• ETRI Journal
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.1188-1198
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• 2015

In this paper, a multi-time programmable (MTP) cell based on a $0.18{\mu}m$ bipolar-CMOS-DMOS backbone process that can be written into by using dual pumping voltages - VPP (boosted voltage) and VNN (negative voltage) - is used to design MTP memories without high voltage devices. The used MTP cell consists of a control gate (CG) capacitor, a TG_SENSE transistor, and a select transistor. To reduce the MTP cell size, the tunnel gate (TG) oxide and sense transistor are merged into a single TG_SENSE transistor; only two p-wells are used - one for the TG_SENSE and sense transistors and the other for the CG capacitor; moreover, only one deep n-well is used for the 256-bit MTP cell array. In addition, a three-stage voltage level translator, a VNN charge pump, and a VNN precharge circuit are newly proposed to secure the reliability of 5 V devices. Also, a dual memory structure, which is separated into a designer memory area of $1row{\times}64columns$ and a user memory area of $3rows{\times}64columns$, is newly proposed in this paper.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.362-370
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• 2013

In this paper, we propose a novel optical implementation of a 3DES algorithm based on dual XOR logic operations for a cryptographic system. In the schematic architecture, the optical 3DES system consists of dual XOR logic operations, where XOR logic operation is implemented by using a free-space interconnected optical logic gate method. The main point in the proposed 3DES method is to make a higher secure cryptosystem, which is acquired by encrypting an individual private key separately, and this encrypted private key is used to decrypt the plain text from the cipher text. Schematically, the proposed optical configuration of this cryptosystem can be used for the decryption process as well. The major advantage of this optical method is that vast 2-D data can be processed in parallel very quickly regardless of data size. The proposed scheme can be applied to watermark authentication and can also be applied to the OTP encryption if every different private key is created and used for encryption only once. When a security key has data of $512{\times}256$ pixels in size, our proposed method performs 2,048 DES blocks or 1,024 3DES blocks cipher in this paper. Besides, because the key length is equal to $512{\times}256$ bits, $2^{512{\times}256}$ attempts are required to find the correct key. Numerical simulations show the results to be carried out encryption and decryption successfully with the proposed 3DES algorithm.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.752-758
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• 2011

This paper presents a clock and data recovery circuit that supports dual data rates of 5.4 Gbps and 3.24 Gbps for DisplayPort v1.2 sink device. A quarter-rate linear phase detector (PD) is used in order to mitigate high speed circuit design effort. The proposed linear PD results in better jitter performance by increasing up and down pulse widths of the PD and removes dead-zone problem of charge pump circuit. A voltage-controlled oscillator is designed with a 'Mode' switching control for frequency selection. The measured RMS jitter of recovered clock signal is 2.92 ps, and the peak-to-peak jitter is 24.89 ps under $2^{31}-1$ bit-long pseudo-random bit sequence at the bitrate of 5.4 Gbps. The chip area is 1.0 mm${\times}$1.3 mm, and the power consumption is 117 mW from a 1.8 V supply using 0.18 ${\mu}m$ CMOS process.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SD
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.72-79
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• 2003

회로의 설계기술, 공정기술의 발달로 회로의 복잡도가 증가하고 있으며 대용량 메모리의 수요도 급격하게 증가하고 있다. 이렇듯 메모리의 용량이 커질수록 테스트는 더더욱 어려워지고, 테스트에 소요되는 비용도 점차 증가하여 테스트가 칩 전체에서 차지하는 비중이 커지고 있다. 따라서 짧은 시간에 수율을 향상시킬 수 있는 효율적인 테스트 알고리즘에 대한 연구자 중요하게 여겨지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 단일 포트 메모리의 고장을 검출하는데 가장 보편적으르 사용되는 March C-알고리듬을 바탕으로 하여 이를 보완하고, 추가되는 테스트 길이 없이 단일 포트 메모리뿐만 아니라 이종 포트 메모리에서 발생할 수 있는 모든 종류의 고장이 고려되어 이종 포트 메모리에서도 적용 가능한 효과적인 테스트 알고리듬을 제안한다.

• 전기전자학회논문지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.16-21
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• 2013

최근 주파수 합성기는 협대역으로 설계를 하거나 광대역 주파수 합성기의 경우 이중루프구조로 설계하여 위상잡음을 줄이는 방식을 사용하고 있다. 그러나 이중루프구조의 주파수 합성기는 전압제어발진기의 중심주파수 불일치와 추가적인 루프를 필요로 하는 단점을 가지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 800Mhz ~ 3Ghz를 지원하는 새로운 구조의 단일루프 형태의 다중제어 광대역 주파수 합성기를 제안한다. 본 논문의 주파수 합성기의 전압제어발진기는 Coarse 제어 전압과 Fine제어전압을 고정되며, 최종적으로 낮은 Kvco를 가지게 된다. 주파수 합성기의 모의실험은 UMC $0.11{\mu}m$ 공정에서 검증하였으며, 제안된 주파수 합성기는 다양한 응용분야에 사용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.223-229
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• 2020

The application of plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) supports the growth of plants in contaminated soil while ureolytic bacteria can immobilise heavy metals by carbonate precipitation. Thus, dual treatment with such bacteria may be beneficial for plant growth and bioremediation in contaminated soil. This study aimed to determine whether the PGPR Pseudomonas fluorescens could work in synergy with ureolytic bacteria to assist with the remediation of cadmium (Cd)- and lead (Pb)-contaminated soils. Pot experiments were conducted to grow radish plants in Cd- and Pb-contaminated soils treated with PGPR P. fluorescens and the results were compared with dual inoculation of P. fluorescens combined with ureolytic Staphylococcus epidermidis HJ2. The removal rate of the metals from the soil was more than 83% for Cd and Pb by the combined treatment compared to 17% by PGPR alone. Further, the dual treatment reduced the metal accumulation in the roots by more than 80%. The translocation factors for Cd and Pb in plant tissues in both treatments remained the same, suggesting that PGPR combined with the carbonate precipitation process does not hamper the transfer of essential metal ions into plant tissues from the soil.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제47권7호
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• pp.423-432
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• 2009

In the galvanizing coating process, the effects of the silicon content on the coatability and wettability of molten zinc were investigated on Dual-Phase High Strength Steels (DP-HSS) with various Si contents using the galvanizing simulator and dynamic reactive wetting systems. DP-HSS showed good coatability and a well-developed inhibition layer in the range of Si content below 0.5 wt%. Good coatability was the results of the mixed oxide $Mn_{2}SiO_{4}$, being formed by the selective oxidation on the surface, with a low contact angle in molten zinc and a large fraction of oxide free surface that provided a sufficient site for the molten zinc to wet and react with the substrate. On the other hand, with more than 0.5 wt%, DP-HSS exhibited poor coatability and an irregularly developed inhibition layer. The poor coatability was due to the poor wettability that resulted from the development of network-type layers of amorphous ${SiO}_{2}$, leading to a high contact angle in molten zinc, on the surface.

• 로봇학회논문지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.137-146
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• 2021

When controlling manipulator, degree of freedom is lost in singularity so specific joint velocity does not propagate to the end effector. In addition, control problem occurs because jacobian inverse matrix can not be calculated. To avoid singularity, we apply Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient(DDPG), algorithm of reinforcement learning that rewards behavior according to actions then determines high-reward actions in simulation. DDPG uses off-policy that uses 𝝐-greedy policy for selecting action of current time step and greed policy for the next step. In the simulation, learning is given by negative reward when moving near singulairty, and positive reward when moving away from the singularity and moving to target point. The reward equation consists of distance to target point and singularity, manipulability, and arrival flag. Dual arm manipulators hold long rod at the same time and conduct experiments to avoid singularity by simulated path. In the learning process, if object to be avoided is set as a space rather than point, it is expected that avoidance of obstacles will be possible in future research.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.319-331
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• 2022

The capability to examine an X-ray image is so far a challenging task. In this work, we suggest a practical and novel algorithm based on image fusion to inspect the issues such as background noise, blurriness, or sharpness, which curbs the quality of dual-energy X-ray images. The current technology exercised for the examination of bags and baggage is "X-ray"; however, the results of the incumbent technology used show blurred and low contrast level images. This paper aims to improve the quality of X-ray images for a clearer vision of illegitimate or volatile substances. A dataset of 40 images was taken for the experiment, but for clarity, the results of only 13 images have been shown. The results were evaluated using MSE and PSNR metrics, where the average PSNR value of the proposed system compared to single X-ray images was increased by 19.3%, and the MSE value decreased by 17.3%. The results show that the proposed framework will help discern threats and the entire scanning process.

• Current Optics and Photonics
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.97-104
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• 2024

In aerial cameras, image quality is easily affected by weather, temperature, and the attitude of the aircraft. Aiming at this phenomenon, based on the theory of two-step zoom optical systems, a dual-band optical-despun two-step zoom optical system is designed. The system has a small field of view of 2.00° × 1.60°, and a large field of view of 4.00° × 3.20°. In the zoom process, the wavelength range is 0.45-0.70 ㎛ and 0.75-1.10 ㎛, and the size of the optical system is 168 mm (L) × 90 mm (W) × 60 mm (H). The overall lens weight is only 170.8 g, which has advantages for miniaturization and light weight. At the Nyquist frequency of 104 lp/mm, the modulation transfer function of the visible-light optical system is more than 0.44, and that of the near-infrared optical system is more than 0.30, both of which have good imaging quality and tolerance characteristics in the range of -45 to 60 ℃.