• International Area Studies Review
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.602-616
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• 2009

EU and NAFTA which are huge regional economic blocs came out the world economy at the end of the twentieth century. It is the first that Europe has been trying to establish regional economic integration which is a revolutionary change to world economy. So that regional economic integration of Europe(European Union) has been improving to make a complete economic political integration. This paper analyzes trade creation effect for joining European Union(EU) of Central Eastern European countries with random effect estimation and fixed effect estimation. 12 Central Eastern European countries have become membership states of EU since 2004 is able to get 27.4% of trade increase effect on average between old and new membership countries one another as well as between new membership countries one another respectively. It is very important for some countries have a plan to affiliate to EU in the future to realize such a big effect if they are in.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.89-115
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• 2009

By measuring the consumption risk sharing for the EU regions, we evaluate the performance of various risk sharing channels for the EU. We identify which countries are likely to form the highest risk sharing group among the EU regions by using the DFFITS and DFBETAS diagnostics derived in a statistical regression. Our finding suggests that most western European countries seem to display homogeneous degree of risk sharing. In addition, our result confirms that high risk sharing regions as well as low risk sharing regions are mainly located in many eastern European countries that joined the EU later than western European countries, and implies that the EU members are still dichotomized at large in terms of consumption risk sharing.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.43-57
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• 2008

Organic farming including organic livestock farming in EU has been extended since the latter half of the 19th century. Especially, the organic farming area of Italy, Spain, Germany and U.K. is extensive compared to other EU countries. And organic farming area has been extended rapidly in Portugal and Greece. EU will have an influence on many countries' organic farming on the history and world agriculture. If FTA reaches between Korea and EU, livestock products like ham or sausage will be imported a great deal from EU. So Korea has to establish countermeasures to livestock products export strategies of EU.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.3-26
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• 2010

The European Union(EU) has recently introduced its Directive 2008/101/EC to include aviation in the EU ETS(emissions trading system). As an amendment to Directive 2003/87/EC that regulates reduction of the green house gas(GHG) emissions in Europe in preparation for the Kyoto Protocol, 1997, it obliges both EU and non-EU airline operators to reduce the emission of the carbon dioxide(CO2) significantly in the year 2012 and thereafter from the level they made in 2004 to 2006. Emission allowances allowed free of charge for each airline operator is 97% in the first year 2012 and 95% from 2013 and thereafter from the average annual emissions during historical years 2004 to 2006. Taking into account the rapid growth of air traffic, i.e. 5% in recent years, airlines operating to EU have to reduce their emissions by about 30% in order to meet the requirements of the EU Directive, if not buy the emissions right in the emissions trading market. However, buying quantity is limited to 15% in the year 2012 subject to possible increase from the year 2013. Apart from the hard burden of the airline operators, in particular of those from non-European countries, which is not concern of this paper, the EU Directive has certain legal problems. First, while the Kyoto Protocol of universal application is binding on the Annex I countries of the Climate Change Convention, i.e. developed countries including all Member States of the European Union to reduce GHG at least by 5% in the implementation period from 2008 to 2012 over the 1990 level, non-Annex I countries which are not bound by the Kyoto Protocol see their airlines subjected to aircraft emissions reductions scheme of EU when operating to EU. This is against the provisions of the Kyoto Protocol dealing with the emissions of GHG including CO2, target of the EU Directive. While the Kyoto Protocol mandates ICAO to set up a worldwide scheme for aircraft emissions to contribute to stabilizing GHG concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system, the EU ETS was drawn up outside the framework of the international Civil Aviation Organization(ICAO). Second, EU Directive 2008/101 defines 'aviation activities' as covering 'flights which depart from or arrive in the territory of a Member State to which the [EU] Treaty applies'. While the EU airlines are certainly subject to the EU regulations, obliging non-EU airlines to reduce their emissions even if the emissions are produced during the flight over the high seas and the airspace of the third countries is problematic. The point is whether the EU Directive can be legally applied to extra-territorial behavior of non-EU entities. Third, the EU Directive prescribes 2012 as the first year for implementation. However, the year 2012 is the last year of implementation of the Kyoto Protocol for Annex I countries including members of EU to reduce GHG including the emissions of CO2 coming out from domestic airlines operation. Consequently, EU airlines were already on the reduction scheme of CO2 emissions as long as their domestic operations are concerned from 2008 until the year 2012. But with the implementation of Directive 2008/101 from 2012 for all the airlines, regardless of the status of the country Annex I or not where they are registered, the EU airlines are no longer at the disadvantage compared with the airlines of non-Annex I countries. This unexpected premium for the EU airlines may result in a derogation of the Kyoto Protocol at least for the year 2012. Lastly, as a conclusion, the author shed light briefly on how the Korean aviation authorities are dealing with the EU restrictive measures.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.7-18
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• 1999

This study concerns the demand for Korean textile products in the USA, Japan, EU from 2000 to 2003. The result from the practice of study is as follows; The grand total export demand of textile product is estimated about U$7.2billion in 2000, U$8.5billion in 2003, and the annual growing rate is estimated 5.17%. The export of textile product to USA, Japan, EU, and other countries will be gradually increased from 2000 to 2003. Comparing to annual average export growing ratio, it is expected the ranks of annual average growing ratio as follows; The highest ratio is 8.35% in EU, the next 7.08% in other countries, 2.67% in Japan, and 2.51% in USA. It shows the change of the new countries to which our nation exports textile-products from the exportmarket structure of the present major export countries such as USA, Japan to EU and other nations. Also shows the same result in the export ratio by countries. The research predicts that the textile export portion will be decreased for our nation to USA and Japan while increased to EU and other countries.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.151-157
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• 2013

This paper is a comparative study on risk assessment policy between Asian countries such as Japan, Korea, Singapore and EU countries, German, UK. Risk assessment is a tool adopted currently in many countries in order to reduce occupational risk in workplace because it help employers to identify their hazard arousing in their working conditions then to settle the issues. This paper compares institutional framework posed in EU and Asian countries. As a result of comparative study, EU countries have more concrete legal system for risk assessment than Asian countries. But Asian countries are now interested in risk assessment such as Japan, Korea and Singapore. The author also suggests successful ways to settle down the risk assessment policy in a country. These findings help to understand occupational health and safety policy on risk assessment in Asian countries.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.489-510
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• 2011

Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between the Korea, of the one part, and the EU and its member states, of the other part, has been effective, as of 1 Jul 2011. EU enlarged its members up to 27 countries including Romania and Bulgaria in 2007, and stood up as the second largest trading partner to the Korea right after the China. FTA, generally, shows the several different figures according to the countries concerned on the agreement The EU has long history and cultural, educational assets. In addition to that, the EU also has economical, industrial bases. Therefore, the EU seeks fruitful profits utilizing its intellectual property rights. There are copyrights and related rights, trade marks, geographical indications, designs, and patents, etc. on the Chapter 10. intellectual property rights of the Korea EU FTA. Among them, the others except geographical indications seem to be somewhat the terms advantageous to the Korea. It is possible to ask further requirements to the Korea in the years to come because the EU member countries are very much interested in the practical profits of intellectual property rights. Thus, it would be essential tasks for us to review the intellectual property rights protection and features of the Korea EU FTA.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.698-712
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• 2004

As EU's enlargement toward Central and Eastern countries, it is expected to change of the economic activity space of EU. This paper aims to examine the changing of economic activity space of EU with a locational analysis of foreign direct investment in Central and Eastern countries. The foreign enterprises, particularly EU's firms are increasing the direct investment in the Central and Eastern countries from the middle 1990's for a raising of the efficiency of production and a prior occupation of the potential market. The foreign direct investment in Central and Eastern Europe has a tendency to concentrate in Poland, Hungary, Czech and Slovakia, which has relatively a large market, a cheap and plentiful labor, a stable political system and a positive inviting policy of foreign direct investment. And, the foreign direct investment shows a tendency to locate generally in a big city, which has a advantageous production factors by a well-developed infrastructure and a regional industrial organization, a skilled labors, a market, etc., and in a border area between East and West Europe because of a cheap and plentiful labor, a similar cultural environment and the low cost of transportation. In conclusion, as an integration of the Central and Eastern countries into EU, the capital territories of Hungary, Czech and Poland, and the border area between East and West Europe is becoming a new economic activity space of EU with a location of foreign direct investment. And. the Baltic zone is also expect to become a new economic activity space according to the augmentation of exchanges and direct investment inter near countries.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.54
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• pp.261-282
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• 2012

The European Union (EU) has introduced the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) as one of the key policies to reduce the level of greenhouse gas emissions and in July 2008, they decided to include aviation in the scheme. As soon as the decision was announced the EU ETS was met by sharp opposition from world governments and international aviation. A group of US airlines, in particular, dropped a lawsuit against the British government over aviation's inclusion in the EU ETS. On 21 December, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) ruled that aviation's inclusion in the EU ETS which covers all flights arriving into and departing from the EU is legal and does not contravene international law. The scheme eventually came into effect on 1 January 2012. However, most countries are in opposition to the EU ETS and have agreed on counter-measures to undermine the EU's plan which may bring chaos to the aviation industry if such measures were to put into practice. This study therefore will analyze the likely effects that may be brought to the Korean aviation industry as a result of the inclusion of aviation in the EU ETS. Further, it hopes to contribute to the Korean aviation industry by studying other countries' counter-measures in advance.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.155-168
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• 2021

The EU and the UK apply a treaty to establish new relations from 2021. Brexit is making a big difference in relations among the EU, the UK, and third countries. A new paradigm of international law has begun to be applied to relations among Korea, the EU, and the UK. The UK was excluded from the application of the Korea-EU FTA, and the Korea-UK FTA was applied to trade relations between Korea and the UK. The signing of these new treaties and the changes in the subject to which they apply are impacting the existing international legal system. The countries are showing some response, but it cannot be evaluated as a complete level, and there are still tasks to be solved. Therefore, the legal basis for EU-UK relations, Korea-EU relations, and Korea-UK relations should continue to be laid down in the future. The Korea-UK FTA cannot govern all the problems arising from trade and economic cooperation. Many interests that the UK did not reflect in the course of previous Korea-EU FTA negotiations will be revealed, so a new legal framework for Korea-UK bilateral relations will be established according to the negotiations between the two sides. There should be more detailed research and suggestion of alternatives in the field of law.