• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.151-156
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• 1986

There are differences in recommendations in the USA as to whether nitrogen fertilizer should be applied when establishing alfalfa (Medicago sativa L). The reason for not applying nitrogen is because some researchers found the addition of nitrogen reduced nodulation of alfalfa plants. A replicated experiment was conducted under controlled environmental conditions at the University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA, to determine the effects of nitrogen application on seedling growth and nodulation of alfalfa when grown in a cool environment. A sterile sand was used in the growing media to which a complete nutrient solution minus nitrogen was applied volumetrically to each pot daily. Half of the pots received $NH_4NO_3$, at the rate of 11.2 kg/ha, at seeding and two and four weeks after planting, giving a total nitrogen application rate of 33.6 kg/ha. Rhizobia inoculant (R-12) consisted of a mixture of strains 171-15a. 1682c and 80 PI 265 of Rhizobium meliloti. Inoculant was applied to the seeds prior to planting and to the sand media at two and four weeks after seeding. Twenty seeds were planted in pots 14.0 cm in diameter and 11.5 cm deep. Seedlings were thinned after emergence to ten plants per pot. They were grown in a controlled environment chamber with a 16-hour light period. Soil temperatures at 6 cm depth ranged from $5.7^{\circ}C\;to\;21.5^{\circ}C$ and had a daily mean of $16.2^{\circ}C$ Plants were harvested at weekly intervals for seven weeks at which time root, shoot and total length, dry weight, volume and number of nodules per plant were determined. Root, shoot and total length were not affected by nitrogen fertilizer. However, application of nitrogen increased the size of the seedlings as determined by dry weight and volume when compared to plants which were not fertilized. This indicates that rhizobia did not fix enough atmospheric nitrogen to promote good growth. Nitrogen application resulted in significantly more nodules per plant. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer became more apparent as the plant became older. Results of this experiment show there are benefits from applying nitrogen at a low rate when establishing alfalfa under a cool environment.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.168-171
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• 1971

Estimable taste constituents of the honey, e.g. amino acids, organic acids and sugars, were studied to evaluate the quality as well as the quantity of the honey obtained from several different origin. In the level of sugars and its components were very likely at all kinds of honey but sucrose amounts were slightly higher in feeding honey. Amino acids were highest in wild honey not only in its amount but its variety. Main components of the amino acids were found out as proline in feeding honey and in Tillaceae tree honey and as isoeucine in wild honey. Feeding honey demonstrates highest level of organic acids and the major constituents were oxalic acid and citric acid from wild honey, lactic acid from Tillaceae tree honey, and succinic acid from the feeding honey.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.157-171
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• 2013

Purpose: This study aims to present a database for the development of a healthcare management program based on the survey and analysis of self reported psychosomatic symptoms among the current dental technology students. Methods: Subjects of our study are 480 dental technology major students enrolled in a third year college located Gyeonggi, Chungcheong, and Gangwon province. Using a random sampling, we conducted a self-report survey from August 30, 2011 to October 28, 2011 and 418 reports were collected as feedback and we put an analysis on them. Results: 1. The average physical self symptom was 20.49, which is higher than the average mental self symptom(18.54). Of the subcategories of psychosomatic self symptom, we observed multiple subjective symptoms as the highest one(37.77), and aggression as the lowest(13.77). 2. As to gender, both physical and mental self symptom were statistically significant with the scale score of(p<.001). The scale score of subcategories is as follows; multiple subjective symptoms(I, p<.001), eye and skin(B, p<.001), digestive(C, p<.001), impulsiveness(H, p<.001), lie scale(L, p<.001), mental instability(J, p<.001), depression(K, p<.001), aggression(F, p<.001), irregularity of life(G, p<.001), mouth and anal(D, p<.05), nervousness(E, p<.05). 3. As for obesity, statistical significance was shown with the scale scores of physical self symptom(p<.001), multiple subjective symptoms(I, p<.001), digestive(C, p<.001), aggression(F, p<.001), depression(K, p<.01), irregularity of life(G, p<.01), respiratory(A, p<.05), eye and skin(B, p<.05), impulsiveness(H, p<.05), mental instability(J, p<.05). The scale scores in the environmental quality and life satisfaction were shown as follows; depression(K, p<.001), lie scale(L, p<.01), and irregularity of life(G, p<.05). 4. We employed multiple regression analysis to take account of general factors affecting psychosomatic self symptoms, and drew that the explanatory power of the model was proved with the scales of physical self symptom(4.1%) and mental self-symptom(3.6%). Obesity was a factor that affects physical self symptom with the scale score of(p<.01), and environmental quality and life satisfaction(p<.01) and obesity(p<.05) affect mental self symptom. Conclusion: In this analysis we observed obesity of dental technology students can influence their psychosomatic self symptoms. In this sense, it would be reasonable to develop a healthcare management and education programs that help the students maintain a healthy weight and promote their health.

• Mycobiology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.160-171
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• 2017

Larvae of Bradysia agrestis, an insect vector that transports plant pathogens, were sampled from geographically isolated regions in Korea to identify their cutaneous fungal and bacterial flora. Sampled areas were chosen within the distribution range of B. agrestis; each site was more than 91 km apart to ensure geographical segregation. We isolated 76 microbial (fungi and bacteria) strains (site 1, 29; site 2, 29; site 3, 18 strains) that were identified on the basis of morphological differences. Species identification was molecularly confirmed by determination of universal fungal internal transcribed spacer and bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences in comparison to sequences in the EzTaxon database and the NCBI GenBank database, and their phylogenetic relationships were determined. The fungal isolates belonged to 2 phyla, 5 classes, and 7 genera; bacterial species belonged to 23 genera and 32 species. Microbial diversity differed significantly among the geographical groups with respect to Margalef's richness (3.9, 3.6, and 4.5), Menhinick's index (2.65, 2.46, and 3.30), Simpson's index (0.06, 0.12, and 0.01), and Shannon's index (2.50, 2.17, and 2.58). Although the microbial genera distribution or diversity values clearly varied among geographical groups, common genera were identified in all groups, including the fungal genus Cladosporium, and the bacterial genera Bacillus and Rhodococcus. According to classic principles of co-evolutionary relationship, these genera might have a closer association with their host insect vector B. agrestis than other genera identified. Some cutaneous bacterial genera (e.g., Pseudomonas) displaying weak interdependency with insect vectors may be hazardous to agricultural environments via mechanical transmission via B. agrestis. This study provides comprehensive information regarding the cutaneous microflora of B. agrestis, which can help in the control of such pests for crop management.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.162-171
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• 1994

Objects : This study was carried out to develop the Korean form of Leyton Obsessional Inventory-Child Version(LOI-CV) designed to assess the obsessive compulsive symptoms in children and adolescents. The LOI-CV was modified into a paper-and-pencil form in order to administer it to group. Methods : We applied the Korean form LOI-CV to 127 elementary, middle and high school children, and retest it to 82 children with 3 weeks interval. Together with LOI-CV, Korean form of SCL-90-R which had been proved its reliability and validity, were administered to the all subjects for examining of concurrent validity. And then we examined whether this scale discriminates between obsessive patients, psychiatric controls and normal controls in the level of obsessive symptoms. Results : Test-retest reliability, internal consistency were very satisfactory. Concurrent validity with SCL-90-R was moderate level. And obsessive patients was scored significantly higher than psychiatric and normal controls in the level of obsessive symptoms. In factor analysis, items are clustered to 5 factors. In the global obsessive symptom, obsessive scores of female elimentary school students were higher than that of male students. Conclusions : These results indicate that the Korean form of LOI-CV is reliable and valid self-rating scale to assess the obsessive-compulsive symptoms in Korean children and adolescents. Author suggests that future research is needed for Korean version standardization study in normal and clinic-refered population.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.163-171
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• 2018

In Korea, Hypodematium glanduloso-pilosum was formerly known as the only Korean native species in the genus. Recently, however, we reported one unrecorded taxon, H. squamuloso-pilosum Ching, which was found on rocks at a limestone mountain in Yeongwol, along with one new taxon, H. angustifolium in Okcheon. Traditionally, Hypodematium taxa are often distinguished from each other by vegetative characters such as pinnatifid lamina, glandular hairs, and narrower or linear lanceolate scales on stipe bases. H. glanduloso-pilosum, distributed widely throughout the country except on Jejudo Island in Korea, exhibiting variations in leaf segregation, indusia positions, hair distributions and size. The high variation in the morphological characters in the widely distributed taxon has caused problems delimitating three native species from each other. To evaluate the phylogenetic relationships among H. glanduloso-pilosum and taxa related to Hypodematium (all Korean native taxa), we carried out morphological and molecular analyses (cpDNA rbcL and psbA-trnH) of populations of the genus Hypodematium in Korea. Although H. glanduloso-pilosum exhibits high variations in some morphological characters, the species is characterized by stipes and indusia with densely multicellular hairs and rod-shaped glandular hairs or hairs and lanceolate or oblong lanceolate scales in rhizomes and stipe bases distinguished from those of other Korean native taxa (H. squamuloso-pilosum and H. angustifolium). In the analyses of cpDNA data, three Korean native taxa are placed in the same clade, i.e., in the glanduloso-pilosum group. Moreover, our analyses propose that H. squamuloso-pilosum (China and Korea), H. angustifolium (Korea), and H. fordii (China and Japan) share the same glanduloso-pilosum clade with H. glandulosopilosum (China, Korea, and Japan).

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.165-171
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• 2006

ERM proteins transfer the methyl group to $A_{2058}$ in 23S rRNA to confer the resistance to MLS (macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B) antibiotics on microorganism ranging from antibiotic producers to pathogens. To define the functional role of peptide segment encompassing amino acid residues 1 to 25 in NTER (N-terminal end region) of ErmSF, one of the ERM proteins, DNA fragment encoding mutant protein deprived of that peptide was cloned and overexpressed in E. coli to obtain a purified soluble form protein to the apparent homogeneity in the yield of 12.65 mg per liter of culture. The in vitro activity of mutant protein was found to be 85% compared to wild type ErmSF, suggesting that this peptide interact with substrate to affect the enzyme activity. This diminished activity of mutant protein caused the delayed expression of antibiotic resistance in vivo, that at fIrst cells expressing mutant protein showed the retarded growth due to the antibiotic action but with time cells inhibited by antibiotic gradually recovered the viability to exert the resistance to the same extent as those with wild type protein.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.171-177
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• 2008

The effects of hydrocooling and packaging type on the quality attributes of fresh-cut crown daisies (Chrysanthemum coronarium var. spatiosum) were investigated by examining weight loss, respiration, vitamin C content, total chlorophyll content, microbial load, and sensory properties during storage at 4 and 10$^{\circ}C$. Fresh crown daisies were trimmed and washed with cold water (1 and 5$^{\circ}C$) as well as tap water (10$^{\circ}C$) 3 times each for 30 sec. They were then packaged in PP (polypropylene) film bags or PETE (polyethylene terephthalate) trays, and stored for 9 days at 4 and 10$^{\circ}C$, respectively. In general, weight loss was reduced as a result of the washing and packaging. The respiration rate increased slowly during storage at 4$^{\circ}C$, and the vitamin C and total chlorophyll contents of the crown daisies packaged in PETE trays decreased gradually during storage. Finally, the treatments consisting of hydrocooling and then packaging in PETE trays resulted in approximately 1-2 log CFU/g reductions in microbial load.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.171-176
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• 1975

The rate and extent of decomposition of rice straw and compost in an acid sulfate soil amended with urea and lime and incubated under aerobic and anaerobic(flooded) conditions were investigated in the laboratory. Results are summarized as follows: 1. The rate of compost(alone) decomposition in a flooded soil was more than twice as high as all other treatments, which included rice straw+urea, rice straw+lime, rice straw (alone), and compost+lime. Lime appeared to suppress the decomposition of compost in a flooded soil but actually enhanced its decomposition under aerobic conditions. 2. Compost decomposition in both anaerobic and aerobic environments was characterized by single maximum peak rates of $CO_2$ evolution that were reached soon after the start of incubation. 3. Both urea and lime greatly increased the rate and extent of rice straw decomposition in the soil when incubated aerobically, although urea had a greater effect than did liming. Decomposition rates were characterized by the appearance of two maximum peak rates, a greater primary peak and a smaller secondary peak. 4. The percent decomposition of rice straw in soil incubated aerobically was approximately half (10.8%) that of compost(23.1%). However, percent decomposition of these substrates in soil amended with lime was essentially the same; i.e., rice straw+lime (29.4%) and compost+lime(31.6%). 5. There is a need to investigate the possible interaction between the addition of lime (pH) and supplemental nitrogen applied to acid sulfate soils and how this interaction might affect the decomposition of organic wastes and residues.

• Korean Journal of Legislative Studies
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.171-202
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• 2018

Issue ownership concerns a party's issue handling reputation. When a party is perceived to have the best solution for an issue, voters identify the party as the owner of the issue. Extant literature of issue ownership voting shows that voters tend to vote for a party that they identify as the owner of an issue they concern most. That is, the effect of issue ownership on voting is conditioned by the perceived salience of the issue in question. This study investigates another condition of issue ownership voting: i.e. party behavior in election campaigns. It argues that the effect of issue ownership on voting is conditional: it depends on party behavior as well as issue salience. During the campaign in the 2016 legislative election, only the Democratic Party of Korea, the opposition party at that time, actively presented itself as the owner of economic issues. The analysis results of this study show that the identification of the Democratic Party as the economic issue owner affects voting for the party when a voter thinks the economy to be the most important issue. However, the identification of the other parties as the economic issue owner does not affect voting for them under the same condition. The results support the argument that party behavior as well as issue salience are conditions of issue ownership voting.