• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.51-66
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to suggest the ecological management based on ecological characteristics of urban forest in Bucheon city. The actual vegetation area in the survey sites(7,426,587$m^2$) consisted of Robinuia pseudoacacia forest(61.6%; 5,574,168 $m^2$), Pinus rigida forest(6.1%), Quercus mongolica community(3.2%), Q.spp.community(2.9%), etc. According to the importance value of artificial planting forest, 58(/300$m^2$) survey plots were divided into 6 groups; 1) R. pseudoacacia forest, 2) R. pseudoacacia-Q.serrata community, 3) R. pseudoacacia-Q.mongolica community, 4) P.rigide forest, 5) P.rigida-Q.serrata community, 6) P.rigida-Q. mongolica community. As the result, the artificial planting forest was expected to the proceeded to Q. serrata community and Q.mongolica community. The ecological succesion stage in the survey sites (7,426,587$m^2$) was divided into 5 states based on actual vegetation, succession trend of artificial planting forest in Bucheon; 1) Stage of impossible succession(4.7%, 2)Stage of inducible succession(78.7%), 3) Stage of progressive succession(2.7%), 4)Sage of last succession(1.4%), 5)Stage of native plant forest(12.5%). The ecological management of urban forest was suggested as the management method for succession promotion, according to density controlling and native species planting in Bucheon. Individual numbers of R. pseudoacacia might be reduced to 6~8 individuals/300$m^2$ at canopy, 9~21 individuals/300$m^2$ at under-story by selective cutting in order to keep 63~70% of total basal area at R. pseudoacacia forest. Individual numbers of P.rigida might be reduced to 8~9 individuals/300$m^2$ at canopy, 27~30individuals/300$m^2$ at under-story by selective cutting in order to keep 68~75% of total basal area at P. rigida forest. 24 species that were selective by constancy analysis were chosen as the ecological appropriate species. Since, this studyis discussing the ares of urban forest and botanical ecology, it is suggested that a study on the relations between of environmental factors such as soil, climate, and vegetation will be performed in the future.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.195-211
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• 2015

The objectives of this research were to determine mean and maximum tolerance ranges of Carassius auratus ($C_a$) and Cyprinus carpio ($C_c$) populations on various physico-chemical parameters and ecological indicator metrics. Little is known about chemical tolerance ranges of the two species, even though these species are widely distributed species in aquatic ecosystems. Maximum tolerance ranges of $C_a$-population to total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were $20.3mgL^{-1}$ and $2.0mgL^{-1}$, respectively. Optimal ranges of TN and TP in the $C_a$-population were $1.7-5.0mgL^{-1}$ and $0.06-0.30mgL^{-1}$, respectively. Such nutrient regimes of the $C_a$-population were evaluated as hypereutrophy, indicating high tolerance limits. The $C_c$-population had similar ecological characteristics to $C_a$-population, but the mean tolerance ranges of TN, TP, BOD, and COD were significantly (p < 0.05) greater than the $C_a$-population. Ecological patterns of trophic composition and tolerance guilds in the $C_a$-population were similar to those of the $C_c$-population. The model value of Index of Biological Integrity (IBI) of the habitat where C. auratus and C. carpio co-occurred averaged $15.0{\pm}4.3$ and $12.9{\pm}3.6$, respectively. Based on the modified criteria of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (Klemm et al. 1993), it indicated poor ecological health of both species. These results suggest that both species are highly tolerant to chemical and physical habitat conditions of waterbodies, and that the chemical tolerance range of $C_c$-population was higher than $C_a$-population.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.63-75
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• 2017

This study carried out for establishing the synthetic restoration plan to improve ecological quality of Mt. Mudeung National Park based on the results of conservation value assessment for yellow-throated marten habitats. Yellow-throated marten has significant implications as umbrella species for the wildlife habitats conservation, therefore, this species could be used to ecological restoration plan of the damaged forest ecosystem in Mt. Mudeung National Park. In this study, we diagnosed the quality of yellow-throated marten habitats in Mt. Mudeung National Park based on five natural and two artificial factors. In addition, we evaluated the integrity of each zone divided by trails quantitatively based on land use intensity. As a result, forest landscape quality in Mt. Mudeung National Park was influenced greatly by human activity and the degree was depended on the intensity of trails. Therefore, in this study, we suggested the closing of trails composed of the illegal and 36 legal trails. And then, we modeled the changes of habitats quality of Yellow-throated marten for each closing step. As a result the area of core habitats increased by two times and wildlife habitats quality improved in the whole area of the Mt. Mudeung National Park. As a result, the results of this study indicate that man-made linear landscape elements play a key role in the quality of habitats for predators, which require large habitats area like the Yellow-throated marten. Therefore, in order to establish an ecological restoration plan in the mountainous area, we recommend the concept of the linear landscape should be applied with the concept of area landscape.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.154-171
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• 2010

This study was performed to show criteria of a National Ecological Network (NEN) for South Korea and it was a part of a study of ecological network for broad areas on national land showed by Ministry of Environment of Korea. After 1970s, many european countries presented methods and criteria not on individual protected area but on networking among many habitats. The PEEN (Pan European Ecological Network) and NATURA 2000 are results of those. In South Korea, concepts and mapping metheods of ecological network was studied but those were not applied to the whole national land because the equality and local specialities were not reflected. So, in this study, we presented the criteria composed of forest, river, wildlife and coastal evaluation items in conservation ecology and showed the mapping method which can applied to the national land. After the evaluation on land area which composed of forest, river and wildlife axis. Core areas were $30,616km^2$, buffer zone were $21,870km^2$ and each accounted for 31% and 22% of the national land. Except for Taebaeck-Gangwon region, whole region's core areas were accounted for 20~30% of it and buffer zone were accounted for 20~25% of it, so these can be applied to the national land with equality and local specialities. Forest axis and river axis were clearly linear and connected, but the wildlife axis was dispersed in point form. Therefore, to apply the NEN, a detailed habitat map is important and the interconnected implementation of forest, river, wildlife, and coastal axis is required.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2007.10a
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• pp.533-536
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• 2007

The LiDAR data structure has the potential for modeling in three dimensions because the LiDAR data can represent voxels with z value under certain defined conditions. Therefore, it is possible to classify the physical damaged degree of vegetation by forest fire as using the LiDAR data because the physical loss of canopy height and width by forest fire can be relative to an amount of points reached to the ground through the canopy of damaged forest. On the other hand, biological damage of vegetation by forest fire can be explained using the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) which show vegetation vitality. In this study, we graded the damaged degree of vegetation by forest fire in Yangyang-Gun of South Korea using the LiDAR data for physical grading and digital aerial photograph including Red, Green, Blue and Near Infra-Red bands for biological grading. The LiDAR data was classified into 2 classes, of which one was Serious Physical Damaged (SPD) and the other was Light Physical Damaged (LPD) area. The NDVI was also classified into 2 classes which are Serious Biological Damaged (SBD) and Light Biological Damaged (LBD) area respectively. With each 2 classes ofthe LiDAR data and NDVI, the damaged area by forest fire was graded into 4 degrees like damaged class 1,2,3 and 4 grade. As a result of this study, 1 graded area was the broadest and next was the 3 grade. With this result, we could know that the burned area by forest fire in Yangyang-Gun was damaged rather biologically because the NDVI in 1 and 3 grade appeared low value whereas the LiDAR data in 1 and 3 grade included light physical damage like the LPD.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.397-401
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• 2005

Acid mine drainage and waste of abandoned mine area have caused serious water pollution and destruction of an ecosystem because of exposing to environment without an appropriate treatment. Gwang-yang mine area also has a serious problem in the nearby residential area and waterway ecosystems. The objectives of this research are to develop the most suitable remediation system for acid mine drainage by using waste materials, and to diagnose stream environments impacted by acid mine drainage through the new ecological health assessment methodology, and thus ultimately providing a restoring methodology to mining regions. In the water system health assessment, the result of ESHI model, RBP and Karr suggested by US EPA is revised by ecological features of our country, come to ESHI score 13; 'Very poor' at some points. Together with pH value and heavy metal concentration, it's the aggravation of ecological health index caused by chemical disturbances. In the acid mine drainage treatment, we apply marine shells and slags to this system. Slags had the best removal ability for heavy metals, but pH value was more than 10 exceeding the standard for drain water. In case of marine shells, pH of treated water maintained 7 to 8, and concentrations of Fe and Zn decreased significantly after treatment.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.41-51
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• 2012

To select 10 representatives for the ecotourism networks around the areas bordering national rivers in Korea, the spatial ranges for ecotourism have been established, the ecotourism potential analyzed, and the ecotourism resources information collected by the Regional Environmental Offices and the Korea National Park Service has undergone reviews, amendments, supplements, and verification processes through familiarization tour previews, and the following main results have been derived. First, the spatial ranges of the eco-tourism networks have been set as the watershed areas that include areas around the four major rivers and the rivers. Second, the areas with high potential value for ecotourism were selected through the analysis of ecotourism potential. Since EGIS was used for the analysis, it was inevitable that insufficient amount of localized information was reflected, and the use of the results as reference for the potential would be feasible. Third, it was possible, by reviewing, amending and complementing the results of ecological resource information collected by the Regional Environmental Offices and the Korea National Park Service, to select 50 representative ecological resources around the national rivers. The selected resources were considered for the adjacency, attractiveness of ecological resources, and uniqueness of the national rivers, and they were derived by screening expert advice, official opinion, and geographical analysis information. Fourth, 10 representative ecotourism networks based on watershed areas were selected, and suitable themes were given based on the resource characteristics. Fifth, the appropriateness for ecotourism has been confirmed, with the familiarization tour previews and survey results, preservation of the future ecotourism resources, and the establishment of the foundation as the basis. In the future, the remaining 9 ecotourism networks would also need to undergo a verification process such as familiarization tours. It is deemed that, through future ecotourism contests, if the programs that select locally-pioneered tourism programs resulting from the capacities of local entities and residents, then it would be more effective in discovering resources that are more localized and of higher regional value.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.738-747
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to construct a knowledge structure for the application of physical education in ecological marine sports. As specific exercises, a volleyball game (beach volleyball) and open water swimming were set, and a knowledge structure analysis framework was used for the study. Expert consultation was conducted to secure the validity of the study. The study results are as follows. First, a knowledge structure based on the 2022 revised physical education curriculum was prepared. Second, the basis for the application of physical education classes for ecological marine sports was prepared. Third, learning contents in the knowledge·understanding domain, process·functional domain, and value·attitude domain of beach volleyball were proposed. Fourth, learning contents of knowledge·understanding domain, process·function domain, and value·attitude domain of sea swimming were proposed. This study is meaningful in that it prepared in advance for the realization of the 2022 revised physical education curriculum to be introduced in the future.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.385-394
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• 2006

Land resources should be managed not only for human utilizations but also for environmental preservation. Based on that, environmental capacity should be estimated in both environmental and developmental ways. This study was performed for developing an estimation model for relative environmental capacity, considering both Development Tolerance Index(DTI), which shows environmental and ecological conservation value and is based on national environmental assessment indicators of the Korea Ministry of Environment, and Development Attractiveness Index(DAI), which shows topographical characteristics and geographical accessibility. The relative environmental capacity in this study can be helpful to coping with the conflict in planning and managing the use of land resources. The relative environmental capacity in this study, however, did not include either environmental or ecological sensitivity of land resources. This limitation should be solved through further research.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.108-118
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• 2003

There are plenty of ecological and traditional resources around Wandong and the Hwangryong-River district, and so the purpose of this development plan is to preserve ecological resources and traditional culture, and to utilize potential value of recreation in this site. Two major concepts are established in this plan one is “Green-Tourism”, the other is “Blue-Recreation”. In this development plan “Green-Tourism” means the effective tourism using ecological and traditional resources, while “Blue-Recreation” means the active tourism using waterfront and cultural facilities. The concept of “Green-Tourism” is applied to the Wangdong area, which is comprised of 6 theme zones. The concept of “Blue-Recreation” is applied to the Hwangryong-River area, which is composed of 4 theme zones. In total, 10 theme zones are planned according to characteristics found in the regional surroundings and cultural facilities of each zone.