• 대한간호학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.244-254
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was performed to analyze effects of the power and empowerment on job satisfaction and organizational commitment. This study was based on the Kanter's theory of organizational empowerment. Method: A predictive, non-experimental design was used to test the model in a sample of 688 nurses working in 7 university hospitals that have over 500 beds in Seoul, Kyunggi and Kangwon provinces. The data were collected from December, 2003 to January, 2004. It was analyzed with descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation of SPSS and with path analysis of LISREL. Result: The formal and informal power had direct effects on empowerment. Formal power also had direct effects on informal power. Empowerment had direct effects on job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Organizational commitment had direct effects on job satisfaction. There was positive effects in all of the variables. Conclusion: The positive changes show on personal behaviors and attitudes when the nurses who have formal and informal power are empowered. These findings would be important resource to nurse administrators for clinical implication.

• 아동학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.149-164
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• 2017

Objective: The purpose of the study was to examine the direct effects of parent-adolescent communication and its indirect effects through adolescent friendship quality on happiness among both middle and high school students. Methods: Participants in this study were 1,126 adolescents (667 middle school students and 459 high school students) in Seoul and Gyoung-gi Do. Data were collected through self-report questionnaires for adolescents, which included measures of parent-adolescent communication, friendship quality and happiness. Data were analyzed by t-tests, correlations, and SEM using SPSS 22.0 and Mplus 6.0. Results: For middle school students, father-adolescent communication had direct and indirect effects on happiness. However, mother-adolescent communication did not directly or indirectly affect adolescent happiness. Specifically, only father-adolescent communication had an significant indirect effect through friendship quality on adolescent happiness. For high school students, father-adolescent communication had direct effects on happiness, while mother-adolescent communication had significant indirect effects on adolescent happiness via friendship quality. Conclusion: This study underscores the importance of parent-adolescent communication and friendship quality in predicting adolescent happiness with differences in direct and indirect paths between middle and high school students. These findings emphasize the role of parent-adolescent communication and friendship quality in developing programs to improve the happiness of adolescents.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권7호
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• pp.931-936
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• 2009

Body weights of 862 Angora goats between birth and 36 months of age, recorded on a semiyearly basis from 1988 to 2000, were used to estimate genetic, permanent environmental and phenotypic covariance functions. These functions were estimated by fitting a random regression model with 6th order polynomial for direct additive genetic and animal permanent environmental effects and 4th and 5th order polynomial for maternal genetic and permanent environmental effects, respectively. A phenotypic covariance function was estimated by modelling overall animal and maternal effects. The results showed that the most variable coefficient was the intercept for both direct and maternal additive genetic effects. The direct additive genetic (co)variances increased with age and reached a maximum at about 30 months, whereas the maternal additive genetic (co)variances increased rapidly from birth and reached a maximum at weaning, and then decreased with age. Animal permanent environmental (co)variances increased with age from birth to 30 months with lower rate before 12 months and higher rate between 12 and 30 months. Maternal permanent environmental (co)variances changed little before 6 months but then increased slowly and reached a maximum at about 30 months. These results suggested that the contribution of maternal additive genetic and permanent environmental effects to growth variation differed from those of direct additive genetic and animal permanent environmental effects not only in expression time, but also in action magnitude. The phenotypic (co)variance estimates increased with age from birth to 36 months of age.

• 한국보육지원학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.37-51
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• 2017

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of child abuse, children's peer attachment and self-esteem on children's depression/anxiety. In addition, the mediating role of children's peer attachment and self-esteem between child abuse and children's depression/anxiety was investigated. Methods: Using the data of 396 children in grades 4~6 from the Korean Welfare Panel Study (2015), this study was conducted by applying Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Results: The results of this study were as follows. First, child abuse had a direct influence on children's depression/anxiety, and self-esteem. Second, children's self-esteem had a direct influence on depression/anxiety. Third, children's self-esteem had mediating effects on the relationship between child abuse and children's depression/anxiety. Fourth, children's peer relationships had a direct influence on self-esteem. But, children's peer attachment did not have a direct influence on depression/anxiety. The effect of children's peer attachment on their depression/anxiety was partially mediated by children's self-esteem. Conclusion/Implications: In conclusion, child abuse, children's peer attachment and self-esteem have a direct or indirect impact on the depression/anxiety of children.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.149-154
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• 2000

The objectives of this study of Hanwoo (Korean Cattle) were 1) to estimate genetic parameters for direct and maternal genetic effects for birth weight, weaning weight, and six months weight which can be used for genetic evaluations and 2) to compare models with and without grandmatemal effects. Data were obtained from the National Livestock Research Institute in Rural Development Administration (RDA) of Korea and were used to estimate genetic parameters for birth weight (BW, n=10,889), weaning weight at 120-d (WW, n=8,637), and six month weight (W6, n=8,478) in Hanwoo. Total number of animals in pedigrees was 14,949. A single-trait animal model was initially used to obtain starting values for multiple-trait animal models. Estimates of genetic parameters were obtained with MTDFREML using animal models and derivative-free REML (Boldman et al., 1995). Estimates of direct heritability for BW, WW, and W6 analyzed as single-traits were 0.09, 0.03, and 0.02 from Model 3 which included direct and maternal genetic, maternal permanental environmental effects, and effects due to sire ${\times}$ region ${\times}$ year-season interaction, respectively. Ignoring sire ${\times}$ region ${\times}$ year-season interaction effect in the model (Model 2) resulted in larger estimates for direct heritability than for Model 3. Estimates of maternal heritability for BW, WW and W6 were 0.04, 0.05, and 0.07 from Model 3, respectively. The estimates of direct-maternal genetic correlation were positive for BW, WW, and W6 with Model 3 but were negative with Model 2 for WW and W6. Estimates of direct genetic correlations between BW and WW, BW and W6, and WW and W6 were large: 0.52, 0.45, and 0.90, respectively. Genetic correlations were also large and positive for maternal effects for BW with maternal effects for WW and W6 (0.69 and 0.74), and even larger for WW with W6 (0.97). The log likelihood values were the same for models including grandmatemal effects as for models including maternal effects for all traits. These results indicate that grandmatemal effects are not important for these traits for Hanwoo or that the data structure was not adequate for estimating parameters for a grandmatemal model.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.127-134
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• 2008

최근 들어 인터넷 사용자가 주체가 되어 생산하고 공유하는 UCC(User Created Contents)의 발달로 컨텐츠 제작 분야에서의 가장 중요한 이슈는 동영상을 쉽고 편리하게 편집하고 재생하는 시스템의 개발이다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위하여 마이크로소프트사에서 COM Component로 지원하고 있는 Direct X에 포함된 동영상 편집 기술인 Direct Show를 이용하여 UCC제작 시스템을 구현하였다. 본 연구에서 새롭게 제안한 시스템은 Direct Show 기반의 변환필터 삽입 방식으로 사용자가 각종의 영상효과를 손쉽고 편리하게 UCC에 삽입할 수 있음은 물론, 기존의 프레임 단위 방식과는 달리 동영상 재생중에 각종의 영상효과를 삽입할 수 있다는 특징을 갖고 있다. 실험을 통하여 본 연구에서 개발한 필터를 사용하여 동영상의 재생과정에서 각종의 영상효과를 삽입할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 본 논문에서 제안한 시스템은 UCC 및 광고영상 제작 등에 널리 응용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.843-845
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• 1999

To evaluate direct and maternal effects on calf market weight (CMW) and carcass weight (CW) in Japanese Black cattle under an animal model, genetic parameters were estimated using 51,320 records of CMW and 11,944 records of CW, respectively. Direct and maternal heritabilities, and direct-maternal genetic correlation were estimated to be 0.22, 0.06 and 0.27 for CMW, and 0.23, 0.12 and -0.40 for CW, respectively. Correlation coefficient between maternal breeding values for CMW and CW was 0.521 for 157 sires appeared in both CMW and CW data sets. These results suggest that the maternal genetic effect on pre-weaning growth carries over to carcass weight. Maternal breeding values for both calf market weight and carcass weight could be used as the indicator traits of maternal ability in Japanese Black cattle.

• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.821-832
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• 2015

The aims of this study are to estimate the optimal vessel reduction scales and these direct economic effects of coastal and offshore fisheries in the Republic of Korea. To estimate respectively optimal fishing efforts of individual fishery by species in coastal and offshore fisheries, we adopted appropriate fishing power of each species published by National Fisheries Research and Development Institute and also considered biological and socio-economic factors such as the bycatch rate, the profit rate, the efficiency of resource use, the average age of fishing vessel, the intention of vessel reduction, and the annual changes in vessels by other factors. The direct economic effects of the optimal vessel reduction in coastal and offshore fisheries based on maximum sustainable yield and 2/3 maximum sustainable yield was calculated by a cost-benefit analysis. This study showed that optimal reduction numbers of vessels engaged in coastal and offshore fisheries were 4,431 and 374 vessels and the direct economic effects in coastal and offshore fisheries were about 371.7 and 569.4 billion won and these NPV and BCR were 111.7 billion won and 1.65 and 342.6 billion won and 4.97 respectively.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.117-125
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• 2016

Purpose: This study was done to examine the effect of direct practice of newborn health assessment on nursing student's clinical competence and self-efficacy and to propose effective strategies for clinical education on newborn care. Methods: Design was a nonequivalent control group quasi-experimental study. The direct practice program was composed of a lecture, demonstration, drill and feedback using a manikin, and repeated direct practice regarding newborn health assessment. Participants were 65 student nurses taking the pediatric nursing practicum in the nursery room at M hospital. The experimental group (n=33) participated in the direct practice program for newborn health assessment and the control group (n=32) received the traditional practice method. Nursing clinical competence was assessed by two nurse investigators and structured questionnaires were used to measure self-efficacy. Results: The experimental group's clinical competence was significantly higher than that of the control group (t=-4.82, p=.000). However no significant difference was found between the two groups for self-efficacy (t=1.264, p=.211). Conclusion: These findings indicate that the direct practice program is effective in improving nursing student's clinical competence, but it was not effective in increasing self-efficacy. Direct practice in various clinical education settings is recommended and longitudinal effects be evaluated.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권8호
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• pp.1085-1090
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• 2002

Genetic parameters for birth weights (BWT), calving ease scores observed from calves born by heifers (CEH), and calving ease scores observed from calves born by cows (CEC) were estimated using Bayesian methodology with Gibbs sampling in different threshold animal models. Data consisted of 77,458 records for calving ease scores and birth weights in Gelbvieh cattle. Gibbs samplers were used to obtain the parameters of interest for the categorical traits in two univariate threshold animal models, a bivariate threshold animal model, and a three-trait linear-threshold animal model. Samples of heritabilities and genetic correlations were calculated from the posterior means of dispersion parameters. In a univariate threshold animal model with CEH (model 1), the posterior means of heritabilities for calving ease was 0.35 for direct genetic effects and 0.18 for maternal genetic effects. In the other univariate threshold model with CEC (model 2), the posterior means of heritabilities of CEC was 0.28 for direct genetic effects and 0.18 for maternal genetic effects. In a bivariate threshold model with CEH and CEC (model 3), heritability estimates were similar to those in unvariate threshold models. In this model, genetic correlation between heifer calving ease and cow calving ease was 0.89 and 0.87 for direct genetic effect and maternal genetic effects, respectively. In a three-trait animal model, which contained two categorical traits (CEH and CEC) and one continuous trait (BWT) (model 4), heritability estimates of CEH and CEC for direct (maternal) genetic effects were 0.40 (0.23) and 0.23 (0.13), respectively. In this model, genetic correlation estimates between CEH and CEC were 0.89 and 0.66 for direct genetic effects and maternal effects, respectively. These estimates were greater than estimates between BWT and CEH (0.82 and 0.34) or BWT and CEC (0.85 and 0.26). This result indicates that CEH and CEC should be high correlated rather than estimates between calving ease and birth weight. Genetic correlation estimates between direct genetic effects and maternal effects were -0.29, -0.31 and 0.15 for BWT, CEH and CEC, respectively. Correlation for permanent environmental effects between BWT and CEC was -0.83 in model 4. This study can provide genetic evaluation for calving ease with other continuous traits jointly with assuming that calving ease from first calving was a same trait to calving ease from later parities calving. Further researches for reliability of dispersion parameters would be needed even if the more correlated traits would be concerned in the model, the higher reliability could be obtained, especially on threshold model with property that categorical traits have little information.