• 기록학연구
• /
• 제5호
• /
• pp.179-208
• /
• 2002

In this paper, I explained the dominating/dominated relationship of Japan and Colonized Korea by analysing the management system of official documents. I examined the theory and practices of the classification used by the office of the Governor-General for preserving official documents whose production and circulation ended. In summary, first, the office of the Governor-General and its municipal authorities classified and filed documents according to the nature and regulations on apportionment for the organizations. The apportionment of the central and local organs was not fixed through the colonial period and changed chronologically. The organization and apportionment of the central and local organs reflected the changes in the colonial policies. As a result, even in the same organs, the composition of documents had differences at different times. The essential way of classifying documents in the colonial period was to sort out official documents which should be preserved serially and successively according to each function of the colonial authorities. The filing of documents was taken place in the form of the direct reflection of organizing and apportioning of the function among several branches of the office of the Governor-General and other governmental organs. However, for the reason that filing documents was guided at the level of the organs, each organ's members responsible for documents hardly composed the filing unit as a sub-category of the organ itself. Second, Japan constructed the infrastructure of colonial rule through the management system of official documents. After Kabo Reform, the management system of official documents had the same principles as those of the Japan proper. The office of the Governor-General not only adopted several regulations on the management of official documents, but also controlled the arrangement and the situation of document managing in the local governmental organizations with the constant censorship. The management system of documents was fundamentally based on the reality of colonial rule and neglected many principles of archival science. For example, the office of Governor-General labelled many policy documents as classified and burnt them only because of the administrative and managerial purposes. Those practices were inherited in the document management system of post-colonial Korea and resulted in scrapping of official documents in large quantities because the system produced too many "classified documents".

• 무역상무연구
• /
• 제47권
• /
• pp.49-78
• /
• 2010

The seller has to deliver goods and hand over documents as required by the contract. It is very important that ownership of goods shall be transferred by the documents from the seller to the buyer. Where terms of payments is made under documentary payment such as negotiable order Bill of lading or any transport documents for symbolic delivery of goods shall be more important between the parties concerned. The buyer may withdraw or cancel the contract where the buyer accept the foul Bill of Lading and demand damages where the buyer accept the other documents which are not in accordance with requirements by the buyer. Withdraw or cancel of contract can be made where discrepancy of documents comes into fundamental breach of contract. In conclusion transport documents by the seller will be used to determine appropriation of transport document to the contract. Therefore the seller has to deliver the proper shipping documents to the buyer. Where the breach of the seller's obligations to deliver documents the buyer has the right of requiring performance, contract avoided, claiming damage to recover the contract under CISG. The significance of transport documents has been focused in this study and careful examination of documents shall be needed to prevent any dispute or differences between the parties.

• 무역상무연구
• /
• 제69권
• /
• pp.303-326
• /
• 2016

The Rotterdam Rules regulate both transport documents and the legal effect of the choice of document much more comprehensively than the existing maritime convention to bring international harmonization of issues relating to transport documents. The Rotterdam Rules use the generic term 'transport documents' rather than referring to specific title such as bills of lading, sea waybills. The generic term 'transport documents' allow four types of transport documents to be identified as follows. 1. negotiable 2. negotiable which dispense with surrender 3. non-negotiable which require surrender 4. non-negotiable. Each types of transport documents has its requirements to be satisfied. Also, the choice of transport documents affects legal effect. Thus parties to the contract of carriage not only need to know how the document will be classified at the time it is issued but also consider what the documents will bring legal consequences.

• 한국정보시스템학회지:정보시스템연구
• /
• 제30권2호
• /
• pp.57-78
• /
• 2021

Purpose In this study, first, we try to make embedding results that reflect the characteristics of both professional and general documents. In addition, when disparate documents are put together as learning materials for natural language processing, we try to propose a method that can measure the degree of reflection of the characteristics of individual domains in a quantitative way. Approach For this study, the Korean Supreme Court Precedent documents and Korean Wikipedia are selected as specialized documents and general documents respectively. After extracting the most similar word pairs and similarities of unique words observed only in the specialized documents, we observed how those values were changed in the process of embedding with general documents. Findings According to the measurement methods proposed in this study, it was confirmed that the degree of specificity of specialized documents was relaxed in the process of combining with general documents, and that the degree of dissolution could have a positive correlation with the size of general documents.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
• /
• 제34권1호
• /
• pp.47-53
• /
• 2016

WPS/PQR is the essential documents for shipbuilding welding. WPS is the document containing the information related to welding procedure and PQR is the record of approval for welding procedure. Both documents should be approved by the ship owners and the classification societies. It is very important to manage these documents because the welding procedure using these documents could not be carried out before they are approved. Database is an useful tool to manage these documents. It can manage a number of documents and show the processing status of WPS/PQR documents. In this study, all documents related to WPS/PQR documents were investigated and analyzed in the viewpoint of DB. An appropriate DB system was designed for WPS/PQR and the related documents on the basis of CBD methodology. The DB system could make WPS/PQR documents easily and shortly. The grasp of the processing status of WPS/ PQR could help the good management of fabrication schedule in shipbuilding.

• 무역상무연구
• /
• 제13권
• /
• pp.581-603
• /
• 2000

Beneficiary must present all documents stipulated in the Credit. If the documents conform in all respects with the terms and conditions of the Credit, beneficiary has a right to payment from an issuing or confirming bank. And banks must examine all documents presented by beneficiary for taking up the documents. If the documents appear on their face not to be in compliance with the terms and conditions of the Credit, banks may refuse to take up the documents. But standard for compliant documents with the terms and conditions of the Credit in the UCP or Section 5 of UCC is unclear. Because UCP Article 13(a) provides merely that banks must examine all documents stipulated in the Credit ${\cdots}$ to ascertain whether or not they appear, on their face, to be compliance with the terms and conditions of the Credit. ${\cdots}$ Documents which appear on their face to be inconsistent with one another will be considered as not appearing on their face to be in compliance with the terms and conditions of the Credit. Also UCC Section 5-108(a) provides merely that. ${\cdots}$ an issuer shall honor a presentation that, ${\cdots}$ appears on its face strictly to comply with the terms and conditions of the letter of credit. All problems are not resolve with easy by these regulations. Accordingly, I examined requirements for compliant documents with the terms and conditions of the Credit on the basis of the UCP and cases. To analyse this, I divided into three requirements ; (1) Completeness, (2) Regularity, (3) Linkage.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
• /
• 제9권4호
• /
• pp.377-387
• /
• 2006

디지털 문서가 가진 동적인 컨텐츠의 사용을 통한 높은 정보 전달성과 공유 용이성 등의 장점으로 인해 점차적으로 디지털 문서가 종이 문서의 역할을 대신하고 있다. 하지만 종이 문서가 가진 높은 가독성과 휴대성, 저렴한 가격 등의 장점 때문에 사용자들은 여전히 종이 문서를 선호한다. 이와 같이, 종이 문서를 선호하는 사람들에게 디지털 문서의 장점을 제공하기 위해서, 종이 문서에 디지털 정보를 담는 것에 대한 다양한 연구가 이루어지고 있다. 본 논문은 사용자가 직접 펜을 이용하여 종이 문서에 디지털 정보들을 삽입, 삭제, 수정할 수 있는 Hybrid Documents Authoring Tool(HDAT) 을 제안한다. 제안된 시스템은 읽기와 쓰기 기능을 모두 지원하는 통합형 저작 도구 시스템이다. 또한 문서의 인식을 위해 마커나 패턴 등과 같은 부수적인 장치의 도움 없이 컴퓨터 비전 기술만을 이용함으로써 사용자에게 최대한 자연스러운 환경을 제공한다. 실험을 통해 우리는 제안된 시스템의 효용성을 확인하고, 카메라에 의해 발생하는 제약 아래에서 영상 기반 문서 검색을 위한 카메라 해상도, 입력 영상의 크기, 비교할 샘플의 개수 등의 최저 한계를 측정함으로써 시스템이 실생활 에 적용되었을 때 발생할 수 있는 다양한 상황에서 만족할 만한 성능을 낼 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
• /
• 제4권5호
• /
• pp.439-445
• /
• 2001

본 논문에서는 SMIL 기반 멀티미디어 문서를 웹에서 동적으로 생성하는 방법을 제안한다. 생성되는 멀티미디어 문서는 W3C에서 권장하는 SMIL(Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language)을 사용한다. 제안한 방법은 사용자 프로파일에 따라 자동적으로 XSLT 문서를 생성한 후, 미리 작성된 XML 문서와 결합하여 SMIL 문서를 실시간으로 생성한다. 기존 대부분의 웹 문서가 HTML에 기반함으로써 재사용성 및 문서에 포함되는 객체들의 동기적 관계의 지원이 어렵지만, 제안된 방법은 XML에 기반함으로써 재사용성을 지원하고 SMIL에 기반한 다양한 멀티미디어 문서를 효율적으로 생성한다. 적용한 예로서, 원격 강의에서 학습자에 따라 문서 생성 시스템을 보였으며, 응용 분야로는 전자 상거래, 원격 강의, 웹기반 멀티미디어 문서 편집 등이다.

• 무역상무연구
• /
• 제38권
• /
• pp.123-152
• /
• 2008

It is a basic rule in the credit law that original documents are required unless otherwise stipulated by the credit. Due to modern technology enabling documents to be produced in many ways it may not always to decide whether a document is original or a photocopy. In consideration of modern technology and the advent of new methods of document production, ICC has drawn up the provisions on original documents in Article 22 (b) of UCP 400 for the first time. The equivalent provision in UCP 500 is Article 20 (b). As a result of many queries to ICC Banking Commission on what constitutes an "original" documents under UCP 500 and several court cases in connection with original documents, the ICC Banking Commission has issued Decision on original documents in July 1999. Based on this Decision, the ICC dealt it in Article 17 under UCP 600 which came into force on July 1, 2007. There are some changes, replacements and new provisions of UCP 600 concerning original documents and copies. Importers, exporters, insurance companies, other third parties and, above all, banks should pay attention to some changes and implications of UCP 600 concerning original documents and copies. The purpose of this paper is to examine the provisions on original documents and copies under UCP 600. For this purpose, firstly this study deals with the relative provisions on original documents and copies under pre-UCP 600. Secondly this study considers the provisions on original documents and copies under UCP 600. Thirdly this study compares the provisions under pre-UCP 600 with the provisions under UCP 600. Finally this study analyzes the cases decided both home and abroad in connection with original documents. This paper contribute to help the parties to letters of credit to understand the provisions on original documents and copies under UCP 600.

• 무역상무연구
• /
• 제43권
• /
• pp.117-142
• /
• 2009

The purpose of this paper is to examine the basic principles for the examination of documents in terms of the basic duty to examine the documents, the time allowed to the banks to examine the documents, linkage among the documents, the originality of documents and their issuers, and the rejection formula of documents. Further this author would look at the changes of particular transport document including bill of lading, charter-party bill of lading and so on. From the seller's perspective, the changes of the principles and individual documents under UCP600 are the most important in the sense that they affect the criteria against which the payment is made. The major changes include the omission of the phrase "with reasonable care", in terms of the basic examination principles, substitute the phrase "five banking days following the day of presentation" for the phrase "reasonable time, not to exceed seven banking days following the days of receipt of documents", introduce the new wording about the linkage between the documents tendered, and make clear the meaning of the originality of documents as well as the rejection formula. For transport documents, even though dealing with bill of lading, charter-party bill of lading, transport document covering at least two different modes of transport, freight-forwarder bill of lading and freight collect transport documents, this paper focuses on the "transhipment" of bill of lading and the definition of charter-party bill of lading. Thus, UCP has been changed several times to reflect the new banking customs and practice. It, however, would not answer every questions which users and banks will raise. These questions may be best answered in the particular underlying contract. The UCP are necessary but not a sufficient instrument for the smooth operation of an international trade transaction. The rules are now out: it remains to be seen what the players do with it.