• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.355-359
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• 2018

We used the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae, for the effective biological control of Lycoriella mali during Agaricus bisporus cultivation. The concentrations of two S. carpocapsae products distributed in Korea were $6{\times}10^4$ and $2.5{\times}10^5m^{-2}$ respectively. As a result of investigating the density of A. bisporus larvae in a rice straw medium and soil in an A. bisporus cultivation house, the mean numbers per $30cm^2$ were 0.8 and 22.2, respectively, and A. bisporus larvae were detected mainly in the soil. The control effects after once spraying S. carpocapsae at $6{\times}10^4$ and $2.5{\times}10^5m^{-2}$ was higher at the 14th day than at the 7th day. Therefore, we investigated the control effect after twice spraying of $6{\times}10^4$ and $2.5{\times}10^5m^{-2}$ at the 14th day. The control effects after this spraying were 51.9% and 96.8%, respectively, and the control effect of spraying at $2.5{\times}10^5m^{-2}$ was better than at $6{\times}10^4m^{-2}$. The control effect of diflubenzuron WP was lower than 50%.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.694-700
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• 2018

To investigate the effect of heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Hg, Pb, Zn) on mosquito Culex pipiens, 50% lethal concentration ($LC_{50}$) concentration, total lipid content, lipid content composition, and total protein content were measured. The results showed that the Hg $LC_{50}$ was $0.45mg\;kg^{-1}$ and the Hg toxicity was higher than the other metals. The results also showed that cadmium (Cd) significantly retarded the growth of mosquito larvae among the tested heavy metals. Six types of lipid bands were isolated from mosquito samples exposed to heavy metals, and five of them were identified (phospholipid, cholesterol, fatty acid, triglyceride, and cholesterol ester). The total lipid content of all treatments decreased compared to the control. In addition, the protein content of the control group ($0.51mg\;ind.^{-1}$) was higher than that of the treated group, and the protein content of the larvae treated with Hg and Cd was very low. In conclusion, heavy metals not only lower the survival rate of mosquitoes, but also affect the protein content and lipids in the mosquito's body, thereby causing growth inhibition. These results indicate that heavy metal contamination will affect the size of mosquito population by inhibiting the survival and growth of mosquitoes, and it is expected that it can be used to measure the degree of contamination using mosquito through subsequent studies.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.240-246
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• 2021

The Chironomidae is a benthic macroinvertebrate commonly found in freshwater ecosystems, along with Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera, which can be used for environmental health assessments. There are approximately 15,000 species of Chironomidae worldwide, but there are limited studies on species identification of domestic Chironomidae larvae. In the present study, we carried out species classification of the Chironomidae larvae that found in Jeju's tap water purification plants using morphological characteristics and genetic identification based on cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene of the mitochondrial DNA. Body shape, mentum, antenna, mandible in the head capsule, and claws were observed in the larvae for morphological classification. Analysis of 17 larvae collected from faucets and fire hydrants of domestic tap water purification plants revealed the presence of two species, including 14 Orthocladius tamarutilus and 3 Paratrichocladius tammaater. These results will aid the use of the criteria information about species classification of the Chironomidae for water quality management in water purification plants and diversity monitoring of freshwater environments.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.393-398
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• 2020

The blueberry gall midge, Dasineura oxycoccana (Johnson) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), is an emerging pest on cultivated blueberries in Korea. To develop a sensitive tool for monitoring this pest in blueberry orchards, we compared the attractiveness of host plant volatiles and sex pheromone to D. oxycoccana adults. We performed gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of solid-phase microextraction (SPME)-collected volatiles that were released from blueberry ('Darrow' cultivar). The analysis revealed two major volatiles, cinnamaldehyde and cinnamyl alcohol from flowers; and three major volatiles, β-caryophyllene, germacrene D, and α-farnesene from shoots and young fruits. In field tests conducted in Gunsan, Korea in 2019, commercialized cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl alcohol, β-caryophyllene, and α-farnesene, used singly or in quaternary combination, were unattractive to the blueberry gall midge. However, traps baited with the known sex pheromone (2R,14R)-2,14-diacetoxyheptadecane attracted significantly more males than the treatments with plant volatiles or the control. No synergistic effect was observed between sex pheromone and plant volatiles. Male D. oxycoccana were captured in the pheromone traps from May to August, with three peaks in mid-May, late June, and late July in Gunsan blueberry fields in 2020.

• Journal of Apiculture
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.197-206
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• 2019

Pollination is an important ecosystem service involved in plant breeding and reproduction. This study analyzed the pollination network, which is the interaction between flowering plants and flower-visiting insects in the agricultural landscape. Flower-visiting insects from blossoms of flowering crops and surrounding plants were quantitatively surveyed during summer time. The pollinator species and abundance on each flowering plant were analyzed. A total of 2,381 interactions were indentified with 154 pollinators on 30 species of plants. Species richness of the pollinators was highest in Coleoptera (34%) followed by Hymenoptera (28%), Diptera (28%) and Lepidoptera (10%). Apis mellifera dominated (50%) followed by Calliphora vomitoria (5.3%) and Xylocopa appendiculata among pollinators, and remaining wild pollinators provided complex interaction. Among plants, Platycodon grandiflorum, Perilla frutescen and Fagopyrum esculentum harbored most pollinators and showed highest interaction frequencies. In the modular analysis, Apis mellifera was located as a hub-species which connect the interaction of others, implying most important role in the network. This results provide the basic information on the pollinator species associated with each crop and pollinator habitat in which plant provide the nectar, pollen and habitat resources for wild pollinators.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.58 no.5
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• pp.551-558
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• 2020

The flaviviruses are small single-stranded RNA viruses that are typically transmitted by mosquitoes or tick vectors and are etiological agents of acute zoonotic infections. The viruses are found around the world and account for significant cases of human diseases. We investigated population of culicine mosquitoes in central region of Korean Peninsula, Incheon Metropolitan City and Hwaseong-si. Aedes vexans nipponii was the most frequently collected mosquitoes (56.5%), followed by Ochlerotatus dorsalis (23.6%), Anopheles spp. (10.9%), and Culex pipiens complex (5.9%). In rural regions of Hwaseong, Aedes vexans nipponii was the highest population (62.9%), followed by Ochlerotatus dorsalis (23.9%) and Anopheles spp. (12.0%). In another rural region of Incheon (habitat of migratory birds), Culex pipiens complex was the highest population (31.4%), followed by Ochlerotatus dorsalis (30.5%), and Aedes vexans vexans (27.5%). Culex pipiens complex was the predominant species in the urban region (84.7%). Culicine mosquitoes were identified at the species level, pooled up to 30 mosquitoes each, and tested for flaviviral RNA using the SYBR Green-based RT-PCR and confirmed by cDNA sequencing. Three of the assayed 2,683 pools (989 pools without Anopheles spp.) were positive for Culex flaviviruses, an insect-specific virus, from Culex pipiens pallens collected at the habitats for migratory birds in Incheon. The maximum likelihood estimation (the estimated number) for Culex pipiens pallens positive for Culex flavivirus was 25. Although viruses responsible for mosquito-borne diseases were not identified, we encourage intensified monitoring and long-term surveillance of both vector and viruses in the interest of global public health.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.539-559
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• 2021

Agricultural ecosystem biodiversity monitoring and community variation analysis of insects were conducted from 2016 to 2018 in selected conventional and organic farming fields in Goesan district, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea. The total number of 1,125 species in 16 orders and 207 families were identified. The numbers of species collected in the locations practicing organic farming were greater than the conventional farming both in the paddy fields (564 vs. 383 species) and the upland fields (471 vs. 365 species). Among them, Hemiptera had the most abundant of species, followed by Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera and Araneae. We calculated various index values of biodiversity (diversity index H', richness index R, evenness index J', dominance index D, and similarity index QS) based on quantitative measurements of species and individuals collected over three years of field monitoring. Variations in biodiversity index values in different agricultural systems show that the positive effect of organic farming is to produce more biodiversity than conventional farming systems. When compared to other index results reported in Korea, Japan and China, the richness index was higher and other index values were at similar levels.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.61 no.1
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• pp.239-248
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• 2022

Forensic entomology is a study that purposes at field reconstruction through insects attracted to carcasses, and has been mainly studied using carcasses such as a pig and chicken. Therefore, this study was conducted to find out if there is a singularity by using the carcass of water deer with different conditions and shapes of the hair quality and to find out the appearance of a necrophagous insect. The water deer carcass was received from the Jeollanam-do Wildlife Rescue Management Center and research was conducted. From May 19 2021 to July 2 2021, the decay progress of the carcass was observed for about 6 weeks. A total of 51 species of 21 families in 4 orders of insects were collected. Even after the carcass completely decays, even at the stage where the activity of other insects is not observed, insects such as Dermestidae and Tenebrionidae are collected from the hairs and leather of water deer carcass until the last. It was confirmed that insects of the order Coleoptera other than Diptera can be used as forensic entomological data related to the decay of carcasses with fur.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.61 no.4
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• pp.641-649
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• 2022

Leaf-rolling moths were collected from soybean fields and identified as Matsumuraeses falcana and Matsumuraeses phaseoli by comparison with laboratory-reared species based on the nucleotide sequence (658 bp) of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 subunit gene (COX1). Ten haplotypes with 0.15-0.46% genetic distance from each other in COX1 were found in 47 samples of M. falcana, in which haplotype A was dominant (approximately 70%). Only one type of COX1 was found in 30 samples of M. phaseoli, and its sequence showed 4.11-4.61% genetic distance from those of M. falcana. Amino acid sequences translated from COX1 were identical in all samples of both species, and they showed synonymous substitutions. Larvae of both species caused damage to soybean leaves and pods and co-occurred simultaneously in the field. The average density of M. falcana was 1.5 times higher than that of M. phaseoli. The results clearly indicate that soybean was the host plant for both species. In addition, Elodia flavipalpis (Diptera: Tachinidae) was found to be a larval parasitoid of Matsumuraeses sp. through identification of the COX1 gene.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.62 no.3
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• pp.131-137
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• 2023

The striped fruit fly, Zeugodacus scutellata (Diptera: Tephritidae), is one of important pests in Cucurbitaceae plants. The cuelure is currently using with various forms for surveillance to the Z. scutellata male as well as Z. cucurbitae, Z. tau, and Bactrocera tryoni, which are categorized as prohibited-quarantine fruit flies in Korea. This study was conducted to verify the attraction effect of applying the cuelure in different forms in field conditions. In this study, we used cuelure by 3 different forms as solid, liquid, and wax to striped fruit flies using the Steiner trap. The trap was placed in two Jeju and one Gyeongbuk regions and the number of attracted flies by each cuelure form is monitored by every 2 weeks during 2021. Attraction effect on Z. scutellata was significant difference by different cuelure forms in two Jeju regions. Liquid and wax forms of cuelure showed high attraction number to the Z. scutellata male compared with solid form when flies were occurred with high population from July to August in Jeju. However, there was no significant difference on attraction effect at low population in Juju and Gyeongbuk by different forms. Based on field assay, liquid and wax form of cuelure are recommended for surveillance against Z. scutellata male. Furthermore, these results also strongly suggest that the attractant, liquid and wax forms of cuelure, could be effective for surveillance to quarantine fruit flies such as Z. cucurbitae, Z. tau, and B. tryoni in Korea.