• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.25
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• pp.7-40
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• 2004

Today, nuclear energy conflict is caused from the dangerous radioactive material. The main party of this conflict are politic and economic systems which deride nuclear energy, and the persons concerned which it oppose and the anti-nuclear environment group. If the nuclear waste is transported from one nation to another nation, multi national anti-nuclear group appears as conflict party. We call this domestic and transnational risk communication new social movement. From the viewpoint of system theory, the new social movement can mean the offensive development of self-reference which withstand the "technicalization of communication" through the "symbolically generalized communication media" like money and power. By comparing Northeast Asia and Europe, the nuclear energy conflict did not show a big difference in the selection of nuclear waste storing site. In the Northeast Asia, when Taiwan exports the nuclear waste to North Korea, the international conflict broke out. In Europe, Germany has a hard experience with the construction-plan for the re-treating plant that produces the plutonium from the dangerous nuclear waste, and with the transnational transport of the nuclear waste. The new social movement aims the global paradigm which is able to guarantee the subtainability of ecological environment. The nuclear conflict in the "world risk society" is solved through the "discourse-alliance" which accomplishes sub-politics by crossing the border of class, nation and system.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.117-128
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• 2019

Background: Cliffs are a major plant habitat around the coastal area, but in contrast to sand dunes and salt marshes, they have been little investigated in Korea. There are simple descriptions of cliff vegetation in studies on island vegetation, but there is no published paper, which addressed sea cliff vegetation synthetically. Furthermore, the coastal area where this study was carried out was designated as a conservation reserve. Even though, this area is exposed to intense recreational use such as trekking in these days. This study aims to clarify spatial distribution and structure of vegetation along the environmental gradient on coastal cliff and plateau in the Janggi peninsula (Homigot) located on southeastern Korea. Further, this study has also another objective to prepare a restoration plan to protect this conservation reserve from intense human disturbance. Results: Landscape elements were arranged in the order of sea cliff risen directly on the sea, seashore, coastal cliff, and plateau covered with relatively deep soil in a coastal area of the Janggi peninsula (Homigot), southeastern Korea. Vegetation was sampled at 59 plots arranged from the sea cliff through the seashore and coastal cliff to plateau. The sea cliff, seashore, and coastal cliff, which compose the coastal landscape, were dominated by the seashore spatulate aster (Aster spathulifolius Maxim.) community, dwarf sand sedge (Carex pumila Thunb.) community, and seashore spatulate aster (Aster spathulifolius Maxim.) community. On the plateau corresponding to the ridge of the coastal cliff, black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) community, golden rain tree (Koelreuteria paniculata Laxmann) community, east Asian hackberry (Celtis sinensis Pers.) community, sawleaf zelkova (Zelkova serrata Makino) community, and Korean oak (Quercus dentata Thunb.) community were established in the mentioned order along distance from the sea. Stand ordination showed a vegetation sequence from the seashore through the cliff to the plateau, consistent in its overall pattern among sites. This was dominated by topography. There is evidence for the importance also of salinity, drought and of soil depth. Conclusion: The lack of scientific interest in cliffs to date is in striking contrast to the commonness of cliffs around the whole national territory and to the attraction cliffs have had for humans throughout history. Cliffs provide a unique habitat, rarely investigated from an ecological viewpoint. Cliffs may represent an invaluable type of ecosystem, consisting of some of the least disturbed habitats on earth and contributing more to the biodiversity of a region than their surface coverage would indicate. Although this coastal area where this study was carried out was designated as a conservation reserve, this area is in danger of severe disturbance due to excessive recreational use. We recommended a restoration plan to protect this area from such a disturbance.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.80-89
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• 2008

Generally, trees lining the streets are the most easily accessible green areas in the city and constitute the smallest basic unit in the formation of the urban linear green axis. This study attempts to interpret issues related to city trees from a comprehensive and relational viewpoint. The site of this study is Central Park Street in front of Incheon Metropolitan City Hall. This street is representative of those in Incheon City. This study is an inter-relational interpretation of issues by measuring the vitality of these trees. The following are results of this study: First, the vitality of city trees is higher in those trees growing in natural ground than those growing in plant gratings. This observation can lead to budget savings and increased natural areas in the city. Also, if planter and multi-layering planting methods are introduced where damage to trees is predicted, variation to urban landscape can be achieved while linking to reinforced rearing foundation of street-side trees. Second, there is need for a holistic approach to caring for street-side trees regarding the damage caused by drastic pruning and strong street lights. The typical functions of these trees, like supplying freshness in summer, absorbing solar radiation, and controlling the urban micro-climate are closely related to the vitality of the trees. Accordingly, the function and ecology should be understood holistically, not separately. In this aspect, the functional and ecological use of the multi-layering planting method is effective in protecting pedestrians from vehicles as well. Third, the fallen leaves of monotonous rows of trees have different ecological and functional effects. Not only is the index of greenness in the urban setting increased, but there are also aesthetic and symbolic effects. Fourth, in spite of being the street along which Incheon Metropolitan City Hall, major administrative buildings and Central Park are located, this street does not have its own special identity to discriminate it from other streets. It fulfills only functional criteria based on uniformity. If there is no paradigm shift from today's street system based on vehicles, the role of landscape architecture will be very passive in regards to street-side trees, the minimum unit of urban green. Fifth, on this particular street, many trees were planted in December, which reflects a deficiency of short and long-term strategy, like a street-tree master plan. In this aspect, we still lack a mature culture concerning these trees as a basic unit in urban greenery. Furthermore, there needs to be cultural introspection concerning present administrative practices.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.17-36
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• 2020

This study aims to compare the differences between the socially underprivileged and the population as a whole in terms of the quality of life gap between the Seoul metropolitan and non-capital regions based on the capabilities approach. To this end, we selected indicators that can measure nine dimensions of capabilities, such as income, housing, health, and social relations, calculated indicator values for the socially underprivileged and the whole population, and standardized them. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test and the SUR model were used for comparative analysis. The results show that there are significant differences in the disparities between the Seoul metropolitan and non-capital regions between the socially underprivileged and the entire population, and the differences are generally consistent in the most unfavorable direction for the socially underprivileged in the non-capital regions. In addition, the gap between the Seoul metropolitan and non-capital regions is not large from the point of view of the total population average, but the inter-regional gap is still significant from the viewpoint of the socially underprivileged. These results show the limitations of 'average' regional policies based on an analysis of the average of the total population, and the study is significant to illustrate the ecological errors that may arise in regional problem analysis.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.122-131
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• 2010

This paper introduces the concept of a virtual ecosystem and reports the following three mathematical approaches that could be widely used to construct such an ecosystem, along with examples: (1) a molecular dynamics simulation approach for animal flocking behavior, (2) a stochastic lattice model approach for termite colony behavior, and (3) a rule-based cellular automata approach for biofilm growth. The ecosystem considered in this study consists of artificial organisms and their environment. Each organism in the ecosystem is an agent that interacts autonomously with the dynamic environment, including the other organisms within it. The three types of model were successful to account for each corresponding ecosystem. In order to accurately mimic a natural ecosystem, a virtual ecosystem needs to take many ecological variables into account. However, doing so is likely to introduce excess complexity and nonlinearity in the analysis of the virtual ecosystem's dynamics. Nonetheless, the development of a virtual ecosystem is important, because it can provide possible explanations for various phenomena such as environmental disturbances and disasters, and can also give insights into ecological functions from an individual to a community level from a synthetic viewpoint. As an example of how lower and higher levels in an ecosystem can be connected, this paper also briefly discusses the application of the second model to the simulation of a termite ecosystem and the influence of climate change on the termite ecosystem.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.53-82
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• 2020

Daejeon Metropolitan City has the best innovation capability infrastructure (ICT) required for the 4th industry. Nevertheless, there are scattered factors that hinder the industrial ecosystem. In this study, the factor of job creation was approached from the viewpoint of organizational ecology in consideration of regional characteristics during the 4th Industrial Revolution.That is, the case of job creation through overseas ICT-based clusters (or cities) was examined. Then, the factors of organizational ecology, 'niche', 'variation', 'selection', and 'retention' were derived. Through this process, we explored the environment surrounding Daejeon Metropolitan City and benchmarked lessons from existing overseas cluster cases. As a result, we discover the 'niche' of ICT-based job creation and suggest strategies for the 'variation' process to survive in the ecosystem and how to be 'retention' in the ecosystem. n conclusion, the strategy of the organizational ecological approach to establish itself as a metropolitan city as the strength of Daejeon city and the 'innovation hub' that is evident, such as '4th Industrial Revolution City', 'Innovation City Designation', and 'Secure Excellent Capability of SW' Insist on need. Through this study, we hope that there will be a theoretical contribution to the prior research lacking from original research such as the scarcity of ICT-based job creation research in response to the era of the fourth industrial revolution, recognition of the importance of the region in job creation, and presentation of an organizational ecological approach of sustainable clusters.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.1-12
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• 2009

This research was initiated to investigate the revegetation characteristics under the seeding amount treatments of cool-season turfgrasses on the disturbed slope. 4 different seeding amounts of cool-season turfgrasses (0.0 $g/m^2$, 1.5 $g/m^2$, 3.0 $g/m^2$, 6.0 $g/m^2$) with the same seeding amounts of native woody (Rhus chinensis, Albizzia julibrissin) and herbaceous plants (Lotus corniculatus var. japonicus, Dianthus sinensis, Aster yomena) were treated with 3 replications on the experimental disturbed slope. Data such as soil hardness (mm), moisture content (%), surface coverage rate (%), the number of each germinating plant and plant height were analyzed. There were no statistic differences observed in the soil hardness and the soil moisture content while a significant difference was observed in the surface coverage rates. The surface coverage rates were higher in 3.0 $g/m^2$ and 6.0 $g/m^2$ plots compared to the rest two plots of cool-season turfgrasses. However, the emergence of native woody and herbaceous plants was relatively low in 3.0 $g/m^2$ and 6.0 $g/m^2$ plots of high seeding amounts of cool-season turfgrasses. This result indicated that high seeding amounts of cool-season turfgrasses could decrease the emergence of native woody and herbaceous plants. We concluded that 1.5 g~3.0 $g/m^2$ seeding amounts of cool-season turfgrasses was optimum level for the balanced emergence of cool-season turfgrasses, native woody and herbaceous plants in the viewpoint of the ecological disturbed slope revegetation.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.22 no.2 s.55
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• pp.84-97
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• 1983

Under the limited arable land, the enhancement of agricultural productivity is indispensable to provide the food demand which is concomitant with the rapid increase in population. From this viewpoint, the upbringing and dissemination of high-yielding varieties has been promoted continuously and several modifications in cultural practices, including heavy fertilization, dense planting, and early transplanting, also have been gradually developed. However these changes in cultivation have led to the increased outbreak of insect pests and diseases. And this unexpected results have accelerated the number and complexity of pesticides employed as well as their consumption. Even though pesticides are essential materials contributing to the steady production of agricultural crops, large scale consumption of them has given rise to several adverse impacts, such as mammalian hazard and/or environmental contamination. In this respect, recent development of new pesticides has been concentrated on 'safe pesticide', as it were, that has the highly selective properties without unfavorable side influences on other ecosystem. According to literature cited up to now, feasibilities of safe pesticide development would be summarized as two categories. One of them is the development of chemical pesticides, which include the molecular structure modification of established pesticides for increased safety and synthesis of new safe chemicals which can attack the vulnerable point of physio-ecological characteristics in insect pests and diseases. The other is the biological pesticides which comprise natural enemies and microorganisms to act selectively on confined insect pests and diseases, In addition, improvement of physico-chemical properties of available pesticide formulations would be one of the desirable means for safe pesticide development in view of efficacy enhancement and minimization of hazardous properties or safe pesticide development, various approaches are feasible and needed to study, however, long period and much financial outlay are necessary to develop a new item. And under the present situation in Korea, there are many difficulties for performing research on all the possible routes. Therefore, combined pesticides by the reasonable combination of already registered resticides evaluated as the fairly safe pesticides and safe formulation based on their physico-chemical properties would be developed primarily. And many efforts would be given gradually for the development of new chemical and biological pesticides.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.121-130
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• 2016

Purpose: This paper is an attempt to explicate the principle of space and form-making in Le Corbusier's architecture from the viewpoint of integrating and relating architecture with the natural landscape. It shows thereby how the geometrical element of architecture and the non-geometrical element of the nature coexist in terms of form. It also explains how space is deployed for the construction of cognitive system between natural landscape and architectural scenery in terms of space, hoping to make a contribution to design method of contemporary house as an elementary datum. Method: Three issues are studied, focusing on the designs around nineteenth thirties in the earliest phase of Le Corbusier: How architectural form and nature is related, how natural greens is introduced into urbanism, and how natural landscape is introduced to house design. 1) it is studied how the relation between the nature and the formal elements of purism in Le Corbusier's architecture is formed. 2) it is studied how the relation between the nature and architecture proposed in Le Corbusier's urbanism is formed. 3) Le Corbusier's "four compositions" is analyzed in terms of relation-formation between architectural space and the nature. 4) it is studied how the natural landscape is introduced to Le Corbusier's house-design in the form of architectural promenade. Result: It has been found out that the natural landscape in Le Corbusier's architecture is not just a simple background, but a necessary element for the consummation of form and space in his architecture, and that architectural inspiration is maximized with coexistence with nature.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.91-104
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• 2015

Recently, various researches for the improvement of Han-ok performance carried out. But, most of them are tend to come from the viewpoint of suppliers rather than that of Han-ok habitants. It means that environmental elements which real habitants feel are not reflected in the design of initial Han-ok design. Therefore, it is necessary that many researchers should analyze the degree of dwelling satisfaction derived from real life. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to find the avaliable factors that need to be considered in the process of initial Han-ok design and construction through the analysis on the living performance satisfaction ratio of modern New Han-ok's habitants. Method: To achieve this goal, surveys were carried out in 83 Han-oks which actual habitants were living, located in 14 happy villages Jeonnam province. Following are survey items about residential environmental conditions; kinds of wall material, gap(connection joint between wall and wood columns) reinforcement or not, kinds of window, kinds of facilities around windows, kinds of heating source, heating types(single, multiple), financial burdens, selective heating or not and so on. Result: The results of this study may be used to improve the living performance satisfaction ratio of new Han-ok habitants and as a basis for the specifying the desired thermal comfort environment of dwelling.