• Information Systems Review
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.1-37
• /
• 2013

This study is conducted to explore the possibility of service convergence to promote mobile learning. This study has attempted to identify how mobile learning service is provided, which services among them are considered most popular, and which services are highly demanded by users. This study has also investigated the potential opportunities for service convergence of mobile service and e-learning. This research is then extended to examine the possibility of active convergence of common services in mobile services and e-learning. Important variables have been identified from related web pages of portal sites using social network analysis (SNA) and association rules. Due to the differences in number and type of variables on different web pages, SNA was used to deal with the difficulties of identifying the degree of complex connection. Association analysis has been used to identify association rules among variables. The study has revealed that most frequent services among common services of mobile services and e-learning were Games and SNS followed by Payment, Advertising, Mail, Event, Animation, Cloud, e-Book, Augmented Reality and Jobs. This study has also found that Search, News, GPS in mobile services were turned out to be very highly demanded while Simulation, Culture, Public Education were highly demanded in e-learning. In addition, It has been found that variables involving with high service convergence based on common variables of mobile and e-learning services were Games and SNS, Games and Sports, SNS and Advertising, Games and Event, SNS and e-Book, Games and Community in mobile services while Games, Animation, Counseling, e-Book, being preceding services Simulation, Speaking, Public Education, Attendance Management were turned out be highly convergent in e-learning services. Finally, this study has attempted to predict possibility of active service convergence focusing on Games, SNS, e-Book which were highly demanded common services in mobile and e-learning services. It is expected that this study can be used to suggest a strategic direction to promote mobile learning by converging mobile services and e-learning.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.5-17
• /
• 1970

The effects of Physical exercise, gymnastics and sports on the cardiopulmonary function were studied in the middle and high school toys. The subjects were divided into 4 groups; non-training group and training group in both middle school and high school boys. In the above groups, pulmonary function studies were performed, and blood pressure and the heart rate were also checked to evaluate physical fitness during and immediately after running exercise on the tread-mill, with the speed of 5 MPH and elevation of 9% and 11.25%. The types of sports in the training group were base ball, body building, Taekwondo (Korean style boxing) and hand ball. The results obtained were as followings: 1) In the training group, cardiopulmonary function showed some tendency of the increase comparing to the non-training group. 2) The increase in cardiopulmonary function was observed according to the age became older, but the clear changes on cardiopulmonary function was not observed as the difference of the group between the training and the non-training. 3) The expiratory volume was decreased as the increase of age except 17 years of age for the value of the per kg body weight. 4) In the non-training group, the mean value of oxygen consumption under maximum work load was increased, while those in the training group was decreased. But it may be noted that oxygen consumption for the expiratory volume was increased in the training group, and that the oxygen cost in the training group was .higher than that of the non-training group. 5) The pulse pressure of the high school group during and immediately after running exercise was observed in the higher value comparing with that of the middle school group It was suggested that the changes of the pulse pressure was owing to the method of determination and that to the decrease of diastolic pressure caused by the decrease of peripheral vascular resistance up to critical closing pressure. 6) Any differences of the changes in the heart rate between the training group and non-training group was not observed during and immediately after running exercise. 7) The relative value of the expiratory volume to the heart rate was decreased in the elder age group.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.40 no.3
• /
• pp.221-228
• /
• 2007

We determined the effects of dietary manipulations on messenger RNA of peroxisome proliferators activated receptor isoforms (i.e., PPAR ${\alpha},\;{\beta}/{\delta},\;{\gamma}$) in red vastus lateralis muscle of rats. Total 16 male Sprague-Dawley rats were used, and animals were divided into one of two dietary conditions: either chow diet group (CHOW; n=8) in which animals were 134 with standard rodent chow (61.8% carbohydrate, 15.7% fat, 22.5% protein) or high fat diet group (FAT n=8) in which animals were fed 24.3% carbohydrate, 52.8% fat, 22.9% protein. At the end of the 8 weeks of experimental period, red vastus lateralis muscle was dissected out from all animals, and PPAR ${\alpha},\;{\beta}/{\delta},\;{\gamma}$ mRNA expression was determined. There was no significant difference in body mass (BM) between CHOW and FAT. As expected, blood glucose and free fatty acid (FFA) concentration was higher in FAT than CHOW (p<0.05), and lactate concentration was significantly lower in FAT compared to CHOW (p<0.05). Insulin concentration tended to higher in FAT than CHOW ($67.2{\pm}21.9\;vs.\;27.0{\pm}5.2$ pmol/L), but it did not reach to the statistical significance. Gene expression of PPAR ${\alpha}$ was not significantly different between CHOW and FAT. It was not also significantly different in PPAR ${\beta}/{\delta}$. Interestingly, expression of mRNA in PPAR ${\gamma}$ however, was markedly depressed in FAT compared to CHOW (approximately 3 fold higher in CHOW; p<0.05). Results obtained from present study implies that PPAR ${\gamma}$ (as compensatory function of PPAR ${\alpha}$ is expressed) possibly exerts another major tuning roles in fatty acid transport, utilization, as well as biosynthesis in skeletal muscle cells. The situations and conditions that can be postulated for this implication need to be further examined.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.24 no.6
• /
• pp.459-471
• /
• 1991

The community structure and micro-scale distribution of plankton in relation to hydrography were investigated in Masan Bay, Korea in October 1989. Warmer and less saline waters with stratification was located in the inner part of the Pudo Strait, and chlorophyll-a and nutrients were higher. Both phytoplankton biomass and nutrients was changed dramatically around the Strait. Offshore/oceanic species in phytoplankton i.e., Chaetoceres decipiens, Rhizosolenia stolterforthii, Rhizosolenia styliformis and Ceratium trichoceros and zooplankton i.e., Sagitta enflata, Oncaea uenusta and Oikopluera longicaudata occurred mainly in well mixed waters of the outer part. This suggests that discontinuous layer seems to play an important role as an approximate border for the plankton population. This layer was located between Station 3 and Station 4 near the Pudo Strait, since the layer consisted of a series of micro-scale discontinuties of salinity and dissolved inorganic nutrients gradient. Phytoplankton patchs of more than 801e1 were found only in the inner part of the bay. Depletion of silicate caused by a rapid assimilation of phytoplankton in the inner part of the bay seemed to be responsible for the decline of blooms.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.383-395
• /
• 2006

School science is often criticized as being too remote from both learners' interests and needs and as maintaining scientist-oriented approaches rather than humanistic ones. Although science is mainly taught on the basis of textbooks inside classrooms, the learning of science can not be confined to the boundaries of curriculum and school. Firstly, this paper briefly reviews and characterizes the historical development of science education with a series of analogies, and then suggests a new analogy, a so-called 'Hearts-On' approach to science education which emphasizes the humanistic aspects and the contextual dimension of science education. Secondly, it critically examines how much traditional school science teaching, particularly in physics, is limited in terms of the context of learning (i.e. textbook, laboratory, classroom, local, and global) as well as in terms of the context of the contents (i.e. physical, personal, social, and global). Thirdly, some recent attempts initiated by the author and colleagues are explained as examples of the Hearts-On approach to science education. In particular, a series of community-based science programs led by SNU and the development of a series of books on 'Contextual Physics'(i.e. Body Physics, Wearing Physics, Dining Table Physics, and Sports Physics) are outlined. Finally, the idea of scientific humanism is explored in relation to the context-rich approaches in science education. It is hoped that this paper helps us to reconsider how we can expand the world of science education beyond the boundaries of the curriculum and school and into a more humanistic one.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.39 no.6
• /
• pp.826-836
• /
• 2010

This study was conducted to compare the dietary habits, nutrient intake and health status of female college students at Sahmyook University according to their majors. Specifically, women majoring in literature and science (77), food and nutrition (103) and sport (73) were evaluated. College women in the sports department were more likely to have a part-time job and had greater expenses than women in the other departments. The average height of college women in the sports department (164.3${\pm}$4.6 cm) was 2.04 cm taller than that of women with other majors (162.3${\pm}$4.7 cm). College women in the department of literature and science were more likely to have an unbalanced diet, even though they commonly ate small amounts of fruit as snacks. They were more prone to take nutrient tablets and vitamins when compared to women in the other departments. College women in the department of sport were more likely to have unbalanced meals (31.5%) and to overeat. Students in the department of food and nutrition ate more fruit, vitamin C and E but less cholesterol containing foods (p<0.05), less fast food and fried food than students in the other departments. The subjects in the department of sport ate less bread, sweet potatoes, fast foods and fried foods but more calories, fat, vitamin A, vitamin B, niacin, Ca, P and cholesterol than students in the other departments (p<0.05). They were also more likely to exercise for more than two hours a day. The most common problems among college women were going without meals, eating an unbalanced diet, overeating, intake of ill-balanced nutrients and lack of exercise. It was found that college women in the department of sport had a better intake of nutrients and maintained healthier life styles.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.179-187
• /
• 2010

Understanding consumers' preferences and use of media types is imperative for marketing and advertising managers, especially in today's fragmented market. A clear understanding assists managers in making more effective selections of appropriate media outlets, yet individuals' choices of type and use of media are based on a variety of characteristics. This paper examines one personality trait, sensation seeking, which has not appeared in the literature examining "new" media preferences and use. Sensation seeking is a personality trait defined as "the need for varied, novel, and complex sensations and experiences and the willingness to take physical and social risks for the sake of such experiences" (Zuckerman 1979). Six hypotheses were developed from a review of the literature. Particular attention was given to the Uses and Gratification theory (Katz 1959), which explains various reasons why people choose media types and their motivations for using the different types of media. Current theory suggests that High Sensation Seekers (HSS), due to their needs for novelty, arousal and unconventional content and imagery, would exhibit higher frequency of use of new media. Specifically, we hypothesize that HSS will use the internet more than broadcast (H1a) or print media (H1b) and more than low (LSS) (H2a) or medium sensation seekers (MSS) (H2b). In addition, HSS have been found to be more social and have higher numbers of friends therefore are expected to use social networking websites such as Facebook/MySpace (H3) and chat rooms (H4) more than LSS (a) and MSS (b). Sensation seekers can manifest into a range of behaviors including disinhibition,. It is expected that alternative social networks such as Facebook/MySpace (H5) and chat rooms (H6) will be used more often for those who have higher levels of disinhibition than low (a) or medium (b) levels. Data were collected using an online survey of participants in extreme sports. In order to reach this group, an improved version of a snowball sampling technique, chain-referral method, was used to select respondents for this study. This method was chosen as it is regarded as being effective to reach otherwise hidden population groups (Heckathorn, 1997). A final usable sample of 1108 respondents, which was mainly young (56.36% under 34), male (86.1%) and middle class (58.7% with household incomes over USD 50,000) was consistent with previous studies on sensation seeking. Sensation seeking was captured using an existing measure, the Brief Sensation Seeking Scale (Hoyle et al., 2002). Media usage was captured by measuring the self reported usage of various media types. Results did not support H1a and b. HSS did not show higher levels of usage of alternative media such as the internet showing in fact lower mean levels of usage than all the other types of media. The highest media type used by HSS was print media, suggesting that there is a revolt against the mainstream. Results support H2a and b that HSS are more frequent users of the internet than LSS or MSS. Further analysis revealed that there are significant differences in the use of print media between HSS and LSS, suggesting that HSS may seek out more specialized print publications in their respective extreme sport activity. Hypothesis 3a and b showed that HSS use Facebook/MySpace more frequently than either LSS or MSS. There were no significant differences in the use of chat rooms between LSS and HSS, so as a consequence no support for H4a, although significant for MSS H4b. Respondents with varying levels of disinhibition were expected to have different levels of use of Facebook/MySpace and chat-rooms. There was support for the higher levels of use of Facebook/MySpace for those with high levels of disinhibition than low or medium levels, supporting H5a and b. Similarly there was support for H6b, Those with high levels of disinhibition use chat-rooms significantly more than those with medium levels but not for low levels (H6a). The findings are counterintuitive and give some interesting insights for managers. First, although HSS use online media more frequently than LSS or MSS, this groups use of online media is less than either print or broadcast media. The advertising executive should not place too much emphasis on online media for this important market segment. Second, social media, such as facebook/Myspace and chatrooms should be examined by managers as potential ways to reach this group. Finally, there is some implication for public policy by the higher levels of use of social media by those who are disinhibited. These individuals are more inclined to engage in more socially risky behavior which may have some dire implications, e.g. by internet predators or future employers. There is a limitation in the study in that only those who engage in extreme sports are included. This is by nature a HSS activity. A broader population is therefore needed to test if these results hold.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
• /
• v.20 no.5
• /
• pp.533-547
• /
• 2018

The objective of this study is to examine the perception of golfwear and related trends based on major keywords and associated words related to golfwear utilizing big data. For this study, the data was collected from blogs, Jisikin and Tips, news articles, and web $caf{\acute{e}}$ from two of the most commonly used search engines (Naver & Daum) containing the keywords, 'Golfwear' and 'Golf clothes'. For data collection, frequency and matrix data were extracted through Textom, from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2017. From the matrix created by Textom, Degree centrality, Closeness centrality, Betweenness centrality, and Eigenvector centrality were calculated and analyzed by utilizing Netminer 4.0. As a result of analysis, it was found that the keyword 'brand' showed the highest rank in web visibility followed by 'woman', 'size', 'man', 'fashion', 'sports', 'price', 'store', 'discount', 'equipment' in the top 10 frequency rankings. For centrality calculations, only the top 30 keywords were included because the density was extremely high due to high frequency of the co-occurring keywords. The results of centrality calculations showed that the keywords on top of the rankings were similar to the frequency of the raw data. When the frequency was adjusted by subtracting 100 and 500 words, it showed different results as the low-ranking keywords such as J. Lindberg in the frequency analysis ranked high along with changes in the rankings of all centrality calculations. Such findings of this study will provide basis for marketing strategies and ways to increase awareness and web visibility for Golfwear brands.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.303-310
• /
• 2020

The purpose of this study was to verify the relationship between students' exercise ability beliefs, academic engagement and self-handicap in physical education class. To this end, this study selected a total of 437 copies of questionnaires as final valid samples using the convenience sampling method targeting middle school students at 4 schools in metropolitan area. For data processing, this study confirmed the goodness of fit test of the whole model using SPSS 20.0 and AMOS 20.0, and then did hypothesis testing; the study results are as follows: First, the increased belief of exercise ability beliefs was shown to have a static effect on the academic engagement, and a fixed belief did not have a significant effect on the academic engagement. Second, the increased belief was shown to have no significant effect on self-handicap, while the fixed belief had a static and significant effect on self-handicap. Third, the students' academic engagement has been confirmed to have a negative effect on self-handicap.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.7 no.6
• /
• pp.745-751
• /
• 1998

The well-mixed room model has been traditionally used to predict the concentrations of contaminants in indoor environments. However, this is inappropriate because the flow fields in many indoor environments distribute contaminants non-uniformly, due to imperfect air mixing. Thus, some means used to describe an imperfectly mixed room are needed. The simplest model that accounts for imperfect air mixing is a two-zone model. Therefore, this study on development of computer program far the two-zone model is carried out to propose techniques of estimating the concentration of contaminants in the room. To do this, an important consideration is to divide a room into two-zone, i.e. the lower and upper zone assuming that the air and contaminants are well mixed within each zone. And between the zones the air recirculation is characterized through the air exchange parameter. By this basic assumption, the equations for the conservation of mass are derived for each zone. These equations are solved by using the computational technique. The language used to develope the program is a VISUAL BASIC. The value of air exchange coefficient($f_12$) is the most difficult to forecast when the concentrations of contaminants in an imperfectly mixed room are estimated by the two-zone model. But, as the value of $f_12$ increases, the air exchange between each zone increases. When the value of $f_12$ is approximately 15, the concentrations in both zone approach each other, and the entire room may be approximately treated as a single well-mixed room. Therefore, this study is available for designing of the ventilation to improve the air quality of indoor environments. Also, the two-zone model produces the theoretical base which may be extended to the theory for the multi-zone model, that will be contributed to estimate the air pollution in large enclosures, such as shopping malls, atria buildings, atria terminals, and covered sports stadia.