• 성인간호학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.399-414
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to review and identify factors relevant to workplace bullying in nursing. Methods: Twenty-three studies that met the criteria were selected from a sample of twenty-six studies. These articles were retrieved from a central literature databases (N=13,241). The total correlational effect size (ESr) for each related factor was calculated from Fisher's Zr. A funnel plot inspection (similar to scatter plot) with a trim-and-fill method was used to assess the publication bias of the meta-analyzed studies. Results: From the systematic review, fifty-one factors were identified as having an influencing effect. Fourteen factors (five individual and nine organizational factors) were eligible for meta-analysis. The individual factors included, self-esteem (ESr=-.31), psychological capital (ESr=-.26), and marital status (ESr=-.06) which were significantly correlated with workplace bullying. Organizational factors included, organizational tolerance (ESr=.48), supervisor incivility (ESr=.47), job stress (ESr=.46), group morale (ESr=-.36), group support (ESr=-.35), supervisor leadership (ESr=-.35), group identity (ESr=-.33), and structural empowerment (ESr=-.27). These factors were significantly correlated with workplace bullying. There were no publication biases except for both individual and organizational factors. Conclusion: Organizational factors have more of an greater impact than individual factors on workplace bullying. The results of this study support the need for intervention at the organizational level.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 2000년도 제15차 학술회의논문집
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• pp.352-352
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• 2000

ESR(ElectroSlag Remelting) Process is secondary fine process and melts steels by electric resistance heat and fines the melting steels by an appropriate solidification process parameters which affects the melting and solidification processes to get the high quality products. This paper describes a method to derive the mathematical model and analysis the dynamic characteristics for designing a controller of the ESR processes. The ESR process consists of a melting and solidificating processes and electrical system include the contact resistance mechanism. In this paper, we consider only the static relationship between inputs and outputs of the electric system because the dynamics of the electric system is so fast compared with the melting and solidificating processes which are analysed by using finite difference method. As the results, the fine processing in ESR is analysed and the process controller could be designed based on the process dynamic analysis.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2022

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) evaluation is a useful tool for monitoring disease activity in various inflammatory and non-inflammatory conditions. ESR is known to be influenced by a multitude of confounding factors. The present study aimed to assess the possible determinants of the ESR and its relationship with various risk factors involved in ischemic stroke. ESR and other hematological and biochemical parameters were investigated in 163 ischemic stroke patients (107 males and 56 females) selected based on imaging techniques including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scans. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 16.0 software. Linear regression analysis showed a significant inverse relationship of hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit or packed cell volume (PCV) (P<0.001 for females; P<0.01 for males) with the ESR. It was observed that the red blood cell (RBC) count was not strongly correlated with the ESR (P<0.05 for both males and females). It was also observed that sex significantly affected the variables determining the ESR levels, whereas age had no effect. Gender differences were also observed with respect to Hb, RBC, PCV, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and ESR. The possible determinants of higher ESR levels in ischemic stroke may be sex, Hb, hematocrit, and RBC count, but the role of other clinical and laboratory parameters cannot be underestimated.

• 한국간호교육학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.213-224
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• 2020

Purpose: This study considers the variables related to self-leadership of Korean nursing students and verifies the results of precedent studies through meta-analysis. Methods: This study selected a total of 48 precedent studies regarding the investigation of the correlation between variables related to self-leadership of nursing students conducted between 2009 and 2019 and carried out a meta-analysis. Results: For the effect size of variables related to self-leadership of nursing students, individual characteristics had a medium effect size (ESr=.49) and the effect size was larger for meta-cognition (ESr=.65), emotional intelligence (ESr=.58), and self-efficacy (ESr=.54). The characteristics of nursing competency (ESr=.45) also had a medium effect size and the effect size was larger for professional self-concept (ESr=.60), social support (ESr=.58), and critical thinking (ESr=.56). This result shows that individual characteristics were highly correlated with self-leadership compared to the characteristics of nursing competency. Conclusion: This study is significant in that it verified the effect of variables related to self-leadership and presented the direction and preliminary data for a follow-up study. It is necessary to include variables considering individual characteristics in the development of an educational program for improving self-leadership in the future.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.371-375
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• 2009

ESR spectroscopy에 의한 방사선 조사 건조향신료의 조사여부의 정확한 판별에 필요한 기초자료를 얻고자 방사선 조사 유래의 cellulose radical에 대한 parameter를 분석하였다. 건조향신료 분말 4종(고추, 마늘, 양파, 후추)에 대하여 0, 1, 5, 10 kGy의 $^{60}Co$ 감마선을 조사한 후 ESR signal을 분석하였다. 방사선 조사된 4종의 건조향신료는 모두 방사선 조사 유래의 triplet signal인 cellulose radical을 나타내면서 center signal($g_2=2.00673$)은 좌우 3.0455 mT 간격의 특이적인 signal을 보였다. 조사시료에서 나타난 hyperfine triplet signal(cellulose radical)의 g-value, center field 및 저-고자장 signal의 간격은 조사선량이 변화하여도 일정하였으므로 이들 parameter들은 cellulose radical의 고유 특성임을 확인 하였다. 이로써 감마선 조사시료와 비조사 시료 간의 구별이 분명하였다. ESR signal intensity는 조사선량이 증가함에 따라 유의적으로 증가하였다($R^2=0.8452{\sim}0.9854$). 이상의 결과에서 cellulose radical의 parameter 분석은 건조향신료의 ESR 분석에서 조사여부의 판별에 대한 신뢰성을 뒷받침 해 주었다.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.137-143
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• 2004

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR) measurements were performed in a total of 191 blood samples from patients below a hematocrit of 35% by both the Test-1(SIRE Analytical Systems, Udine, Italy) and the Westergren method, endorsed as the reference method for ESR by the International Council for Standardization in Hematology(ICSH). The corrected Westergren ESR values were also obtained applying the formula of Fabry (corrected ESR = ESR measured x 15/55-Hct). Linear regression analysis showed a close correlation (r=0.85) between the two methods both before and after ESR correction in total samples. There was no significant correlation difference between two methods in both two groups with hemoglobin $${\geq_-}9g/dl$$ and <9g/dl before and after ESR correction (r=0.873, r=0.827 respectively before correction and r=0.867, r=0.830 respectively after correction). Also, for two groups with hematocrit $${\geq_-}24%$$ and <24%, no significant difference was observed (r=0.859, r=0.792 respectively before correction and r=0.782, r=0.842 respectively after correction). However, for samples with <60mm of Westergren ESR before correction, a better correlation coefficient was obtained than samples with $${\geq_-}60mm$$(r=0.701, r=0.541 respectively). In corrected Westergren ESR, also samples that were obtained with <40mm showed better correlation than samples with $${\geq_-}40mm$$ (r=0.690, r=0.347 respectively). In conclusion, we found a good correlation between Test-1 and Westergren measurements in patients with anemia but an expert group discussion is required to solve discrepancy between two methods in blood samples with very high ESR.

• 전기학회논문지P
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• 제66권4호
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• pp.213-218
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• 2017

The DC electrolytic capacitor for DC-link of power converter is widely used in various power electronic circuits and system application. Its functions include, DC Bus voltage stabilization, conduction of ripple current due to switching events, voltage smoothing, etc. Unfortunately, DC electrolytic capacitors are some of the weakest components in power electronics converters. Many papers have proposed different algorithms or diagnosis method to determinate the ESR and tan ${\delta}$ capacitance C for fault alarm system of the electrolytic capacitor. However, both ESR vary with frequency and temperature. Accurate knowledge of both parameters at the capacitors operating conditions is essential to achieve the best reference data of fault alarm. According to parameter analysis, the capacitance increases with temperature and the initial ESR decreases. Higher frequencies make the reference ESR with the initial ESRo value to decrease. Analysis results show that the proposed DC Bus electrolytic capacitor reference ESR model setting technique can be applied to advanced reference signal of capacitor diagnosis systems successfully.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.233-246
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• 2012

본 연구는 2008년부터 2010년까지 국내 수입물량이 많은 품목 중 국외에서는 허용되었지만, 국내 허용되지 않은 식품군에서 일부 견과류, 과실류, 기호식품, 유지종자류, 건어물류, 채소류, 향신식품 등 15 품목을 선정하여 PSL, TL 및 ESR을 이용하여 실태조사와 검지법별 적용 가능성을 확인하였다. PSL 측정 결과는 건새우, 볶음땅콩, 조미땅콩에서는 적용 가능성이 높은 것으로 판단되었으나 나머지 품목에서는 적용 가능성이 낮다고 판단하였다. TL 시험법의 경우 대부분의 조사시료는 $150{\sim}250^{\circ}C$ 사이에서 비조사 시료는 $300^{\circ}C$ 이상에서 강한 glow curve peak가 나타남으로써 비조사구와 조사구간의 확인이 가능하였으나 조미땅콩, 건자두, 건체리, 망고(냉동)에서 시료에 미네랄이 없거나 양이 적어 적용 가능성 낮았다. 또한, 동일 식품군이라도 가공 과정이나 미네랄 함량 등 개별 시료의 차이에 의하여 TL glow curve의 intensity가 낮게 나타나 TL 시험법 적용이 가능한 경우도 있고 불가능한 경우도 있는 것으로 확인되었다. ESR 분석 결과는 건포도, 건체리, 망고(건, 냉동), 람부탄(냉동) 및 코코아(파우더/16.1%, 20%, 30%, 40%)에서 결정형 당 유래의 라디칼에 의한 다성분 ESR signal이 관찰되었다. 건자두, 계피가루, 파슬리, 당근 및 브로콜리에서 셀룰로오스 유래의 라디칼에 의한 특이 ESR signal이 관찰되었다. 건한치, 황태채 및 건새우에서 하이드록시아파타이트 유래 라디칼에 의한 특이 ESR signal이 관찰되었다. 하지만, 대부분의 시료에서 조사 전후 모두 single line의 비특이적인 signal이 관찰되어 대조군이 없는 경우에는 방사선 조사 여부 확인시험법으로서 적용가능성이 낮다고 판단되었다. 방사선 조사 허용 외 식품을 대상으로 방사선 조사여부를 분석한 결과, 대상식품 모두에서 방사선이 조사되지 않은 것으로 확인되었으며, 대부분의 품목에서 TL과 ESR 검지법이 PSL 검지법 보다 적용 가능성이 높은 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구를 통해 TL은 미네랄 함량이 적은 시료를 제외한 대부분 시료에서 검지법별 적용 확대가 가능하였으나 ESR은 식품유형과 함량에 따라 결과에 차이가 있어 검지법별 적용 가능성 연구가 지속적으로 필요할 것으로 생각하였다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권10호
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• pp.5105-5111
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• 2012

Background: Published data on the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ESR1 gene and breast cancer susceptibility are inconclusive or controversial. The aim of this Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) review and meta-analysis was to derive a more precise estimation of this relationship. Methods: A literature search of Pubmed, Embase, Web of science and CBM databases was conducted from inception through September 1th, 2012. Crude odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the strength of association. Results: A total of five studies including 1,678 breast cancer cases and 1,678 general population controls in Asian populations were involved in this meta-analysis. When all the eligible studies were pooled into the meta-analysis, the higher transcriptional activity variant allele T of ESR1 PvuII (C>T) (rs2234693) in pre-menopausal breast cancer women showed a significant relation to increased risk (OR = 1.13, 95%CI: 1.01-1.28, P = 0.040) in contrast to their post-menopausal counterparts which showed non-significant increased risk (OR = 1.01, 95%CI: 0.87-1.18, P = 0.858). Nevertheless, no significant association between ESR1 XbaI (A>G) (rs9340799) polymorphism and the risk of breast cancer was observed in pre-menopausal and post-menopausal individuals. Conclusion: Based on a homogeneous Asian population, results from the current meta-analysis indicates that the ESR1 PvuII (C>T) polymorphism places pre-menopausal breast cancer women at risk for breast cancer, while ESR1 XbaI (A>G) polymorphism is not likely to predict the risk of breast cancer.

• 임상간호연구
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.221-236
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to systematically review and identify factors relevant to the positive psychological capital of clinical nurses. Methods: These was no limit on year of publication. Articles related to Korean clinical nurses were retrieved from computerized database using a manual search. A systematic review was conducted based on the PRISMA flow. The total correlational effect size (ESr) for each related factor was calculated from Fisher's Zr. Funnel plots, fail-safe numbers, and Egger regression tests were used to evaluate publication bias in meta-analysis studies. The correlational effect size of 25 studies was analyzed through meta-analysis using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software 3.0 (CMA). Results: The review included 25 studies. In the systematic review, 14 demographic factors and 46 organizational factors were found to be influential. Eleven factors (6 demographic factors and 5 organizational factors) were appropriate for meta-analysis. The overall effect size was .26. The demographic total correlation effect size of related factors was .20 and the total effect size of organization was .46. Organizational commitment (ESr=.38) and job satisfaction (ESr=.54) were statistically positively related variables. Negative variables were burnout (ESr=-.61), turnover intention (ESr=-.41) and workplace bullying (ESr=-.33). The total effect size of the organizational factors was larger than the demographic total effect size. There was no publication bias except for demographic variables. Conclusion: Organizational factors and adjustable variables have a significant impact on positive psychological capital. The results of this study support the need for development of interventions focusing on organizational factors.