• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.170-177
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• 2011

Transdermal drug delivery(TDS) offers many important advantages. For instance, it is easy and painless, it protects the active compound from gastric enzymes, and it avoids the hepatic first-pass effect. Also, it is simple to terminate the therapy if any adverse or undesired effect occurs. But skin is a natural barrier, and only a few drugs can penetrate the skin easily and in sufficient quantities to be effective. Therefore, in recent years, numerous studies have been conducted in the area of penetration enhancement. The most commonly used transdermal system is the skin patch using various types of technologies. Compared with other method of dosage, it is possible to use for a long term. It is also possible to stop the drug dosage are stopped if the drug dosage lead to side effect. Polysaccharide, such as xanthan gum and algin were selected as base materials of TDS. Also, these polymers were characterized in terms of enhancers and drug contents. Among these polysaccharide, the permeation rate of Paroxetine such as lipophilic drug was the fastest in xanthan gum matrix in vitro. We used glycerin, PEG400 and PEG800 as enhancers. Since dermis has more water content(hydration) than the stratum corneum, skin permeation rate at steady state was highly influenced when PEG400 was more effective for lipophilic drug. Proper selection of the polymeric materials which resemble and enhance properties of the delivering drug was found to be important in controlling the skin permeation rate.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.286-304
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• 1999

The purpose of the study was to analysis physician's prescribing behavior. Data was collected from 320 medical doctors of 10 general hospitals from August to September in 1996. The major findings are as follows; 1) Prescribing dosage: 74% of total selected middle dosage. Resident doctors used maximum dosage. 2) The number of similar antibiotics: 72.4% of total used 1 antibiotic. Surgery depts. and resident doctors selected 2, 3 antibiotics. Physicians to consider of insurance benefit or non insurance benefit used the number of antibiotics less than not to consider. Physicians to think over patient's economic state used less the number of antibiotics than that not to consider. 3) Used term of antibiotics: Total mean was 7.39 days. medical parts had 9.11 days but surgery used 6.41 days. Specialists consumed 6.57 days and residents applied 7.80 days. Physician to reflect result of claim used short term of antibiotics than that don't reflected. 4) Optional order of antibiotics: First antibiotics were selected 68% of total respondents, by medical depts, but secondary, tertiary antibiotics was used surgery depts. Tertiary antibiotics was used residents doctors, universal hospitals, fill beds and over. 5) The number of the items of oral drug : 3-4 the items of oral drug were used 76% of respondent Surgery parts selected 1-2 the items of oral drug, medical depts. selected five and over. Physician to reflect result of claim used less the number of the items of oral drug than that don't reflected. Physician to prescribe different of class of insurance used less the number of the items of oral drug than that don't prescribe different.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.289-295
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• 1994

Pharmacokinetic drug interaction between phenytoin and verapamil was investigated following i.v. administration of two drugs concomitantly to rabbits. Verapamil was coadministered with phenytoin (5 mg/kg) to rabbits at the doses of 0.5,1 and 2 mg/kg, respectively. Plasma concentration and AUC of phenytoin were increased significantly, but volume of distribution and total body clearance were decreased significantly (p<0.05) at doses of 1mg and 2mg/kg of verapamil, respectively. From the results of this experiment, it is desirable that dosage regimen of phenytoin should be adjusted and that therapeutic drug monitoring should be performed for reduction of side or toxic effect when phenytoin should be administered with verapamil in clinical practice.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.2251-2261
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate learning smartphone application for improving drug dosage calculation ability of nursing students. We evaluated the contents based on the sufficient teaching materials and developed the process for implementation of the educational system. The participants were 37 nursing students. After implementation during 4 weeks, data was analyzed with the SPSS WIN 18.0. There were significant differences of achievement of learning objectives(${\chi}^2$=10.90, p=.004), application to work(Z=2.86, p=.004), mathematical confidence (Z=3.07, p=.002), according to the frequency of program use, but there was no difference in academic self-efficacy. Based on the results of this study, developed smartphone application will help to strengthen the drug dosage calculation ability of nursing students. And also, the results suggest that more powerful application for improving academic efficacy and increasing participation should be developed.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.1-13
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• 2013

Objectives: In this study, it was carried out to evaluate the acute oral toxicity of Root of Polygala teunifolia Willd. in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Methods: Male and female rats were administered orally with Root of Polygala teunifolia Willd. water extract of 1,000 mg/kg (low dosage group), 2,000 mg/kg (middle dosage group) and 4,000 mg/kg (high dosage group). We daily observed number of deaths, clinical signs and gross findings for 7 days. After 7 days, we measured body and organs weight. Also we analyzed hematological changes. Results: No dead SD rats and no clinical signs were found during the experiment period. Also other specific changes were not found between control and treated groups in hematology and serum biochemistry. But we found out histopathological changes in liver fat tissues of female. In addition, there were no significant changes of gross body and individual organs weight. Conclusions: These results suggest that water soluble extract of Root of Polygala teunifolia Willd. has not acute oral toxicity and oral $LD_{50}$ value was over 4,000 mg/kg in SD rats.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.552-560
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• 2012

Drug delivery technologies are patent protected formulation technologies that modify drug release profile, absorption, distribution, and elimination for the benefit of improving product efficacy and safety, as well as patient convenience and compliance. The most commonly used transdermal system is the skin patch using various types of technologies. Compared with other method of dosage, it is possible to use for a long term. It is also possible to stop the drug dosage are stop if the drug dosage lead to side effect. Polysaccharide, such as karaya gum and locust bean gum(LBG)/water-soluble chitosan oligomer(WSCO) were selected as base materials of TDS. Also, these polymers were characterized in terms of enhancers, tacrine contents. Among these polysaccharide, the permeation rate of karaya gum matrix was fastest in tacrine such as lipophilic drug in vitro. We used glycerin, PEG 400, and PEG 800 as enhancers. Therefore, transdermal absorption of tacrine could be improved by changing vehicle composition or by using penetration enhancers. Especially it would be anticipated that the high permeation efficacy could be obtained by using vehicle that has enhancing effect for itself and by adding enhancers to it.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.15-25
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• 2013

Objectives : This study was carried out to evaluate the acute oral toxicity of Alismatis Rhizoma in Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats. Methods : male and female rats were administered orally with Alismatis Rhizoma water extract of 1,000 mg/kg (low dosage group), 2,000 mg/kg(middle dosage group) and 4,000 mg/kg(high dosage group). We daily observed number of deaths, clinical signs and gross findings for 7 days. After 7 days, we measured body and organs weight. Also we analyzed hematological changes. Results : No dead SD rats and no clinical signs were found during the experiment period. Also other specific changes were not found between control and treated groups in hematology and serum biochemistry. In addition no significant changes of gross body and individual organs weight. Conclusions : These results suggest that water soluble extract of Alismatis Rhizoma has not acute oral toxicity and oral $LD_{50}$ value was over 4,000 mg/kg in SD rats.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.68-78
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• 2014

Objectives : This study was carried out to evaluate the acute oral toxicity of Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz in Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats. Methods : Male and female rats were administered orally with Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz water extract of 1,000 mg/kg(low dosage group), 2,000 mg/kg(middle dosage group) and 4,000 mg/kg(high dosage group). We daily observed number of deaths, clinical signs and gross findings for 7 days. After 7 days, we measured body and organs weight. Also we analyzed hematological changes. Results : No dead SD rats and no clinical signs were found during the experiment period. Also other specific changes were not found between control and treated groups in hematology. But we found out subtle changes in body weight and individual organ weight of the female group. In addition specific changes were observed in serum biochemical value of female group. Conclusions : These results suggest that water soluble extract of Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz has not acute oral toxicity and oral $LD_{50}$ value was over 4,000 mg/kg in SD rats. Also Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz is expected to be sensitive with respect to the female.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.40 no.spc
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• pp.103-112
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• 2010

Pellets, which are multiple-unit dosage systems, have the several therapeutic advantages over single-unit dosage systems in oral drug delivery. This review focuses on the current status and explores extrusion-spheronization technique with special attention to controlled-release application of pellets including coated pellets for delayed release formulations, coated pellets for colon delivery, coated pellets for sustained drug delivery, sustained-release matrix pellets, pellets compressed into tablets, bioadhesive pellets, floating pellets, and pelletization with solubilization techniques.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.211-216
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• 2012

Drug dissolution test has been used for the purpose of both quality control of solid oral dosage forms and predicting in vivo drug release profiles. In this study, the dissolution profiles of buflomedil hydrochloride tablets and ticlopidine hydrochloride tablets were investigated according to the "Guidelines on Specifications of Dissolution tests for Oral dosage forms" of Korean Pharmacopoeia (KP). The analytical method using HPLC was validated. The validation was performed in terms of specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision and limit of quantitation.