• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.991-995
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• 2006

The layered double hydroxide with the insertion of chloride ions (LDH-Cl), which was synthesized by the co-precipitation method, was applied to investigate the fundamental aspects of the absorptive agent for phosphate removal from wastewater. The adsorption capacity was best described by the Langmuir-FreundIich isotherm, and the estimated isotherm parameters indicate that the LDH-CI capacity for the phosphate removal is much higher than that observed using a natural adsorbent material such iron oxide tailing. The kinetic experiment also showed that the LDH-Cl adsorption reaction rapidly at the adsorptive rate of 0.55 mg-P/g-LDH/min, implying that this adsorbent can be of use in the full-scale applications. The pH had a minimal effect on the LDH adsorption capacity in the range of 5 to 11, although the capacity dropped at the low pHs because of the change in LDH surface properties. Furthermore, other anions such as $Cl^-$ and $NO_3{^-}$ commonly found in the wastewater streams insignificantly affected the phosphate removal efficiencies, while $HCO_3{^-}$ ions had a negative effect on the LDH adsorption capacity due to its high selectivity. The phosphate removal experiment using the actual secondary effluent from a wastewater treatment plant showed the similar decrease in adsorption capacity, indicating that the bicarbonate ions in the wastewater were competing with phosphate for the adsorptive site in the surface of the LDH-Cl. Overall, the synthetic adsorbent material, LDH-Cl, can be a feasible alternative over other conventional chemical agents, since the LDH-Cl exhibits the high phosphate removal capacity with the low sensitivity to other environmental conditions.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.596-601
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• 2009

Double-layered ZnO nanostructures have been synthesized by aqueous solution method on (001) plane of ZnO nanorod. A stepwise changing of aqueous solution concentration gave rise to a new nano-structured layer consisting of either multiple of nanorods or nanowires with much smaller radii than that of the ZnO nanorod on which the new layer was grown. As the first step the ZnO nanorods have been grown to have the (001) preferential orientation in the aqueous solution consisting of 0.1M zinc nitrate and 0.1 M HMT. This preferentially aligned ZnO nanorods have been regrown in either a less diluted solution of 0.01M zinc nitrate and 0.01 M HMT or a more diluted solution of 0.005M zinc nitrate and 0.01 M HMT. A new nano-layer consisting of numerous aligned nanorods or nanowires has been produced on the (001) planes of ZnO nanorods. The growth mechanism for this double layered ZnO nanostructure is ascribed to the (001) polar surface energy instability and inhibition of (001) plane growth due to the step-wise change of aqueous solution concentration; ZnO nuclei formed on the (001) plane grow preferentially in (010) plane instead of (001) plane to reduce the total surface energy. Surface area of ZnO nanostructure can be increased in orders of magnitudes by forming a new layer consisting of smaller nanorods/nanowires on (001) plane of ZnO nanorods.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.257-261
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• 2009

Effective therapeutics for renal failures have not yet been developed until now. Recently, there was a report showing that Wen-pi-tang-Hab-Wu-ling-san (WHW) prescriptions had the potential to prevent renal failures through the increased expression of HSP-27 and HSP-72 after ischemia/reperfusion. Therefore, formulation studies by pH-specific released systems were carried out to exhibit the optimal activity of WHW prescriptions in this study. WHW prescriptions were separately extracted using water into two parts of stomach-released (SR) and intestine-released (IR) extracts. Subsequently, the double-layered tablet was prepared using the SR extracts and pharmaceutical additives and enteric-coated IR tablet. Dissolution studies were carried out to figure out the release of cinnamic acid and icarrin from SR tablet, IR tablet and double-layered tablet, respectively. The complete release of cinnamic acid from SR tablet showed 90min after dissolution in pH 1.2 and insignificant drug released from IR tablet. As well as, icarrin from IR tablet completely released in pH 6.8 and 7.4 as enteric-coating film dissolved.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.179-189
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• 2000

Clebopride malate(Cm) is a new benzamide drug which has a potent central antidopaminergic activity possessing antiemetic and anxiolytic properties. A purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of formulating sustained release preparation by dispersing a drug in hydrophilic polymeric matrices and double layered tablets(DLT), using HPMC, carbopol, PEO, PVP/VA and other polymers as a rate controlling barrier. The matrix and DLT showed optimum dissolution pattern up to 8 hours and the contents of polymer were optimized at 30% level in this preparation. After an oral administration in beagle dog, Cm concentration was determined by use of GC-ECD and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by Vallner's method. The AUC of DLT showed similar results and the duration of action was increased 55% compared to that of regular release dosage form. The calculated absorption rate effectiveness(ARE) and controlled release effectiveness(CRE) for DLT increased 50% compared to that of matrix, the overall effectiveness(E) of this product appears to be about 70%. in vivo effectiveness test, DLT showed significant differences from control on antiemetic action of Cm. In consequence, it was possible to conclude that double layered tablet might be a good candidate for the sustained release dosage forms.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2015

Global population is expected to reach nine billion in 2050 and the total demand for food is expected to increase approximately by 60 percent by 2050 as compared to 2005. Therefore, it is important to increase crop production in order to meet the global demand for food. Slow release fertilizers have been developed and designed in order to improve the efficiency of fertilizers. Mineral-based slow release fertilizers are useful because the minerals have a crystalline structure and are environmentally friendly in a soil. This review focuses on slow release fertilizers based on montmorillonite, zeolite, and layered double hydroxide phases as a host for nutrients, especially N. Urea was successfully stabilized in the interlayer space of montmorillonite by the formation of urea-Mg or Ca complex, $[(Urea)_6Mg\;or\;Ca]^{2+}$ protecting its rapid degradation in soils. Naturally occurring zeolites occluded with ammonium nitrate and potassium nitrate by molten salt treatment could be used as slow release fertilizer because the occlusion process increased the capacity of zeolites to store nutrients in addition to exchangeable cations. Additionally, surface-modified zeolites could also be used as slow release fertilizer because the modified surface showed high affinity for anionic nutrients such as nitrate and phosphate. Moreover, there were attempts to develop and use synthetic layered double hydroxide as a carrier of nitrate because it has positively charged layers which electrostatically bond nitrate anions. Kaolin was also tested by combining with a polymer or through the mechanical-chemical process for slow release of nutrients.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.230-236
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• 2021

Ionic conduction mechanism of Mg-Al layered double hydroxides (LDHs) intercalated with CO₃^2- (Mg-Al CO₃^2- LDH) was studied. The electromotive force for the water vapor concentration cell using Mg-Al CO₃^2- LDH as electrolyte showed water vapor partial pressure dependence and obeyed the Nernst equation, indicating that the hydroxide ion transport number of Mg-Al CO₃^2- LDH is almost unity. The ionic conductivity of Mg(OH)₂, MgCO₃ and Al₂(CO₃)₃ was also examined. Only Al₂(CO₃)₃ showed high hydroxide ion conductivity of the order of 10^-4 S cm^-1 under 80% relative humidity, suggesting that Al₂(CO₃)₃ is an ion conducting material and related to the generation of carrier by interaction with water. To discuss the ionic conduction mechanism, Mg-Al CO₃^2- LDH having deuterium water as interlayer water (Mg-Al CO₃^2- LDH(D₂O)) was prepared. After the adsorbed water molecules on the surface of Mg-Al CO₃^2- LDH(D₂O) were removed by drying, DC polarization test for dried Mg-Al CO₃^2- LDH(D₂O) was examined. The absorbance attributed to O-D-stretching band for Mg-Al CO₃^2- LDH(D₂O) powder at around the positively charged electrode is larger than that before polarization, indicating that the interlayer in Mg-Al CO₃^2- LDH is a hydroxide ion conduction channel.

• 한국건설순환자원학회논문집
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.600-608
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• 2022

이 연구는 전기영동확산시험을 이용하여 이중층수산화물(LDH)을 혼입한 균열이 있는 자기치유 시멘트 모르타르의 염화물 침투 저항성을 평가하여 LDH가 자기치유 콘크리트의 치유 효과에 미치는 영향을 고찰하였다. 실험결과에 따르면 자기치유물질만 혼입한 경우와 자기치유물질과 Ca-Al LDH를 함께 혼입한 경우 균열 발생 직후 영동확산계수는 대부분 OPC 배합에 비해 더 컸지만, 치유재령이 경과할수록 OPC 보다 더 큰 폭으로 영동확산계수가 감소하며, Ca-Al LDH를 함께 혼입한 경우가 자가치유 물질만 혼입한 경우보다 영동확산계수 감소가 더 크게 나타나 더 높은 자기치유 성능을 보였다. 이는 균열면에 자기치유 반응생성물이 증가하면서 균열 내부에서 LDH에 의한 염소이온의 구속작용이 더 커진다는 것을 시사한다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제33권10호
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• pp.377-384
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• 2023

Exploring earth-abundant, highly effective and stable electrocatalysts for electrochemical water splitting is urgent and essential to the development of hydrogen (H₂) energy technology. Iron-cobalt layered double hydroxide (FeCo-LDH) has been widely used as an electrocatalystfor OER due to its facile synthesis, tunable components, and low cost. However, LDH synthesized by the traditional hydrothermal method tends to easily agglomerate, resulting in an unstable structure that can change or dissolve in an alkaline solution. Therefore, studying the real active phase is highly significant in the design of electrochemical electrode materials. Here, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are used as template precursors to derive FeCo-LDH from different iron sources. Iron salts with different anions have a significant impact on the morphology and charge transfer properties of the resulting materials. FeCo-LDH synthesized from iron sulfate solution (FeCo-LDH-SO₄) exhibits a hybrid structure of nanosheets and nanowires, quite different from other electrocatalysts that were synthesized from iron chloride and iron nitrate solutions. The final FeCo-LDH-SO₄ had an overpotential of 247 mV with a low Tafel-slope of 60.6 mV dec^-1 at a current density of 10 mA cm^-2 and delivered a long-term stability of 40 h for the OER. This work provides an innovative and feasible strategy to construct efficient electrocatalysts.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.92-97
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• 2024

수소 생산을 위한 물 분해 시스템의 효율성을 높이려면 산소 발생 반응(OER, Oxygen Evolution Reaction)에서 촉매로 인해 발생하는 전기화학 반응의 높은 과전압을 감소시켜야 한다. 그중 전이금속을 포함하는 LDH(Layered Double Hydroxide)와 같은 화합물은 현재 사용되고 있는 백금 등의 귀금속을 대체할 수 있는 촉매 소재로 주목받고 있다. 본 연구에서는 저렴한 금속 다공성 물질인 니켈 폼을 지지체로 사용하였고, 수열합성 공정을 통해 NiCo LDH 나노결정을 합성하였다. 또한, OER 특성을 향상시키기 위해 Mo를 도핑하여 합성한 Mo 도핑된 NiCo LDH 나노결정 시료의 형태, 결정구조, 물분해 특성의 변화를 관찰하였다.

• 멤브레인
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.291-301
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• 2009

친전자성 치환반응을 통하여 제조된 술폰화 단량체와 비(非)술폰화 단량체의 직접 중합법을 통하여 서로 다른 술폰화도를 나타내는 술폰화 폴리아릴에테르술폰 공중합체를 합성하고, 이들로부터 직접 메탄올 연료전지용 이중층(層) 고분자 전해질 막을 제조하였다. 우수한 이온 전도특성을 나타내는 술폰화도 50%의 공중합체를 사용하여 전해질 막의 모체(母體) 전도층을 제조하고, 이들의 한쪽 표면에 술폰화도 10%의 공중합체를 도포한 후 건조하여 낮은 메탄올 투과 특성의 코팅층을 형성시켰다. 도포되는 공중합체의 질량비를 5~20%로 조절함으로써 코팅 층 두께에 따른 전해질 막의 특성 변화를 고찰하였으며, 형성된 코팅 층을 막-전극 접합체의 음극 면에 접합시켜 운전 시 메탄올 연료와 직접 접촉하도록 하였다. 이중층 형성 공정을 통하여, 단일 전해질 막과 동등한 수준의 이온 전도 특성을 유지하면서도, 전해질 막을 통한 메탄올 투과 특성이 현저히 개선된 우수한 효율의 고분자 전해질 막 제조가 가능하였다. 작동 온도 $60^{\circ}C$, 2 M의 메탄올 공급 환경에서 수행된 연료 전지 성능 평가 결과, 막-전극 접합체 출력 밀도는 5%의 질량비에서 최대 $134.01\;mW/cm^2$였으며, 이로부터 상용 나피온 115 대비 105.5%의 향상된 성능 효율을 확인할 수 있었다.