• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.46-51
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• 2004

Host resistance is usually parasite-specific and is restricted to a particular pathogen races, and commonly is expressed against specific pathogen genotypes. In contrast, resistance shown by an entire plant species to a species of pathogen is known as non-host resistance. Therefore, non-host resistance is the more common and broad form of disease resistance exhibited by plants. As a first step to understand the mechanism of non-host plant defense, expressed sequence tags (EST) were generated from a hot pepper leaf cDNA library constructed from combined leaves collected at different time points after inoculation with non-host soybean pustule pathogen (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Glycines; Xag). To increase gene diversity, ESTs were also generated from cDNA libraries constructed from anthers and flower buds. Among a total of 10,061 ESTs, 8,525 were of sufficient quality to analyze further. Clustering analysis revealed that 55 ％ of all ESTs (4685) occurred only once. BLASTX analysis revealed that 74％ of the ESTs had significant sequence similarity to known proteins present in the NCBI nr database. In addition, 1,265 ESTs were tentatively identified as being full-length cDNAs. Functional classification of the ESTs derived from pathogen-infected pepper leaves revealed that about 25％ were disease- or defense-related genes. Furthermore, 323 (7％) ESTs were tentatively identified as being unique to hot pepper. This study represents the first analysis of sequence data from the hot pepper plant species. Although we focused on genes related to the plant defense response, our data will be useful for future comparative studies.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.66-72
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• 2006

Spikelet proteins expressed at the young microspore stage in rice were separated and analysed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2DE). The separated proteins were electro blotted onto a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane, and 50 proteins were analyzed by a gas-phase protein sequencer. The N-terminal amino acid sequences of 20 out of 50 proteins were determined. N-terminal regions of the remaining proteins could not be sequenced because of blocking. The internal amino acid sequences of proteins were determined by sequence analysis of peptides obtained by the Cleveland peptide mapping method. Results revealed the presence of the photosynthetic apparatus at rice young microspore stage. Major proteins identified in this study could be used as a marker for various studies on physiological stresses.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.181-187
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• 2013

In order to investigate environmental stress inducible genes in abalone, we analyzed differentially expressed transcripts from a Pacific abalone, Haliotis discus hannai, after exposure to heat-, cold- or hyposalinity-shock by suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) method. 1,074 unique sequences from SSH libraries were composed to 115 clusters and 986 singletons, the overall redundancy of the library was 16.3%. From the BLAST search, of the 1,316 ESTs, 998 ESTs (75.8%) were identified as known genes, but 318 clones (24.2%) did not match to any previously described genes. From the comparison results of ESTs pattern of three SSH cDNA libraries, the most abundant EST was different in each SSH library: small heat shock protein p26 (sHSP26) in heat-shock, trypsinogen 2 in cold-shock, and actin in hyposalinity SSH cDNA library. Based on sequence similarities, several response-to-stress genes such as heat shock proteins (HSPs) were identified commonly from the abalone SSH libraries. HSP70 gene was induced by environmental stress regardless of temperature-shock or salinity-stress, while the increase of sHSP26 mRNA expression was not detected in cold-shock but in heat-shock condition. These results suggest that the suppression subtractive hybridization method is an efficient way to isolate differentially expressed gene from the invertebrate environmental stress-response transcriptome.

• Plant Breeding and Biotechnology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.337-353
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• 2018

We used Illumina/HiSeq sequencing for analysis of gene expression profiling among four maize seed types (dent, CM3 and CM6; waxy, CM5 and CM19) at 10 DAP (days after pollination). A total of 88,993,000 (CM3), 103,817,340 (CM6), 103,139,640 (CM5), and 66,978,958 (CM19) sequence reads were generated with read lengths of about 0.9, 1.0, 1.0, and 0.7 billion bp, respectively. We obtained 69.1 (CM3), 71.0 (CM6), 71.2 (CM5), and 71.8% (CM19) high quality reads from the raw data and compared them with reference RNA sequences in a public DB (NCBI). It was revealed that mapped reads were 58%, 63%, 62%, and 62% of the EST reference in CM3, CM6, CM5 and CM19, respectively; and more than 51,000 genes were expressed based on RPKM criteria (over 0.25 value) in each CM3, CM6, CM5, and CM19 inbred line. In differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis, we found that 3,527 genes were differentially expressed by at least two-fold with 1,709 upregulated in the two waxy inbred lines and 1,818 upregulated in the two dent inbred lines. We also detected genes for the sucrose and starch biosynthesis pathways based on BINs, and different expression patterns between waxy and dent inbred lines were shown for the gene set for starch synthesis, such as sh2, bt2, du1, wx1, and ae1. Although some genes were more expressed in dent lines, most genes for starch synthesis were much expressed in waxy lines. Especially, there was greater expression of the sus2 gene in both waxy lines compared with the dent lines.

• Journal of Korea Planning Association
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.5-14
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• 2019

Starting with the market vitalization project in 2008, The Gwangju Dae-in Art Market has attracted to many artists, changing into cultural and art market. After the project was carried out for a certain period of time, a study was conducted to determine the differing opinions of the artists and merchants in regards to the market. The study also examined and analyzed the factors affecting the artists' continuous activities. The difference in recognition perception between artists and merchants was analyzed through a T-test. PLS-regression analysis was used for the artists' continuing intention to work. As a result, the artists and merchants recognized that the number of visitors increased after the influx of artists. Programs that had a positive impact on the artist's intention for sustainable activities were as follows: the 'Art Products Creation Workshop', where artists, merchants, and citizens collaborate to develop commodities needed for the market; 'Hanpyeong Gallery', where artists directly or indirectly interact with merchants and citizens; the 'Artist-Merchant Workshop', where artists and merchants produce articles required for the market; 'C'est Si Bon', which expresses the placeness of the market into art; and the 'Dae-in Art Night Market', where citizens, merchants and visitors can sell their own works. On the other hand, programs with the negative effect were those where artists' participation was low or none, as the policy implications, they should be actively develop this type of programs, where artists could participate and interact with citizens and merchants, like this visitors and sales can be increased.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.311-319
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• 2013

Fish larvae are immediately exposed to microbes from hatching to maturation of their lymphoid organs, therefore effective innate mechanisms is very important for survival in such an environment. The key component of innate immune system, C3 is central protein of all activation pathways of the complement system, leading to inflammatory reactions, such as opsonisation, chemotaxis, and cell lysis of pathogens. Although, innate mechanisms is essential for survival in the early stage of development, little is known about defence mechanisms. In this study, the alignment analysis showed that amino acid sequence of C3 from olive flounder liver EST homologous to other known C3 sequences with 73-99% identity. Also, we examined the tissue distribution of olive flounder C3 and analyzed expression pattern from the fertilized egg until 28 days post hatching. As a result, olive flounder C3 mRNA was expressed only in the liver and the mRNA level more increased as developmental proceed during the early stage. These results may suggest that olive flounder C3 plays an important function in the early immune response of olive flounder larvae.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2010

The full-length cDNA of the porcine peroxisomal ${\Delta}^3$,${\Delta}^2$-enoyl-CoA isomerase (PECI) gene encodes a monofunctional peroxisomal ${\Delta}^3$,${\Delta}^2$-enoyl-CoA isomerase. Cloning and sequencing of the porcine PECI cDNA revealed the presence of an 1185-base pair open reading frame predicted to encode a 394-amino acid protein by the 5'rapid amplification of cDNA ends (5'RACE) and EST sequences. The porcine PECI gene was expressed in seven tissues (heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, skeletal muscle, fat) which was revealed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The porcine PECI was mapped to SSC71/2 p11-13 using the somatic cell hybrid panel (SCHP) and the radiation hybrid panel (RH) (LOD score 12.84). The data showed that PECI was closely linked to marker S0383. A C/T single nucleotide polymorphism in PECI exon 10 (3'UTR) was detected as a PvuII PCR-RFLP. Association analysis in our experimental pig population showed that different genotypes of PECI gene were significantly associated with the Average Backfat thickness (ABF) (p<0.05) and Buttock backfat thickness (p<0.01).

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.113-120
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• 2009

Embryonic lethal abnormal visual (elav) is a lethal gene in Drosophila inducing the abnormal development and function of nervous system. We cloned a Bm-elav gene by bioinformatics and biological experiment, based on sequence of ELAV protein and dbEST of Bombyx mori. The full-length of Bm-elav cDNA is 1498 bp, contains a 906 bp open read frame (ORF) encoding a precursor of 301 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular weight of 34 kDa and pI of 8.99. Bm-ELAV protein precursor contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRM) in $24{\sim}91$, $110{\sim}177$ and $222{\sim}295$ bit amino acid residues respectively, and belongs to RNA-binding protein family. Bm-ELAV shared varying positives, ranging from 56% to 60% (Identities from 41% to 45%), with RRM from other species of Xenopus tropicalis, Apis mellifera, Tribolium castaneum, Branchiostoma belcheri and Drosophila. Gene localization indicated that Bm-elav is a single-copy gene, gene mapping within 12-chromosome from 7916.68 knt to 7918.16 knt region of nscaf2993. Spatiotemporal expressions pattern analysis revealed that Bm-elav expressed higher in most tested tissues and developmental stages in whole generation, such as silk gland, fat body, midgut, hemopoietic organ and ovary, but almost no expression in terminated diapause eggs. This suggested that the expression of Bm-elav in early developmental embryonic stages might induce abnormal development like in Drosophila. Cloning of the Bm-elav gene enables us to test its potential role in controlling pests by transferring the gene into field lepidopteran insects in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.85-95
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• 1999

The objectives of this study are to explain the performance patterns of health education and related factors in elementary middle, and high schools in Korea. The survey data were collected by questionnaires from June to September in 1998. the number of subjects were 294 school nurses. The SAS-pc program was used for statistical analyses such as percent distribution, a $x^2-test$, a Spearman correlation est., and logistic regression analysis. The major results were as follows: 1. The performance rates of health education by elementary, middle and high schools was higher than before. But the education time was not as sufficient as desired. 2. Planning and practice for health education in elementary and middle schools were high. The preparation of the instruction for health education in elementary school was especially strong. 3. The need survey for health education was low '-' 32~46%. The performance rates of health education increased yearly in elementary school. 4. The reference data were insufficient for health education; In other words, it was difficult for a systematic education. 5. Usually lecture and other methods were used. 10-15% used only the lecture method. 6. The content of heath education was life style in the lower levels of elementary school, Drinking, smoking, drug use etc. were concentrated on in middle and high school. 7. The education evaluation and application was activated in elementary school, otherwise, was low in high school. 8. School nurses and school performance in health education were influenced significatly by planning of health education and the instruction of heath education in elementary school. In the case of planning, the budget was a significant variable; in the case of instruction, the number of school classs was significant. In conclusion, these findings suggest that a developed health education curriculum be performed gearly in order to create a systematic school health education. Also, it is necessary to activate an evaluation to system measure behavioral changes. It is expected that the improvement of school health education be accomplished through the systematic support of schools by government in the physical, economi, and psychological areas.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.243-247
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• 2015

A stand-alone BLAST server is available that provides a convenient and amenable platform for the analysis of molluscan sequence information especially the EST sequences generated by traditional sequencing methods. However, it is found that the server has limitations in the annotation of molluscan sequences generated using next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms due to inconsistencies in molluscan sequence available at NCBI. We constructed a web-based interface for a new stand-alone BLAST, called PANM-DB (Protostome DB) for the analysis of molluscan NGS data. The PANM-DB includes the amino acid sequences from the protostome groups-Arthropoda, Nematoda, and Mollusca downloaded from GenBank with the NCBI taxonomy Browser. The sequences were translated into multi-FASTA format and stored in the database by using the formatdb program at NCBI. PANM-DB contains 6% of NCBInr database sequences (as of 24-06-2015), and for an input of 10,000 RNA-seq sequences the processing speed was 15 times faster by using PANM-DB when compared with NCBInr DB. It was also noted that PANM-DB show two times more significant hits with diverse annotation profiles as compared with Mollusks DB. Hence, the construction of PANM-DB is a significant step in the annotation of molluscan sequence information obtained from NGS platforms. The PANM-DB is freely downloadable from the web-based interface (Malacological Society of Korea, http://malacol.or/kr/blast) as compressed file system and can run on any compatible operating system.