• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.72-86
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of mulching of easily-decomposable organic materials including rice powder and corn starch on rice paddy fields. The treatments were including seven mulching materials each consisted of rice powder [Rice], starch with black color [Starch-B] and transparent [Starch-T] and stone powder [Stone], and conventional vinyl [Conventional], no-mulching without herbicide [Control-O] and no-mulching with herbicide [Control-C]. Rice growth and yield were different among the treatments; the highest yields were observed for [Rice] ($6.51ton\;ha^{-1}$) and [Conventional] ($6.47ton\;ha^{-1}$) followed by [Starch-T] ($6.25ton\;ha^{-1}$) and [Stone] ($6.20ton\;ha^{-1}$) which is comparable to the [Control-C] ($6.15ton\;ha^{-1}$). However, [Starch-B] showed lower rice yield ($4.93ton\;ha^{-1}$) than the [Conventional] or [Control-C]. Mean soil temperature ranged form 23.6 to $24.1^{\circ}C$ with the highest temperature for [Rice] treatment, and cumulative soil temperature was also significantly higher in the [Rice] treatment. Among the soil parameters, electrical conductivity, organic matter content, and phosphorus concentration were also different among the treatments. The amount of earthworm casting was higher for [Rice] treatment ($17.7kg\;m^{-2}$) compared to the others ($5.5{\sim}9.8kg\;m^{-2}$). It was suggested that mulching of rice fields with organic materials containing rice powder is better than others in respected to rice yield and earthworm activity.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.263-275
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• 2012

Jurassic Daebo biotite granites, known as one of the main stone resources in the country, are widely and away distributed in the Pocheon and Yangju areas of the mid Gyeonggi massif. The objects of the study are mainly to reveal the unique characteristics of grain size, rock color, mineral composition, physical property and fracture system from the above biotite granites. Biotite granites from the Pocheon area (PG) and Yangju area (YG) are represented by coarse-grained and light gray, and medium to coarse-grained and grayish to light gray, respectively. In modes, main minerals of Qz+Af+Pl (quartz+alkali feldspar+plagioclase) are more increased in the PG, and accessories of biotite are more increased in the YG, which differences can cause the PG more bright light gray than the YG. Specific gravity (SG) shows somewhat more increasing in the YG than the PG. These differences can be caused by more increasing in biotite contents of higher specific gravity compared to the major minerals in the former than the latter. Absorption ratio (AR) and porosity (PR) of the PG and YG show the same values of 0.33 % and 0.86 %, respectively. In the correlations, PR vs SG and AR vs PR show gradually negative and distinctly positive trends, respectively. Compressive strength (CS) and tensile strength (TS) show increasing in the PG (CS: 1,775 $kg/cm^2$, TS: 87 $kg/cm^2$) than the YG (CS: 1,647 $kg/cm^2$, TS: 79 $kg/cm^2$). These strength characteristics could be attributed to the inherent rock textures of them. Abrasive hardness (AH) also shows a little increasing in PG, which can be caused by increase in quartz contents having higher hardness than the other major minerals. Orientations of fracture sets from the PG and YG were compared with those of vertical rift and grain planes in Mesozoic granites of the country. From the overlapped diagram, the distribution pattern between fracture sets and above vertical planes suggests that microcrack systems developed in Mesozoic granites in Korea occur also in the Daebo biotite granite bodies of the mid Gyeonggi massif. From the relation diagram showing the characteristics of fracture patterns for the above two area, PG and YG may have more potentiality for dimension and non-dimension stone resources, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.416-512
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• 1998

The following conclusions are obtained from the studies on the chapters concerning phisiology, pathology, daily conduct, materia medica, pulse, and urinalysis from , of the "Four Tantras". 1. The theoretical basis forming the Tibetan Medicine is the substance of phlegm, bile, and wind each of which is divided into five kinds. These phisiological substances can be transformed into pathological factors when certain environment is formed. 2. In embryology, the semen of the father and menstral blood of mother is considered the most important condition in conception, and the Five factors are regarded as important. There is a detailed explanation of development of the fetus while it stays in the womb of mother during 38weeks, such as the formation of the viscera, channels, sense organs, etc. 3. There is metaphor which compares the human body with the king's palace. With the development of human anatomy, there is the detailed anatomical picture of anterior and posterior aspects of human body. And also there is the measurement of physiological constitution and the three fluids. 4. In division of the channels, they concerned the now of the blood and distribution of the nerve fibers, and each channel is connected with one another. The division of the cannel is namely embryonic channel, channel of existence, channel of connection, and the course of life principle. 5. The seven bodily constituents and three factors of phlegm, bile, and wind are important in sustaining the life of human body as well as growth and maturization, and when their equilibrium is broken, the human body is degnerated, and finally death comes. 6. The signs of death is divided into distant sign, remote sign, certain sign. and uncertain sign, and is used as a clue in diagnosis of the disease. Especially there is a mention about the mechanism of the dreams, and different dreams according to the condition of the patient. 7. In pathology, there is the cause of the disease, the environmental factors which can induce disease, the path by which disease come into the human body, the characteristics of the disease, and the kinds of disease. 8. There is a mention about the conduct, and it is divided into the daily conduct, the mental attitude, and the side-effects which can occur when one puts up with the physiological actions of the body. 9. The daily diet is divided into food and beverage. The food is divided again into grain, meat, fat, boiled food, and spiced food, and the beverage into milk, water, and wine. 10. The pulsation should be taken in lift hand to diagnose heart, small intestine, stomach, spleen, kidney, reproductive organ, and in right hand jungs, large intestine, liver, gall bladder, kidney, and bladder. In the healthy person, the pulse moves 5times in one perspiration, and the type of pulse is constant while the pulse moves 100times. But unhealthy person's pulse is different from this. The urinalysis is the unique part of Tibetan Medicine, and is important in examination of the disease. One should decide which of the three factors are dominant by the obervation of the color, amount of the steam and how long it lasts, odour, foam, and the shape of the swirl in three different states when the urine is hot, warm, and cold. One can determine the life of the patient and which viscera is the cause of the disease by the pulse, and whether the nature of the disease is hot or cold by the urinalysis. 11. The materia medica contains gemstones, minerals, plateau medication, and meat products.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.398-407
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• 2018

The Purple pericarp (Prp) trait is a trait often bred for in black rice. Generally, the Prp trait is displayed in the color variations of seeds following the 9:3:4 purple, brown, and white ratio, respectively. The Prp trait is a recessive epistasis of two gene interactions; however, it is caused by the two complementation genes Pb and Pp. Here we present a study of the genetic characteristics of the Prp trait using an $F_1$ hybrid with a Pbpb Pppp genotype. This hybrid generated four seed colors with the following numbers: 3 dark purple, 6 medium purple, 3 brown, and 4 white (or 9 purple, 3 brown, and 4 white). However, further biochemical analysis of the all progenies divided them into two groups. One group had the Pb_ Pp_ allelic constitutions and contained cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (C3G) in both the dark purple or medium purple seeds. The other group, however, was absent of C3G in both the brown and white seeds, resulting in a ratio of 9:7, respectively. This segregation revealed the extended Mendelian 9:7 ratios of the complementary gene interactions with a good fitness in ${\chi}^2$ analysis. Further analysis revealed that brown seeds with the Pb_ pppp genotype corresponded with a null C3G, indicating that the Brown pericarp trait in rice is caused by a dominant allele of the Pb gene. Therefore, we conclude that the production of C3G is a main phenotype of the black and purple colored rice in the Prp trait, and it is governed by the complementary gene interactions between Pb and Pp genes.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.65-72
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• 2005

Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) had been the problematic weed for Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) fairway since it shows light green color all year. Experiment was carried out to determine the best herbicides combination to control creeping bentgrass in Kentucky bluegrass. fairway without injury. To investigate the efficacy of herbicides, five post-emergence herbicides of asulam WG ($87.6\%$), imazaquin SL ($20\%$), fenoxaprop-P-ethyl EC ($7\%$), mecoprop SL ($50\%$), triclopyr-TEA SL ($30\%$) and one pre-emergence herbicide pendimethalin EC ($31.7\%$) treated on 21 Sept. and 10 Nov. 2003. Kentucky bluegrass visual quality evaluated 30 and 50 days after application for phytotoxic effects of the herbicides. As a result, asulam WG (0.2g/$m^{2}$) and imazaquin SL (0.3ml/$m^{2}$) showed approximately $90\%$ of control in creeping bentgrass, but visual quality of Kentucky bluegrass significantly decreased from 20 to 50DAT (day after treatment). However, creeping bentgrass was acceptably controlled(over $80\%$) by fenoxaprop-P-ethyl EC (0.4ml/$m^{2}$)+triclopyr-TEA SL(0.3 ml/$m^{2}$) applied twice on 21 Sept. and 1 Oct. 2003 without serious injury on Kentucky bluegrass. Therefore, it is suggested that an application of fenoxaprop-P-ethyl EC (0.4ml/ $m^{2}$)+triclopyr-TEA SL (0.3 ml/$m^{2}$) may be more effective to control creeping bentgrass in Kentucky bluegrass with the least phytotoxicity by herbicides.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.43
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• pp.47-75
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• 2016

This study has analyzed the history of the subcontract animation in Korea that began with Golden Bat of TBC Animation Division in 1966 to 1980s and shed the light on the history of subcontract animation that has been processed over 30 years in Korean animation. For this purpose, through the outlined status of subcontract animation, such as, production company, production status, scale of industry and so forth, the status of the OEM industry then has been checked and it links the solidified background of animation into subcontract production industry with the situation in time for analysis. In addition, on the basis of the foregoing, it is intended to broaden the horizon of the history of animation through the analysis on new search for facilitating the creative animation by overcoming the issues and limits generated by the subcontract animation industry. 1970s was the time that the national objective is to advance heavy-chemical industry and export-led economic growth. From the late 1970s, the animation has been spot lighted as the main-stream export industry through the overseas subcontract orders for animation. Expansion of the subcontract animation production has been influenced from the national policies on public culture, dispersion of color TV, facilitation of video production market and other media changes of the time that led the decline of animation audiences in theaters, and another cause would be in lack of platform of broadcasting companies that avoided the independent animation production for its economic theory. The subcontract animation industry may have the positive evaluation in the aspect of expanding the animation environment, such as, structuring of animation infra, development of new human resources and etc. However, the technology-incentive 'production'-oriented advancement has created distorted structure in advancing the professional human resources due to the absence of 'pre-production' of planning and others as well as the insufficient perception on 'post production (post work)', and it was unable to formulate domestic market by re-investing the capital accumulated for OEM industry into the production of creative animation and it has been assessed as negative aspect. Animation is a cultural and spiritual product of a country. Therefore, the systematic support policy for the facilitation of the creative animation, such as, development of professional human resources, creation of outstanding work, formation of market to make the pre-circulation structure and so forth has to be sought. However, animation is an industry, but there is no perception that it is a cultural industry based on the creativeness, not hardware-oriented manufacturing business. Such a lack of recognition, there was no policies to make the market and facilitate the creative animation by the animation of Korea for this period through the long-term plan and investment for independent work production. Such an attempt is newly begun through diverse searches for protection and advancement of creative animation in Korea after 1990s.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.261-271
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• 2016

Citrus is an economically important fruit crop widely growing worldwide. However, citrus production largely depends on natural hybrid selection and bud sport mutation. Unique botanical features including long juvenility, polyembryony, and QTL that controls major agronomic traits can hinder the development of superior variety by conventional breeding. Diverse factors including drastic changes of citrus production environment due to global warming and changes in market trends require systematic molecular breeding program for early selection of elite candidates with target traits, sustainable production of high quality fruits, cultivar diversification, and cost-effective breeding. Since the construction of the first genetic linkage map using isozymes, citrus scientists have constructed linkage maps using various DNA-based markers and developed molecular markers related to biotic and abiotic stresses, polyembryony, fruit coloration, seedlessness, male sterility, acidless, morphology, fruit quality, seed number, yield, early fruit setting traits, and QTL mapping on genetic maps. Genes closely related to CTV resistance and flesh color have been cloned. SSR markers for identifying zygotic and nucellar individuals will contribute to cost-effective breeding. The two high quality citrus reference genomes recently released are being efficiently used for genomics-based molecular breeding such as construction of reference linkage/physical maps and comparative genome mapping. In the near future, the development of DNA molecular markers tightly linked to various agronomic traits and the cloning of useful and/or variant genes will be accelerated through comparative genome analysis using citrus core collection and genome-wide approaches such as genotyping-by-sequencing and genome wide association study.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.348-357
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• 2007

The 117 soybeans seeds were collected from the nine provinces of Korea, and protein and lipid contents, and fatty acid composition levels were evaluated to investigate their relationship. The 100-seed weights of the black soybeans were varied $27.7{\sim}33.1g$, while the 100-seed weight of yellow soybeans were varied $24.6{\sim}36.6g$. Protein and lipid content of the 117 soybean seeds was 38.3% and 17.8%, respectively Protein contents of the 59 black soybean seeds (38.6%) were significantly higher than those of the 58 yellow soybean seeds (37.9%). However, lipid contents of the black soybean seeds (17.6%) were lower than those of the yellow soybean seeds (18.1%). Linoleic and oleic acid composition levels of the 117 soybean seeds were 53.75% and 22.08%. Unsaturated fatty acid levels of soybean seeds showed a statistically significant variability among the nine provinces of Korea, however, the differences were not found in the linoleic (18:2) and oleic acid (18:1) levels. Therefore, it was considered that the significant variability of unsaturated fatty acid were mainly due to the variations of linolenic acid (18:3) level. The composition levels of linoleic, oleic, palmitic (16:0), and linolenic acid in the yellow soybean seeds were 53.43%, 22.73%, 12.23%, and 8.24%, while those of the black soybean seeds were 54.13%, 21.48%, 12.47%, and 8.31%. Obtained results suggested that fatty acid composition levels were varied and possibly influence by the phenotype of seed coat colors. Oleic acid, mono-saturated fatty acid, showed the most remarkable variability between yellow and black soybean seeds, and the composition levels were higher in the yellow soybean seeds. Relationship between unsaturated fatty acid levels and 100-seed weights in the yellow soybean seeds showed a negative correlation (r=-0.513, P<0.01), but no relationship $(r=0.154^{ns})$ was observed in the black soybean seeds.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.395-406
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• 2002

The sixty natural springs and community wells used as a drinking water in the Daejeon area are mainly located at the parks and the natural green districts. The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of water quality and the contamination of the springs and the wells, and to suggest the management strategy for the springs and wells. For this study, we undertook water quality data from Daejeon City. According to the statistic analysis of water quality data, unacceptable rate as a drinking water was about 28 percent in 1999 and 24.5 percent in 2000, respectively. Major unacceptable factor is coliform, and others are bacteria, yersinia, color, turbidity, Fe and F. The unacceptable rate shows a roughly positive relationship with precipitation, that is, it shows highest rate during a rainy season between June and September. The major contamination source is likely to be the excrement of wild animals around natural springs and wells. Most of springs are vulnerable to the contamination of coliform and bacteria because of short residence time and shallow circulation in subsurface environment. The water samples collected from 31 springs or wells show weak acidic pHs, the electrical conductivity ranging from 63 to 357 $\mu\textrm{S}$/cm, and the hydrochemical types of Na(Ca)-HC0$_3$ and Ca-HC0$_3$. The groundwater samples of low total dissolved solid(TDS) belong to Na(Ca)-HC0$_3$. type, and the groundwater of high total dissolved solid is shifted towards Ca-HC0$_3$ type in the chemical composition. These hydrochemical characteristics indicate that most natural springs is in the early stage of geochemical evolution. The natural springs should be closed during a rainy season, which shows a high contamination rate. We suggest that a protection barrier around the springs should be built to keep wild animals away from the springs.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.563-581
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• 2010

In this paper, we perform subjective visual quality assessments on UHD video for UHD TV services and analyze the assessment results. Demands for video services have been increased with availabilities of DTV, Internet and personal media equipments. With this trend, the demands for high definition video have also been increasing. Currently, 2K-HD ($1920{\times}1080$) video have been widely consumed over DTV, DVD, digital camcoders, security cameras and other multimedia terminals in various types, and recently digital cinema contents of 4K-UHD($3840{\times}2160$) have been popularly produced and the cameras, beam projects, display panels that support for 4K-UHD video start to come out into multimedia markets. Also it is expected that 4K-UHD service will appear soon in broadcasting and telecommunications environments. Therefore, in this paper, subjective assessments of visual quality on resolutions, color formats, frame rates and compression rates have been carried to provide basis information for standardization of signal specification of UHD video and viewing environments for future UHDTV. As the analysis on the assessments, UHD video exhibits better subjective visual quality than HD by the evaluators. Also, the 4K-UHD test sequences in YUV444 shows better subjective visual quality than the 4K-UHD test sequences in YUV422 and YUV420, but there is little perceptual difference on 4K-UHD test sequences between YUV422 and YUV420 formats. For the comparison between different frame rates, 4K-UHD test sequences of 60fps gives better subjective visual quality than those of 30fps. For bit-depth comparison, HD test sequences in 10-bit depth were little differentiated from those in 8-bit depth in subject visual quality assessment. Lastly, the larger the PSNR values of the reconstructed 4K-UHD test sequences are, the higher the subjective visual quality is. Against the viewing distances, the differences among encoded 4K-UHD test sequences were less distinguished in longer distances from the display.