreign market involvements. On the other hand, unexpectedly, cultural factors (especially individualism/collectivism and low and high power distance dimensions) proved to have weak moderating effects. The reason for this, in part, is due to the pervading forces of globalisation and the attendant effect on global marketing. This paper has contributed to the general literature in a way that point to two mainimplications. First, with respect to research on national systems, the study may hold out some important lessons especially for developing nations. Most of these nations are known to be actively seeking to understand what it takes to attract foreign direct investment, expand domestic market and move their economies from the margin to the mainstream global economy. Second, it should be realised that competitive conditions remain in constant flux (even in mature industries and mature economies). This implies that a range of home country factors may be as important as host country factors in explaining firms' strategic moves and the degree of foreign market involvement. Further research can consider the impact of the home country environment on foreign market involvement decisions. Such an investigation will potentially provide further perspectives not only on the influence of national origin but also how home country effects are confounded with industry effects.

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친환경에너지타운에서 보어홀지중열 저장(BTES) 활용 융복합 열에너지 공급 시스템 사례 연구 (International Case Studies on the Eco-friendly Energy Towns with Hybrid Thermal Energy Supply System and Borehole Thermal Energy Storage (BTES))

  • 심병완
    • 자원환경지질
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    • 제51권1호
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    • pp.67-76
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    • 2018
  • 본 연구는 해외 친환경에너지타운에서 보어홀 지중열 저장(BTES) 기술을 활용한 융복합 열에너지 공급 시스템의 3가지 사례로서 캐나다의 ADEU(Alexandra District Energy Utility) 및 DLSC(Drake Landing Solar Community)와 덴마크의 Brædstrup Solpark를 조사하였다. 이들 지역 냉난방 시스템들은 효율과 지속가능성을 높이기 위하여 다중 에너지원을 활용하고 있다. ADEU는 리치몬드시에서 726 개의 지중열교환기로 이루어진 지열필드 및 천연 가스 백업 보일러를 이용한 대규모 지역에너지 공급을 위해 개발되었다. 그리고 캘거리시 인근 Okotoks에 위치한 DLSC는 여름철에 풍부한 태양열 에너지를 144 개의 지중열교환기를 통하여 지중에 저장하고 겨울철 난방을 위해 각 주택에 열에너지를 분배하는 계간축열 방식의 지역난방 시스템이다. Brædstrup Solpark 지역난방 시스템은 태양열, 히트 펌프, 보일러 플랜트 및 계간축열을 위한 48 개의 지중열교환기로 구성되며 다중 에너지원을 이용하여 열을 저장한다. BTES 시추공의 심도와 축열량은 지하수 유동과 지반의 열물성에 따라 영향을 많이 받는다. 이러한 시스템들은 경쟁력 있는 에너지 가격으로 장기적인 에너지를 공급함으로서 신뢰성과 경제성을 평가 받았다. 그리고 ADEU와 Brædstrup Solpark는 서비스 영역 확장을 위한 장기 에너지 공급 계획을 기반으로 확장이 진행중이다. 본 조사를 통하여 이러한 시스템들은 사회 경제적인 이익 뿐만아니라 환경적인 관점이 설계에 반영되어 있는 것을 알 수 있었다. 국내에서도 이러한 프로젝트를 실시하기 위해서는 지방 정부 또는 관련 기관의 에너지 정책 지원 뿐만아니라, 관리 기관 설치를 통한 장기적인 협력이 필요하다.

돼지 leptin receptor내 초위성체 다형성과 경제형질과의 연관성 구명 (Association Study between Porcine LEPR-derived Microsatellite Polymorphisms and Economic Traits)

  • 최봉환;김태헌;조용민;이혜영;전진태;정일정
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • 제45권5호
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    • pp.679-688
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    • 2003
  • 본 연구는 재래돼지와 랜드레이스를 기초축으로 한 F$_2$ 354두에 대해 Leptin receptor와 연관되어있는 초위성체 표지인자를 이용하여 그 다형성을 조사하고 돼지의 성장형질, 도체형질, 육질형질과 그 유전자형간의 연관성을 구명코자 실시하였다. F$_2$ 354두로부터 얻어진 총 대립유전자는 255bp, 259bp 261bp, 263bp, 265bp, 267bp로써 총 6가지 형태로 나타났다. 집단 내에서 6개의 대립유전자들은 19가지의 유전자형 조합을 나타내었고 가장 많이 나타난 유전자형은 CE형 (261bp/265bp)으로 전체의 20.0%를 차지하였고 다음으로 CC(261/261)와 EE(265/ 265)가 각각 10.1%와 9.6%로 나타났으며 AC(255/261)와 EF(265/267)은 각각 1두에서만 관찰되었다. 각 유전자형간 12주령 체중이 고도의 유의성을 가지고 있었고 (P〈0.001), 3주령 체중(P〈0.05)과 30주령 체중(P〈0.01)에서도 유의성을 보였다. 특히, 성장초기와 달리 12주령 이후 돼지의 증체율은 급증하게 되고 각 개체간의 증체량에 대한 변이가 커지게 되는 것으로 나타났다. 3, 5, 12, 30주령 체중에서 DD(263/263), DF(263/267)형은 항상 상위를 나타내는 유전자형들로 나타났다. 특히 263bp 대립유전자를 가지고 있는 유전자형에 있어서 증체량에 대한 영향력이 크게 나타났다. 각 유전자형간 도체지방과 전단력도 유의성을 가지고 있었고 (P〈0.001), 등지방층 두께에서도 유의성을 보였다(P〈0.05). 그러나 근내지방함량에 대해서는 LEPR 유전자형들의 영향을 미치지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 등지방층 두께와 도체지방에 대한 최상위 값을 갖는 유전자형은 두 형질 모두 DF (263/267)형으로 나타났다. 반면, 등지방층 두께에서 최하위 값을 갖는 유전자형은 AB (255/259), BE (259/265), AE(255/265) 순으로 나타났고, 도체지방에서는 AB(255/259), DD (263/263), AE(255/ 265) 순으로 나타났다. 특히 255, 259, 265bp 대립유전자를 갖는 개체들은 두 형질에 있어서 부의 상관관계를 갖는 것으로 판단되어진다. 전단력의 평균값이 각각 4.59kg/$cm^3$과 4.52kg/$cm^3$인 DD(263/263), BB(259/259)가 등심근육의 연도를 저하시켰고 반대로 DF(263/267) 유전자형을 갖은 개체는 더 좋은 연도를 나타내었다.

간호조무사의 근무환경인식과 성격성향에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Working Environment Recognition and the Caracter Disposition of Nurse Aides)

  • 이선이
    • 한국보건간호학회지
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    • 제4권1호
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    • pp.57-74
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    • 1990
  • As the whole world took on the tendency to be highly industrialized, it became necessary for each field of occupation to require professional man power. Especially, since the World War n, the participation of woman power in economic activities has been continually increasing. In our country also, because of the rapid economic growth, change in the way of thinking of women as well as their participation in economic activities are increasing. Thus, woman power is being utilized in various occupational fields from simple physical labor to those that require high-professional skill. Also, continued economic development policies, by setting the establishment of welfare society as the ideology to be fulfilled, brought expansion of medical facilities in the field of public health and increase in man power in that field. As for the nursing specialists, more than 6000 have been being produced per year and as of the end of 1988, the total number of nursing specialists, reached 123, 115. Therefore, this study is done to recognize the professional knowledge and ability of nursing specialists, who take up $40\%$ of the total public-health related man power in our country, through evaluating their working environment and their disposition of character. This study, which was done from September 18th to September 30th 1989, took on the method of using formed questionnaires that had been amended and supplemented during two preparatory investigations, 322 of such questionnaires were used as an analytical material. In the formation of questionnaires, 12 questions were related to the working environment, and 26 in fortotal were related to the disposition of character, 5 for wise-disposition, 11 for activedisposition and 10 for open-disposition. The measuring method, which used 5-point-standard, allowed 5 points for affirmative recognition of the working environment, also 5 points for showing wise, active and open disposition of character and only point in opposite cases. Collected materials were analyzed, through an electronic calculation, into the average value, the standard deflection percentage, pearson corelative number and stepwise multiple regression. Summarizing the results from this study is as follows: 1. It was shown that the nursing specialists with the average of 3.07 have affirmative recognition of their working environment. The questions which drew most affirmative reaction were those concerning finance-management system such as hand, the questions that received negative reaction were those concerning communication method with the average of 2.49. Such reaction seems to have resulted from the cramming regulation by the superior authorities. Concerning the recognition of working environment in relation to employment conditions, more affirmative recognition is shown with the average of 3.14. at hospitals where injection job is not performed. The nursing specialists working at regular hospitals show more affirmative recognition than those at general hospitals, the averages being respectiely 3.16 and 3.03. 2. As for the disposition of character of the nursing specialists, active-disposition was highest with the average of 3.38, next was wise-disposition with 3.20 and the lowest was open-diposition with 2.98. Variable-wise disposition of character shows that wise-disposition and academic background are beneficially correlated by 0.12. Ative-disposition and open-disposition show correlation to the office term by respectively 0.16 and 0.21. In other words. better academic background leads to higher wise-disposition and more - experience results in higher active and open disposition. Also, the class that performs the injection job, in relation to the working environment, might cause change in the self-conceit that identify those in that class with the nurses; however, as far as professional judgment and action, in dealing with nursing job, being wise, active and open is concerned, not much effect is made. 3. The relation between the recognition of the working environment and the disposition of character is that more afirmative recognition- a nursing specialist has about her working environment, the higher the active-disposition becomes by 0.13. The degrees of the relation between recongnition of environment and wise and open dispositions show respectively 0.06 and -0.06 and -0.06. That is to say that when having more affirmative recognition of the working environment, a nursing specialist shows wise but closed disposition of character. This, howerver, didn't mean much statistically. When observing the results mentioned above, it is conspicuous that the nursing specialists, working as substitutes for the nurse at medical institutions of various sizes, get the feeling of being somewhat equal to the nurses and to some extent, fulfill their desire to accomplish their ego; however, as far as professional ability expansion if concerned. they lack wise and open dispositions. Therefore, considiering upon the results of this study, in medical institutions where the work of nursing specialists is regaded equal to that of the nurses, as a medical member who deals with human lives, it is desirable to make the nursing specialists work under the supervision of the nurses and to offer them continuous education to strengthen and improve their natural dispositions.

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