• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.660-667
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• 1998

Background: This study is to evaluate the effectiveness and application of Lecompte procedure as a treatment for various complex cardiac anomalies with pulmonary outflow tract obstruction. Methods: Between July 1988 and December 1997, 44 patients underwent Lecompte procedure in Seoul National University Children's Hospital. The male to female ratio was 24 to 20 and the mean age was 29.2 months(range, 3 to 83). Of these patients, 28(63.6%) had transposition of great arteries with ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis(or pulmonary atresia), 14(31.8%) had double outlet right ventricle with pulmonary stenosis(or pulmonary atresia), and so on. The principles of the technique are 1) extension of the ventricular septal defect or conal resection, 2) construction of a intracardiac tunnel connecting the left ventricle to the aorta, and 3) direct connection, without a prosthetic conduit, of the pulmonary trunk to the right ventricle. Results: There were 3 in-hospital deaths and their causes were sustained hypoxia, myocardial failure, and sepsis, respectively. There was 1 late death due to sepsis. Reoperations were performed in 6 patients who had pulmonary outflow tract obstructions(4 cases), residual muscular ventricular septal defect(1 case), and recurrent septic vegetation(1 case). The cumulative survival rates by the Kaplan-Meier method were 92.7%, 92.7%, and 92.7% at 1, 2, and over 4 years. The reoperation free survival rates were 92.7%, 92.7%, and 70.2% at 1, 3, and over 5 years. Among the risk factors for the operative death, aortic cross clamping time had statistical significance(p<0.05) and all the risk factors for the recurrent pulmonary stenosis such as age, pulmonary artery index, and materials used for the pulmonary outflow tract reconstruction had no statistical significance(p>0.05). Conclusions: Our review suggests that Lecompte procedure is an effective treatment modality for various complex cardiac anomalies with pulmonary outflow tract obstruction. Repair in early age is possible and the rates of mortality and morbidity are also acceptable.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.731-736
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• 2013

To improve their shelf-life, domestic peaches were treated with hot air($46^{\circ}C$) for 0~9 hour, and the spoilage rate, changes of physico-chemical and sensory properties were investigated. The control showed spoilage at day 4, and then 50% of control showed spoilage on day 6. However, 12.5% of samples treated with hot air($46^{\circ}C$) for 6 hr showed spoilage on day 4. After 6 days, the spoilage rates of peaches treated with hot air treated for 3~9 hr were 16.7, 25.0, and 25.0%, respectively. Weight change of control was higher than that of hot air-treated samples for 6 days storage. There were no differences in pH of samples among the treatments, but pH increased with storage time. Hardness of hot air-treated samples was higher than that of control in the initial stage of storage. And then hardness of control sample was decreased faster than that of the hot air-treated samples for 6 days of storage. No significant changes in lightness and redness of the samples were observed after hot air treatment. Changes in yellowness of control occurred faster than that of hot air-treated samples during storage. The sensory parameters including taste, flavor, color, texture and overall acceptance at initial period were not different among treatments. The scores for taste, flavor, texture and overall acceptance of control decreased faster than those of hot airtreated samples during storage.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.442-448
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• 2005

This study was carried out to evaluate the quality characteristics of the vacuum packed pre-aged venison with seasoning during chilled storage. The ham of deer were cut to cube and two seasonings such as red pepper sauce (T1) or soy sauce (T2) were seasoned by the proportions or meat to seasonings (1:1), respectively. The seasoned venison was aging by fill into plastic box at $0\pm1^{\circ}C$ for 10 days. And then, the aged meat from each pack was vacuum-packaged and stored at $0\pm1^{\circ}C$ for up to 28 days. pH were significantly decreased with storage periods in all treatments (p<0.05). Salinity $(\%)$ were no significant differences in T1 during the whole storage, but T2 had significantly high content $(1.33\%)$ at the storage days of 28 (p<0.05). Saccarinity $(\%)$ of T1 were significantly higher than that of T2 during the whole storage periods (p<0.05). As storage time extended the value of $L^*$ and $b^*$ in T1 were increased and those values decreased in T2. $a^*$ and shear force $(g/cm^2)$ or T1 and T2 were increased as the storage period passed In the result of sensory evaluation. all treatment had relatively high score $(T1\;6.75\~T2\;7.00)$ in overall acceptability during the storage period of 28 days. In conclusion, this study suggest that vacuum packed pre-aged venison with seasoning may be useful for new deer meat menu.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.337-361
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• 2005

This study seeks the implications for the Korean family welfare policies after examining the characteristics of fertility rates and family welfare policies of advanced OECD countries, and comparatively analyzing the fertility rates among clusters of countries having similar family welfare policies. The fertility rates of most advanced OECD countries declined below the population replacement level in the 1970s, and continuously declined slowly after that period. But in the 1990s the fertility rate of some countries increased, on the other hand that of other countries declined. Such a difference of fertility rates suggests that there is some correlation between the fertility rate and the family welfare policy of each country. Advanced countries became concerned about the decline of fertility rate, established the government Population Issues Committee in order to deal with population problems, and increased family welfare supports. But the level and pattern(focusing on maternal employment supports or child-rearing supports) of each country's family welfare policies are differently developed according to its political ideology, cultural and historical background, and economic environments. A comparative assessment of the fertility rate among clusters of countries having similar family welfare policies demonstrates that the higher the level of family welfare supports is and the level of maternal employment supports in comparison with that of maternal child-rearing supports is, the higher of fertility rate is. And a comparative assessment of the fertility rate changes among clusters of countries also shows that the higher the level of family welfare supports is and the level of maternal employment supports in comparison with that of maternal child-rearing supports is, the higher the increase of fertility rate is or the lower the decrease of fertility rate is. The implications for the Korean family welfare policies are summarized as follows. First, it is necessary to establish the government Population Issues Committee which can study systematically fertility rates and population problems, and provide comprehensive population measures. Second, family welfare supports should be expanded through the establishment of family allowances, the prolongation of maternity leave and child-care leave and the upward readjustment of child-care leave benefits, and the extension of public child-care facilities. Third, maternal employment supports such as public child-care facilities and maternity leave should be given more weight than maternal child-rearing supports such as family allowance. Fourth, it is required to prepare social environments which can provide the youth with the hope that child-rearing is not difficult and gives them happiness.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.360-375
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to compare 10th grade students' understanding of concepts about the plates' motions depending on the different spatial ability. Based on previous studies and literature reviews, two instruments were selected and used in this study. The Spatial Perception Test developed in Korean Testing Center was applied to measure students' spatial ability. Another instrument for testing students' understandings of plates' motions consists of a total of 10 items. The instruments were distributed to 118 students who were 10th graders in metropolitan city. The results are as follows: First, a correlation coefficient between conceptual understanding of plates' motions and spatial ability was r=0.439 (p<.01). It indicates that conceptual plates' motions and spatial ability have a moderate relationship. The students were divided into two groups (high and low) by spatial ability. The independent t-test was performed and reveals that the statistically significant difference between high and low groups. On the other hand, the 6 students (3 higher spatial ability students and 3 lowers) were selected and interviewed individually to find the differences in their understanding of the concept of plates' motions. The findings from interviews indicate that most students recognized about concepts of trench and ocean ridge, a rise and drop of the mantle, and divergent and convergent boundaries. However, students had misconceptions about section of trench and ocean ridge. In addition, the students who had higher spatial ability knew the more proper concepts about the creation and extinction of plate, crustal movements, and bottom of the ocean extension, whereas the students who had the lower spatial ability had misconceptions.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.27-36
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• 2009

Introduction : Occupational therapists commonly use clinical observation to assess neuromuscular function witch is a fundamental component of sensory integration function. Clinical Observation of Motor and Postural Skills (COMPS) is a standardized assessment with seven items and used to screen if a child's problem is due to neuromuscular and sensory integration system. However, developmental standard of the test need to be validated with Korean children. Objective : This study is purposed to propose developmental standard of the COMPS for Korean children. Method : Seven to nine years old students (76 male and 70 female) participated in this study. In order to find out any difference by gender and age, the data was analyzed using t-test and ANOVA. Results : There is no significant difference by gender for all other items except Prone Extension Position (PEP). There is significant difference between children who are 7 years old and those who are 9 years old for Slow Motion(SM), Finger-Nose Touching (FNT), Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (ATNR), Supine Flexion(SF). There is also significant difference between those who are 8 years old and 9 years old for SM, FNT, ATNR. However, there is no significant difference between those who are 7 years and 8 years old. Conclusions : This study examines any difference in neuromuscular characteristics by age among school-aged children, based on the COMPS. The result of this study will provide a good evidence to establish developmental standard of COMPS for Korean children. It issuggested to continue further standardization work of the COMPS in order to establish a developmental standard for Korean children.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.37-46
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• 2009

Background : Theory of Sensory Integration (SI) was initially developed with an effort to understand children's behavior by Jean Ayres and has been evolved with extensive research by occupational therapist practitioners and researchers since in the latter of the 20 century. With extension of recognition to SI, various professions begin to refer their clients who are children with sensory integration dysfunction. Upon those referrals, occupational therapists normally use Short Sensory Profile (SSP) to screen and decide whether SI therapeutic intervention is needed or not. Objective : Purpose of this study is (1) to examine any difference between different age groups and genders for children who are seven to nine years old; (2) to compare the score results of those Korean children with the original Standard which is established for American children: and (3) to compare tendency of response for each item between children with- and without SI dysfunction. This study was intended to validate test items of the SSP and determine whether the original standard of SSP is applicable for Korean children. Method : 155 students (81 for male, 74 for female) underwent SI evaluation using the Korean-translated SSP. 52 student (22 for male, 30 for female) were 7 years old, 54 students (32 for male, 22 for female) were 8 years old, 49 students (27for male, 22 for female) were 9 years old. Results : There is no significant difference of SSP score by neither age nor gender. In comparison the average score and sensory integrative disorder with the American Standard, there is significant difference on score of sub-item and total score. For six items, there is no significant difference on the tendency of response between children with- and without SI dysfunction. Conclusions : It is concluded that the original standard is suitable for Korean children aged seven to nine. The six test items that children without SI dysfunction shown similar tendency to respond are questionable to be appropriate as screening test item. It is suggested to proceed to do further item analysis study and extend the study to broad age groups, so develop the most appropriate Standard of SSP for Korean children.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.404-410
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• 2014

The effects of treatment with various complex carbohydrases such as Pectinex, Celluclast, Viscozyme, and Ultraflo on the physiochemical properties, polyphenol extraction yields and antioxidant activities of pear peel and pear core were investigated. When pear peel and pear core were treated with complex carbohydrases, the soluble solid content of peel increased, whereas it did not change significantly in the case of pear core. When pear peel and pear core were treated with Pectinex, significant improvement of soluble solid content was observed along with the highest extraction yield of reducing sugar content. Total sugar content increased in most of the enzyme treatment groups. In the case of pear peel, the Viscozyme treatment group showed the highest total polyphenol contents, total flavonoid contents, DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity, and SOD-like activity. When the flesh and core of pear were treated with Celluclast, total polyphenol contents increased. All enzyme treatment groups except for the Ultraflo treatment group showed increases in total flavonoid contents. With regard to pear flesh, the Celluclast group showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity. When pear core was treated with the four complex carbohydrases, DPPH radical scavenging activity and ABTS radical scavenging activity did not increase significantly. However, the SOD-like activity of all enzyme treatment groups significantly increased. Consequently, dry matter and soluble solid contents, polyphenol content, and antioxidant activity of pear peel and core could be improved by complex carbohydrase treatment.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.1135-1146
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• 2015

This thesis aims to improve the safety of bicycle traffic for activating the use of bicycle, main means of non-powered and non-carbon transportation in order to cope with worldwide crisis such as climate change and energy depletion and to implement sustainable traffic system. In this regard, I analyzed the problem of bicycle roads currently installed and operated, and developed the bicycle accident forecasting model. Following are the processes for this. First, this study presented the current status of bicycle road in Korea as well as accident data, collect the data on bicycle traffic accidents generated throughout the country for recent 3 years (2009~2011) and analyzed the features of bicycle traffic accidents based on the data. Second, this study selected the variable affecting the number of bicycle accidents through accident feature analysis of bicycle accidents at Jeollanam-do, and developed accident forecast model using the multiple regression analysis of 'SPSS Statistics 21'. At this time, the number of accidents due to extension per road types (crossing, crosswalk, other single road) was used. To verify the accident forecast model deduced, this study used the data on bicycle accident generated in Gwangju, 2011, and compared the prediction value with actual number of accidents. As a result, it was found out that reliability of accident forecast model was secured through reconciling with actual number of cases except certain data. Third, this study carried out field survey on the bicycle road as well as questionnaire on satisfaction of bicycle road and use of bicycle for analysis of bicycle road problems, and presented safety improvement measures for the problems deduced as well as bicycle activation plans. This study is considered to serve as the fundamental data for planning and reorganizing of bicycle road in the future, and expected to improve safety of bicycle users and to promote activation of bicycle use as the means of transportation.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2011

Purpose: We purposed to evaluate clinical results after undergoing arthrocopic surgery of lateral discoid meniscus in children. Materials and Methods: Retrospective evaluation was executed for the 21 cases which showed abnormal findings of knee joint due to lateral discoid meniscus, from Janunary 1 1999 to December 30 2007. Average observation period was 38.4 months (14months~60 months), and average age was 9.5 years old (7~12 years old). The major clinical findings for knee joint extension limitations were the most common with 11 cases, and there were 8 cases of knee joint pain, 6 cases of snapping, and 10 cases of gait abnormality. The forms of lateral discoid meniscus were 14 cases of complete type, 5 cases of incomplete type, and 2 cases of Wrisberg type. All patient had arthroscopic partial menisectomy and some patient who had meniscus tear had arthroscopic meniscus repair. The clinical results were evaluated using Ikeuchi grading system, and the change of knee joint was observed through routine radiography. Results: The peripheral hypermobility of lateral disciform meniscus was observed in 7 cases. The peripheral tear was observed in 4 cases, where partial menisectomy was along with suture at the same time. The final clinical results were 5 cases of Excellent, 12 cases of Good, 4 cases of Fair. Radiologically, there were 5 cases of subchondral sclerosis and narrowness of hardness at the lateral knee joint, and osteochondritis occurred at the joint facet of external femur in 1 case. In clinical result, meanwhile, there were 20 cases of normal or almost normal and only 1 case of abnormal in IKDC score. Conclusion: Knee joint arthroscopic partial menisectomy for treatment of lateral discoid meniscus is useful, and when accompanied by peripheral disruption, suture is thought to be necessary.