• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.37 no.1 s.106
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• pp.1-11
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• 2004

The limnological characteristics of a coastal lagoon were studied in Lake Hyangho, one of a series of brackish lagoons along the eastern coast of Korea. Phytoplankton community structure, physical factors, and chemical factors were surveyed from May 1998 through November 2002 on a two-month interval basis. Temperature, salinity, Secchi disc transparency, TN, TP, organic matter content of sediment, chlorophyll a concentration, dominant phytoplankton species, and phytoplankton cell density were measured. Salinity gradient was formed between the overlying freshwater stream water and the permeated seawater at the bottom. The chemocline was persistent at the depth of 2 ${\sim}$ 5 m that caused discontinuities of salinity, DO, and temperature profiles. The inversion of vertical temperature profiles with higher temperature in deeper layer was observed in early winter. Secchi disc transparency was very low with the range of 0.1 to 1.1m. TP, TN, and Chl. a concentration in the epilimnion was 0.011 ${\sim}$ 0.238 mgP $L^{-l}$, 0.423 ${\sim}$ 2.443 mgN $L^{-l}$, and 0.7 ${\sim}$ 145.2 mg $m^{-3}$, respectively. Sediment was composed of silt and coarse silt. COD, TP, and TN content of dry sediment were 19.7 ${\sim}$ 73.3 mg$O_2\;g^{-1}$, 0.61 ${\sim}$ 1.32 mgP $g^{-l}$ and 0.64 ${\sim}$ 0.88 mgN $g^{-l}$, respectively. Dominant phytoplankton species were chlorophytes (Ankistrodesmus falcatus) and cyanobacteria (Oscillatoria sp. and Merismopedia tennuissima). The total cell density was in the range of 560 ${\sim}$ 35,255 cells $mL^{-l}$.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.325-331
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• 2012

The dual inoculation response of soybean with rhizobium and mycorrhiza was examined in pot vermiculite and field soils. In order to select a symbiotically compatible mycorrhiza with Bradyrhizobium japonicum, a highly germinating spore among 60 strains from 32 upland soils in southern part of Korea was obtained in Acaulospora sp., Gigaspora sp. and Glomus sp., respectively. As a result of dual inoculation of Glycin max cv. Dajangkong and Eunhakong both with $1{\times}10^8$cells of B. japonicum YCK 213 and 10 spores of each mycorrhiza in vermiculite pot, only Glomus sp. treatment together with the rhizobium showed significant increase ($P{\leqq}0.05$) both in shoot dry wt and nodule mass of not Eunhakong but Dajangkong. In red-yellow soils with pH 5.2($1:5H_2O$) and 203 mg of Lancaster P per kg of soil, in which $10^3$ cells of B. japonicum and $10{\pm}0.2$ spores of mycorrhizae per gram of soil were naturalized, grain yield of G. max cv. Dajangkong was increased to 3.9% by dual inoculation both of $4.8{\times}10^6$cells of B. japonicum and 10 spores of mycorrhizae per two seeds under condition applied with 30 kg $P_2O_5$ and 34 kg $K_2O$ per hectare compared to conventionally fertilized plot (2.75 MT $ha^{-1}$) added with 30 kg N $ha^{-1}$. However, there was not significant.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.103-119
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• 2015

This study was carried out to evaluate the quality of characteristics of Takju, Yakju, and spirit made from Bunkuk(flour), Phellinus linteus and Ginger kuk. The sacharogenic power of Nuruks and pH, brix, acidity, cell numbers of yeast, and alcohol content of Deotsuls were analysed; flavors, organic acids, and sensory evaluation of Takju, Yakju, and spirit were employed in the analysis of this current study. Results showed that the saccharogenic power of Phellinus linteus kuk after fermentation of Nuruks showed the highest level, and Phellinus linteus kuk and Ginger kuk showed the same level after dry Nuruks. During fermentation of Deotsuls, pH and brix decreased with increased fermentation time, while acidity increased with increased fermentation time. Cell numbers of yeast were found to be at the highest level in Phellinus linteus kuk on the first day of fermentation, and it was the same result in the final stage(p<0.05). Alcohol content increased with an increase in fermentation time, and showed no significant difference between control and test in the final stage of fermentation. In terms of analysis of flavor components, acetone and n-amyl alcohol were not detected in Takju, Yakju, and spirit. n-butanol was detected at the highest value, followed by i-amyl alcohol. Fusel oil was detected at the highest level in spirit fermented by Bunkuk. In analysis of organic acids, lactic acid showed the highest content followed by acetic acid. Very small amounts of acetic acid were detected in the spirit and other organic acids were not detected. In sensory evaluation, Takju, Yakju, and spirit made from Phellinus linteus kuk showed the highest score. As a result of this study, Phellinus linteus kuk presented the most desirable Nuruk in order to make Takju, Yakju, and spirit.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.357-365
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• 2000

Paneth cells have been suggested to contribute to the elimination of excess metals into the intestinal lumen. The purpose of this study wat to investigate the changes of the zinc pools in rats subjected to functional loading with zinc salt by mean of both light and electron microscopical autometallography (AMG). Wistar rats 4 were administrated with zinc chloride (20 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally dissolved in 1 ml distilled water. The control group received 1 ml saline IP. After further one hour the animals were transcardially perfused with 0.4% sodium sulphide dissolved in 0.1 M PB fellowed by 3% glutaraldehyde solution for 10 minutes. Pieces of ileum were frozen with solid $CO_2$ and sectioned on a cryostat. The sections $(20{\mu}m)$ were autometallographically developed. Sections selected for EM were reembedded on top of a blank Epon block, from which ultrathin sections (100 nm) were cut. The ultrathin sections were double stained with uranyl acetate (30 min) and lead citrate (5 min), then examined under electron microscope. Studies of comparable sections from control and zinc loaded animals with the AMG selenium method gave quite different results. The control animals demonstrated a weakly positive staining in the cytoplasm of the Paneth cells. In the electron microscope the AMG silver grains were found to be located in the cytoplasm, while the electron dense secretary granules and other cell organelles were void of staining. Few AMG grains were located at the apical surface of the Paneth cells. In sections from zinc loaded rats, the AMG grains were seen in abundance in the lumen of the Lieberkuhn crypts at light microscopic levels. At EM levels the zinc revealing silver grains were located in the cytoplasm as in the controls, but much more AMG grains were shifted into the secretary granules. Furthermore, profound AMG grains were found in the lumen of the crypts and surrounding vessels. And a few grains were seen in the endothelium. The AMG technique demonstrated a pattern of AMG grains in the Paneth cells that strongly suggests a transport of zinc ions through these cells.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2009

This study was conducted to determine the effects of probiotics supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, occurrence of diarrhea and immune response in weaning pigs. Treatments were 1) NC (basal diet), 2) PC (basal diet + 0.12% avilamycin) and 3) A (basal diet + 0.2% Aspergillus oryzae), 4) B (basal diet + 0.2% Lactobacillus casei), 5) C (basal diet + 0.2% Bacillus subtilis), 6) D (basal diet + 0.2% Lactobacillus crispatus). A total of 120 pigs ($7.16\pm0.01$ kg average body weight, weaned at $23\pm3$days of age) were assigned to 6 treatments, 5 replicates and 4 pigs per pen in a randomized complete block (RCB) design. During the whole experimental period, body weight (P<0.01), average daily gain (ADG; P<0.01), and average daily feed intake (ADFI; P<0.05) of treatment PC were higher than other treatments. However, the probiotics treatments tended to increase ADG and G:F ratio compared to treatment NC. The G:F ratio in treatment A (Aspergillus oryzae) was similar to treatment PC during the whole experimental period (P<0.05). The supplementation of probiotics in the diet of weaning pig did not change nutrient digestibility (dry matter, crude protein, crude fat and ash) and nitrogen retention of weaning pigs. In blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration, treatment B had lower value than other treatments at 2 and 4 weeks (P<0.05). Treatments PC and C tended to decrease diarrhea score than other treatments (P=0.18). At 3h after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection, treatments NC and PC had higher count of $CD^{4+}$ T-cells than probiotics treatments, and treatment C showed the lowest value (P<0.01). There were no differences on count of $CD^{8+}$ T-cells and $CD^{4+}:CD^{8+}$ ratio among all treatments (P>0.10). These results suggest that the dietary probiotics are likely able to improve the growth performance, occurrence of diarrhea and immune response although they do not have similar effects like antibiotics in weaning pigs.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.300-307
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• 1997

The effects of Aster scaber and Ixeris dentata on cadiovascular system in hyperlipidemic rats were examined. Five groups of thirty Sprague Dawley rats were fed with the diet contained 1% cholesterol, 0.25% sodium cholate, 10% coconut oil and 5% lard(control group) for 4 weeks. Each experimental diet group was added with 5% plant powder or extract of the 5% plant powder by dry weight. Contractile or relaxation responses in the isolated artria and thoracic aortae were measured and the morphological changes of the aortic endotherium from the rats fed the experimental diet were inspected. In response to isoproterenol, the number of right atrial spontaneous beat was significantly lower in Cham chyi powder group$(PP_{1})$ and Sumbagui powder group$(PP_{2})$ than control at $10^(-8)M$ concentration. The contraction forces by injection of phenylephrine and calcium in isolated thoracic aorta were significantly low in each experimental groups compared with the control. The relaxation rates by acetylcholine represented comparatively higher value in $PP_{1}$ than control. The morphological changes of endothelial cell surface was a little in $PP_{1}$ and $PP_{2}$ compared with control, while the damages were considerably advanced in Cham chyi and Sumgbagui extract diet group$(PE_{1},\;PE_{2})$.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.705-712
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• 2008

Sixteen multiparous lactating Holstein cows were used to compare effects of supplementing 1)no additive(Control), 2)1.2% sodium bicarbonate(NaHCO3); 3)niacin(80g/d), 4)vitamin A+E (140,000IU+1000IU) on feed intake, milk production, milk composition and somatic cell counts during the summer months. Insofar as possible, treatment groups were balanced for lactation number and days in milk. Cows were fed a diet of 9.1kg DM of concentrate and 10.2kg DM of corn silage. Daily maximum air temperature in free stall barn was 35℃ for 3 days of the pretreatment periods and decreased gradually up to 27℃ during the treatment periods of 15days. Dry matter intake of corn silage was higher(p<0.05) for cows consuming NaHCO3 than those not consuming NaHCO3. Daily milk production for niacin and vitamin A+E supplementations resulted in significant(p<0.001) increase in milk production from 3 day of trials than control and NaHCO3. Milk fat percentage tended(p=0.09) to increase and milk lactose percentage was increased significantly(p<0.001) for cows supplemented with NaHCO3, niacin and vitamin A+E. Milk protein percentages was higher significantly(p<0.05) with supplemental niacin and somatic cell counts was higher significantly(p<0.001) with supplemental vitamin A+E. These data strongly suggest that supplementation of NaHCO3, niacin or vitamin A+E should be increased for improving milk production and mammary gland health of dairy cows under heat stress.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.661-672
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• 2012

Lab scale experiments to investigate the dissolution reaction among supercritical $CO_2$-sandstone-groundwater by using sandstones from Gyeongsang basin were performed. High pressurized cell system (100 bar and $50^{\circ}C$) was designed to create supercritical $CO_2$ in the cell, simulating the sub-surface $CO_2$ storage site. The first-order dissolution coefficient ($k_d$) of the sandstone was calculated by measuring the change of the weight of thin section or the concentration of ions dissolved in groundwater at the reaction time intervals. For 30 days of the supercritical $CO_2$-sandstone-groundwater reaction, physical properties of sandstone cores in Gyeongsang basin were measured to investigate the effect of supercritical $CO_2$ on the sandstone. The weight change of sandstone cores was also measured to calculate the dissolution coefficient and the dissolution time of 1 g per unit area (1 $cm^2$) of each sandstone was quantitatively predicted. For the experiment using thin sections, mass of $Ca^{2+}$ and $Na^+$ dissolved in groundwater increased, suggesting that plagioclase and calcite of the sandstone would be significantly dissolved when it contacts with supercritical $CO_2$ and groundwater at $CO_2$ sequestration sites. 0.66% of the original thin sec-tion mass for the sandstone were dissolved after 30 days reaction. The average porosity for C sandstones was 8.183% and it increased to 8.789% after 30 days of the reaction. The average dry density, seismic velocity, and 1-D compression strength of sandstones decreased and these results were dependent on the porosity increase by the dissolution during the reaction. By using the first-order dissolution coefficient, the average time to dissolve 1 g of B and C sandstones per unit area (1 $cm^2$) was calculated as 1,532 years and 329 years, respectively. From results, it was investigated that the physical property change of sandstones at Gyeongsang basin would rapidly occur when the supercritical $CO_2$ was injected into $CO_2$ sequestration sites.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.503-512
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary Lactobacillus brevis (3.4×108 CFU/g) supplementation on growth performance, DM and N digestibilities, blood cell counts and fecal odor emission compounds in growing pigs. Ninety six crossbred [(Landrace×Yorkshire)×Duroc] pigs with an initial BW of 24.60±1.28kg were used for 42-d feeding trial according to a completely randomized design. Three corn- soybean meal based dietary treatments included: 1) CON (basal diet); 2) LB1 (basal diet + Lactobacillus brevis 0.2%) and 3) LB2 (basal diet+Lactobacillus brevis 0.4%). There were three dietary treatments with eight replicate pens per treatment and four pigs per pen. Through the entire experimental period, ADG, ADFI and gain/feed had no significant differences among treatments(P>0.05). Nitrogen digestibility was increased in LB1 and LB2 treatments compared to CON treatment (linear effect, P<0.05), however, DM digestibility had no significant difference among all the treatments (P>0.05). The WBC, RBC and lymphocyte concentrations in whole blood were not affected by treatments (P>0.05). Fecal NH3N and H2S concentrations were significant decreased in LB2 treatment compared to CON treatment (linear effect, P<0.05). Fecal VFA (acetic acid and propionic acid) concentration was also reduced in LB2 treatment compared to CON treatment (linear effect, P<0.05). In conclusion, Lactobacillus brevis (3.4×108 CFU/g) supplementation at the level of 0.4% can improve nitrogen digestibility and decrease the concentrations of fecal odor emission compounds in growing pigs.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.47-56
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• 2008

Risperidone is a widely prescribed atypical antipsychotic agent. Approved by the FDA as the first drug to treat irritability associated with autism in children, it is also used to treat tic disorder and Tourette's syndrome. Its adverse reactions related to dentistry include dry mouth, the mechanism of which is yet to be identified. The aim of this study is to identify, at the cellular level, how and to what extent risperidone affects intracellular free calcium concentration ($[Ca^{2+}]_i$), an primary intracellular factor in the regulation of fluid secretion in salivary gland cells. The human salivary gland cell line (HSG) was grown in MEM supplemented with 10% BCS. In order to measure $[Ca^{2+}]_i$, Fura-2/AM was loaded in the HSG, and fluorescence at 340 nm/380 nm excitation was measured in the 500 nm emission ratio. After every experiment, a calibration experiment was conducted in order to readjust the ratio to the actual $[Ca^{2+}]_i$. Changes in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ were measured in the presence of carbachol, ATP and histamine. The researcher then explored how the pretreatment of risperidone affected such changes. Findings of this study include: 1. In HSG, $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ increased due to the addition of carbachol, ATP and histamine. The presence of risperidone inhibited the action of histamine on this process, while making little effect on that of carbachol and ATP. 2. A quantification of $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ in relation to histamine of different concentrations indicates that the effect of histamine was concentration dependent with an $EC_{50}$ of $3.3{\pm}0.5\;{\mu}M$. 3. The inhibitory effect of risperidone on histamine-induced $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ was concentration-dependent with an $IC_{50}$ of $104.4{\pm}14\;nM$. 4. Risperidone inhibits histamine-induced Ca2+ release from endoplasmic reticulum and influx of extracellular $Ca^{2+}$ in HSG cells(p<0.05).