• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.45-68
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• 2005

The political activity of women is relatively low. This is mainly because of the social-cultural attitude that confines women's role to housewives, rather than the structural problems that are related to political activities itself. This study has attempted to enhance the political activities of women by examining and providing the practical informations related to the hardships that are experienced by women who are pursuing a career both as a politician as well as a housewife. The sample of this study consisted of women who are assuming chief executives positions in organizations that are related to political activity, including local representatives of the national assembly. A case study was conducted by interviewing 8 female politicians. The contents of the study mostly consists of the personal situations (related to house lives) of these women. Semi-structured questionnaires were used, and the interview was conducted several times. First, the political careers of these women tended to start passively, rather than voluntarily. Second, the negative attitudes that were initially displayed by the family members and close relatives had changed positively through out the course of time. Close relatives, parents/parents-in-law were likely to become helpers of child care and household labor. The husband was likely to be a supporter of the wife's political career, and the children started to understand the roles of their mother as they grew up. Third, the female politicians perceived that the main impediments of women pursuing political careers were the sexually discriminating culture, rather than their own ability. Fourth, the fact that these women had to spend a lot of time outside the house has worsened the role conflict and difficulties of these women who are required to assume dual-roles. Furthermore, the difficulties that are faced publicly and privately has increased the psychological burdens of these women, since politicians, in general, are people who need to maintain their public image.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.485-491
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• 2015

This study was performed to investigate thermophilic bacteria from soil having broad antifungal spectrum against Rhizoctonia solani, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Phytophthora capsici, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici, and Botrytis cinerea. One isolate selected could resist heat shock of $60^{\circ}C$ for one hour, and had broad antifungal activity in dual culture assay against all tested fungal pathogens and was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Y1 using 16S rRNA gene sequence. Further investigation for antifungal activity of bacterial culture filtrate (BCF) and butanol crude extract (BCE) of various concentrations showed broad spectrum antifungal activity and fungal growth inhibition significantly increased with increasing concentration with highest growth inhibition of 100% against R. solani with 50% BCF and 11 mm of zone of inhibition against R. solani with 4 mg BCE concentration. Treatment of butanol crude extract resulted in deformation, lysis or degradation of C. gloeosporioides and P. capsici hyphae. Furthermore, B. amyloliquefaciens Y1 produced volatile compounds inhibiting growth of R. solani (70%), C. gloeosporioides (65%) and P. capsici (65-70%) when tested in volatile assay. The results from the study suggest that B. amyloliquefaciens Y1 could be a biocontrol candidate to control fungal diseases in crops.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.312-318
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• 2023

The natural flavonoid macakurzin C (1) exhibited adiponectin biosynthesis-inducing activity during adipogenesis in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and its molecular mechanism was directly associated with a pan-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) modulator affecting all three PPAR subtypes α, γ, and δ. In this study, increases in adiponectin biosynthesis-inducing activity by macakurzin C derivatives (2-7) were studied. The most potent adiponectin biosynthesis-inducing compound 6, macakurzin C 3,5-dimethylether, was elucidated as a dual PPARα/γ modulator. Compound 6 may exhibit the most potent activity because of the antagonistic relationship between PPARδ and PPARγ. Docking studies revealed that the O-methylation of macakurzin C to generate compound 6 significantly disrupted PPARδ binding. Compound 6 has therapeutic potential in hypoadiponectinemia-related metabolic diseases.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.664-672
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• 1994

Eighteen new hybrid bivalent ligand quinolones that contain two different type of pharmacophores in a single molecule were prepared and evaluated for in viかo antibacterial activity. Hybrid bivalent ligands p-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl quinolones were prepared by the treatment of active esters of succinyl fluoroquinolones with 1,7-disubstituted fluoroquinolone carboxylic acids in DMF. Eighteen final quinolone carboxylic acids were obtained by the reduction of compounds $25{\sim}42$ with hydrogen in the presence of 10% Pd-C. Among these derivatives, compound[56] showed the most potent antibacterial activity against a wide range of microoranisms.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.346-352
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• 1995

For isolation of antibiotic-producing bacteria antagonistic to Fusarium oxysporum, a total of 327 microorganisms were screened from sesame-growing soils collected at various locations in Korea by the modified Herr's triple-agar-Iayer technique. Among the 36 bacterial isolates further screened by the dual culture test on tryptic soy agar, 10 were tested to show their antagonistic activity against 14 plant pathogenic fungi. Bacterial culture filtrates were shown either to inhibit some phytopathogenic fungal growth or to suppress F. oxysporum infection of sesame plants maintained in the green house. An isolate, B23, with the most prominent antagonistic activity was identified as Bacillus subtilis.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.192-196
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• 2002

To investigate the effect of intravenous ethanol administration on pancreatic exocrine secretion, we measured volume and protein amount in pancreatic juice and assayed amylase activity and phospholipase $A_2$ activity in pancreatic fragments and serum. Acute pancreatitis induced by obstruction of common bile-pancreatic duct (CBPD) and caerulein infusion (5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg/hr) showed typical characteristics, such as hyperamylasemia and pancreatic edema and increase of phospholipase $A_2$ activity in pancreatic fragments and serum. Intravenous ethanol infusion (50 mg/kg/hr) significantly stimulated pancreatic exocrine secretion, but such a stimulatory effect of ethanol disappeared at dose of 100 mg/kg/hr without typical symptoms of acute pancreatitis. In microscopic examination, there were no typical changes of edematous pancreatitis in ethanol administrated rats. These results suggest that acute ethanol administration has dual effect on exocrine pancreatic secretion: low dose of ethanol (50 mg/kg/hr) stimulates pancreatic exocrine secretion, whereas high dose of ethanol (100 mg/kg/hr) does not without typical changes of edematous pancreatitis.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.413-418
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• 2001

To investigate action of ATP on ischemia-induced brain injury, we measured phospholipase $A_2$activity and nitric oxide (NO) production in C6 cells. ATP alone did not have any influence on phospholipase $A_2$activity but increased NO production. Glutamate (1 mM) significantly increased phospholipase $A_2$activity whereas did not increased NO production. ATP significantly inhibited phospholipase $A_2$activation induced by 0.1 $\mu$M A23187, 1 mM glutamate and 1 mM $H_2O$$_2$, but did not inhibited 1 $\mu$M PMA-induced phospholipase $A_2$activation. From the above results, it is suggested that the action of ATP in C6 cells has dual actions, such as the inhibition of agonist-induced phospholipase $A_2$activation and the increase of NO production.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.102-107
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• 2005

To select microorganisms that exhibit antifungal activity against the fungal pathogens of pepper, Phytophthora capsici and Colletotrichum acutatum, soil samples from a forest and natural fields of Gajang-Dong, Sangju-city were tested in vitro and in vivo. Streptomyces griseofuscus 200401 was finally selected throughout antifungal activity test with dual culture, culture broth, and fruits. For the identification of the strain, nucleotide sequences of 16S rDNA and whole cell fatty acids were analyzed. It is like that the strain 200401 may be a novel biological control agent that can reduce application of chemical fungicides to control late blight and anthracnose on pepper.

• BMB Reports
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.385-392
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• 1999

The $NAD^+$-specific activity of a dual coenzyme-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH; EC 1.1.1.41) from the primitive fungus Pythium ultimum was investigated to elucidate the regulatory factors that may influence the intracellular distribution of carbon and the availability of intermediates, e.g. citrate, for fatty acid synthesis. Inhibition of $NAD^+$-IDH activity by diphospho- and triphosphonucleotides (ATP, ADP, and GTP) reflected the sensitivity of this enzyme to cellular energy charge even though monophosphonucleotides (AMP and GMP) had little effect on activity. NADPH, but not NADH, substantially inhibited $NAD^+$-IDH activity, showing noncompetitive inhibition with isocitrate. Oxalacetate and ${\alpha}$-ketoglutarate showed competitive inhibition with isocitrate, while citrate and cis-aconitate showed mixed-noncompetitive inhibition with isocitrate. Inhibition by these substances ranged from 29 to 46% at 10 mM. The inhibitory effect of oxalacetate was increased synergistically by glyoxylate, which alone caused 31% uncompetitive inhibition at 10 mM, and a mixture of the two substances at 1 mM each showed 98% inhibition of $NAD^+$-IDH activity. The regulation of $NAD^+$-IDH in Pythium ultimum seems to be a complex process involving mitochondrial metabolites. The addition of glyoxylate (3 mM) and oxalacetate (3 mM) to the culture medium resulted in the production of 49% more lipid by P. ultimum.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.171-175
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• 1982

An oxytetracycline as being a tetracycline-antibiotic substance displayed a general synergism in the antimicrobial activity by the interaction of ginseng saponin and antibiotics, but did not to Sarcina maginata. Penicillin G.Na as being a $\beta$-lactam-antibiotic substance displayed a synergism in the antimicrobial activities by the addition of ginseng saponin to microorganisms used, but changed the effects in the antimicrobial activity of penicillin G.Na against the genus Serratia. An antimicrobial activity by the addition of ginseng saponin to antibiotics showed a non-specificity, and it varied synergism or antagonism to Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacterium. It was assumed that a drug-resistance could be eliminated by the dual administration of ginseng saponin and antibiotics.